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OF
RESIDENCE TIMES
FOR
CHEMICAL
Residence Time Distribution RTD for Ideal Reactors RTD to Diagnose Faulty Operation Models to Calculate Exit Concentrations and Conversions A. Segregation Model 1. Segregation Model Applied to an Ideal PFR 2. Segregation Model Applied to an LFR 3. Segregation Model Applied to a CSTR 4. Mean Concentration for Multiple Reactions B. Maximum Mixedness Model
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From the exit tracer concentration we can determine the following information:
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= Fraction of molecules exiting the reactor that have spent a time between (t) and (t + dt) in the reactor.
C. Definitions
1. Mean Residence Time
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13.1 Mean Residence Time 13.1 Residence Time Distribution Analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics 2. Variance
3. Space Time - For no dispersion/diffusion and v = v0, the space time equals the mean residence time.
From our experimental data of the exit tracer concentration from pulse trace test
t(min)
:01 2 3 4 5 6
->
->
->
->
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CSTR
Laminar (LFR)
13.3 Drawing the F(theta) curves for the above ideal reactors 13.4 Matching Reactors with Tracer Step Inputs 13.5 Matching Reactor Models with E(t)
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Experimentally injecting and measureing the tracer in a laminar flow reactor can be a difficult task, if not a nightmare. For example, if one uses tracer chemicals that are photo-activated as they enter the reactor, the analysis and interpretation of E(t) from the data becomes much more involved.
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RTD Function
Cumulative Function
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b. Passing (BP)
c. Dead Volume
Tubular Reactor A similar analysis to that for a CSTR can be carried out on a tubular reactor. a. Perfect Operation of PFR (P)
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In addition to its use in diagnosis, the RTD can be used to predict conversion in existing reactors when a new reaction is tried in an old reactor. However, the RTD is not unique for a given system, and we need to develop models for the RTD to predict conversion.
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If using mathematical software to apply the models described below, you may need to fit C(t) and E(t) to a polynomial. The procedure for fitting C(t) and E(t) to a polynomial is identical to the techniques use to fitting concentration as a function of time described in Chapter 5. Polymath regression analysis tutorial Use combinations of ideal reactors to model real reactors that could also include: Zero parameter models
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4A. Segregation Model Models the real reactor as a number of small batch reactors, each spending a different time in the reactor. All molecules that spend the same length of time in the reactor (i.e., that are of the same age) remain together in the same globule (i.e., batch reactor). Mixing of the different age groups occurs at the last possible moment at the reactor exit.
Mixing occurs at the latest possible moment.Each little batch reactor (globule) exiting the real reactor at different times will have a different conversion. (X1,X2,X3...)
4A.1 Segregation Model Applied To An Ideal PFR Lets apply the segregation model to an ideal PFR and see if we get the same result for conversion as we did in Chapter 4.
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which is the same conversion one finds from a mole balance (Chapter 4) Further Explanation of Mean Conversion in Segregation Model 4A.2 Segregation Model Applied to an LFR For a Laminar flow reactor the RTD function is
The last integral is the exponential integral and can be evaluated from tabulated values. Fortunately, Hilder developed an approximate formula ( =Da).
For large values of the Damkohler number then there is complete conversion along the streamlines off the center streamline so that the conversion is determined along the pipe axis.
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For multiple reactions use an ODE solver to couple the mole balance equations, dCi/dt=ri, with the segregation model equations: d reactor at time t and /dt=Ci(t)*E(t), where C i is the concentration of i in the batch is the concentration of i after mixing the batch reactors at the exit.
Note E(l)=E(t) E(l)dl =Fraction of molecules that have a life expectancy between l+dl and l.
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(the entrance) to
integrate backward from = 200. However, because most ODE packages will not integrate backwards, we have to use the transfer z =T Thus to integrate forward
In terms of conversion,
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If
n > 1,
then
>0
If
n < 0,
then
>0
If
0 > n < 1,
then
<0
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For multiple reactions use an ODE solver to couple the mole balance equations, dCi/dt=ri (where ri is the net rate of reaction), with the segregation model equations: dCi/dt=Ci(t)*E(t) as previously shown. For maximum mixedness:
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To obtain solutions with an ODE solver, first fit E(t) to a polynomial or several polynomials. Then let z = T - where T is the largest time in which E(t) is recorded. Proceed to solve the resulting equations.
* All chapter references are for the 4th Edition of the text Elements of Chemical Reaction
Engineering . top
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