Sei sulla pagina 1di 3

Reproduction The creation of a life form, by a similar life is called reproduction.

Reproduction is the extension of life of a species at a given time. It is a means of perpetuation of the species and also multiplies their number. By this process, the individuals transmit life to the next generation and thereby ensure the continued existence of living organisms on earth. If there was no reproduction, life on this earth would sooner or later come to an end. Asexual Reproduction New individuals are produced from a single parent without the act of fusion of gametes. The new individuals so formed are generally identical to the parent plant, as only mitotic divisions take place during their development. Regeneration of new plants from portions of vegetative organs is very common and is called vegetative propagation. For this purpose, organs like the root, stem, leaf, flower etc are variously modified. Sexual Reproduction In flowering plants, flowers have taken the place of conventional sex organs, and the ovules which later on develop into seeds are enclosed within an ovary. The sexual reproduction in angiosperms involves the fusion of two gametes, the male and the female. The male gametes are produced in the pollen grains and the female gametes are produced in the ovule. The fusion of the two gametes results in the formation of a zygote. The zygote develops into an embryo within the seed. This embryo, when the seed germinates grows into a new plant. Pollination The pollen grains which produce the male gametes and the ovules which bear the female gametes are borne on different structures. It therefore becomes necessary that for sexual union to occur, the pollen grains must be transferred to the stigma. The transfer and deposition of pollen grains from the anther to the stigmatic surface of the flower is called pollination. Fertilisation The pollen grains which reach the sticky stigma, absorb these secretions, swells up and ruptures at one of the germ pores. The thin intine emerges out in the form of a pollen tube which continues to grow and penetrates deep into the style.

Budding Reproduction Budding, in biology, a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism. In some species buds may be produced from almost any point of the body, but in many cases budding is restricted to specialized areas. The initial protuberance of proliferating cytoplasm or cells, the bud, eventually develops into an organism duplicating the parent. The new individual may separate to exist independently, or the buds may remain attached, forming aggregates or colonies. Budding is characteristic of a few unicellular organisms (e.g., certain bacteria, yeasts, and protozoans); however, a number of metazoan animals (e.g., certain cnidarian species) regularly reproduce by budding. In horticulture the term budding refers to a method of plant propagation in which a bud of the plant to be propagated is grafted onto the stem of another plant. Cell division Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. This type of cell division in eukaryotes is known as mitosis, and leaves the daughter cell capable of dividing again. The corresponding sort of cell division in prokaryotes is known as binary fission. In another type of cell division present only in eukaryotes, called meiosis, a cell is permanently transformed into a gamete and cannot divide again until fertilization. Right before the parent cell splits, it undergoes DNA replication. For simple unicellular organisms[nb 1] such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction-- an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Cell division also enables asexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by cell division from gametes. And after growth, cell division allows for continual construction and repair of the organism.[1] A human being's body experiences about 10,000 trillion cell divisions in a lifetime.[2] The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. Before division can occur, the genomic information which is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome separated cleanly between cells. A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in keeping genomic information consistent between "generations".

Sporogenesis Sporogenesis is the production of spores in biology. The term is also used to refer to the process of reproduction via spores. Reproductive spores are formed in many eukaryotic organisms, such as plants, algae and fungi, during their normal reproductive life cycle. Dormant spores are formed, for example by certain fungi and algae, primarily in response to unfavorable growing conditions. Most eukaryotic spores are haploid and form through cell division, though some types are diploid or dikaryons and form through cell fusion. Segmentation Segmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. Each fragment develops into a mature, fully grown individual. Segmentation is seen in many organisms such as animals (some annelid worms and sea stars), fungi, and plants. Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction via Segmentation, such as gemmae in liverworts. Most lichens, which are a symbiotic union of a fungus and photosynthetic algae or bacteria, reproduce through segmentation to ensure that new individuals contain both symbionts. These segments can take the form of soredia, dust-like particles consisting of fungal hyphae wrapped around photobiont cell Androecium This is the third floral whorl and is the male reproductive organ consisting of stamens. Each stamen consists of a filament, another and connective Gynoecium This is the last fourth whorl and is the female reproductive organ. It is known as pistil which occupies a central position on receptacle and is composed of ovary, style and stigma. Their components are called carpels. Ovary encloses egg or ovule. The sepals and petals form accessory whoris whereas androecium and Gynoecium are reproduction whorls. Complete flower is one which has all the four whorls and if any one of the whorl is absent, it becomes an incomplete flower. Flowers that contains both the stamen and pistil are termed as intersexual or bisexual. If flower contains only one sex it is termed as unisexual. Plants that bear flowers of both the sexes are called monoecious. When male and female flowers are bornes on different plants the condition is called dioecious.

Potrebbero piacerti anche