6.

2 The transport system

Monday, 9 July 2012 12:56 PM

6.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the heart showing the four chambers, associated blood vessels, valves and the route of blood through the heart.

6.2.2 State that the coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.

Coronary arteries: Blood vessels that provide oxygenated blood and other nutrients to the heart Attach to and wrap around heart's surface Branch from aorta to carry blood back to heart muscle So heart muscle cells are supplied with oxygen and nutrients needed for functioning
6.2.3 Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood, pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves.

6.2.4 Outline the control of the heartbeat in terms of myogenic muscle contraction, the role of the pacemaker, nerves, the medulla of the brain and epinephrine (adrenaline). Cardiac muscle spontaneously contracts and relaxes without nervous system control --> Myogenic muscle contraction Myogenic activity needs to be controlled to keep timing of contractions unified and useful
Right atrium contains the SA node (sinoatrial node) Acts as pacemaker for the heart Sends out electrical signal to initiate contraction of both atria

Within right atrium is the AV node (atrioventricular node) AV node receives signal from SA node, waits 0.1 secs, sends out another signal Second signal goes to ventricles and cause their contraction During times of increased body activity, heart rate needs to increase
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During times of increased body activity, heart rate needs to increase Increased demand for oxygen for cell respiration Need to get rid of increased levels of carbon dioxide Medulla in brainstem senses increase in carbon dioxide Medulla sends signal through cardiac nerve to increase heart rate Signal sent to SA node After exercise medulla sends signal via vagus nerve Signals from vagus nerve cause SA node to take over timing of heart rate again

Adrenaline also influences heart rate Adrenaline causes SA node to signal more frequently
6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins.

Artery
Thick walled

Capillary
Wall is 1 cell thick

Vein
Thin walled

No exchanges
No internal valves

All exchanges occur

No internal valves

No exchanges
Have internal valves

Internal pressure high Internal pressure low Internal pressure low 6.2.6 State that blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets.
Component Description

Plasma Leucocytes Platelets

Liquid portion of blood White blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes) Cell fragments (assist in blood clotting)

Erythrocytes Red blood cells (carry oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Plasma: liquid medium of blood in which all other elements are suspended Substances exchanged between cells and tissues through plasma Transports nutrients, excretory products
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Transport respiratory gases (O2, CO2) to cells Leucocytes (white blood cells) Combat infection Lymphocytes form antibodies as part of immune system Phagocytes ingest bacteria and cell fragments

Platelets important for blood clotting

6.2.7 State that the following are transported by the blood: nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat. What is transported
Nutrients

What it is or does
Glucose, amino acids, etc.

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

Reactant needed for aerobic cell respiration

Waste product of aerobic cell respiration

Hormones Antibodies
Urea

Transported from gland to target cells Protein molecules involved in immunity

Nitrogenous waste (filtered out of the blood by kidneys)
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Urea
Heat

Nitrogenous waste (filtered out of the blood by kidneys)

Skin arterioles (can change diameter in order to gain or lose heat) Blood carries oxygen to tissues for respiration Brings carbon dioxide back to lungs White blood cells form antibodies Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea, heat found in plasma Plasma as transport medium

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