3.

5 Heat Conduction
Heat conduction is defined as the transfer of thermal energy from the more
energetic particles of a medium to the adjacent less energetic ones. Conduction can take
place in liquids and gases as well as solids provided. Heat transfer problems are often
classified as being steady or transient. It is also being classified as one-dimensional, two-
dimensional, or three-dimensional depending on the level accuracy desired.
In this analysis, two-dimensional heat conduction problem is considered. So, in
terms of a single independent variable, T, the governing equation of the heat conduction
is,
0

,
_

+
,
_

t
T
c Q
y
T
k
y x
T
k
x

where the heat fluxes are,
x
T
k q
x

y
T
k q
y

and, c = specific heat
= density
Applying the boundary condition of,
o
T T
on C
1
(fixed temperature ; Dirichlet boundary condition)
and,
q
n
T
k

on C
2
(fixed heat flux ; Neumann boundary condition)
for convective heat transfer boundary condition,
) (
f s
T T h
n
T
k

on C
2
3.6 Galerkin Weighted Residual Method
In this analysis, the Galerkin method for the development of finite elements
algorithms is applied. The residual provides the error in the satisfaction of the equation.
Consider the residual equation,
Q
y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
R
s
+

,
_

,
_

where T contains trial functions and satisfies the boundary condition of

o
T T
at C
1

and R
s
is a function of position in S.
To reduce the residual as close to zero as possible,

s
s i
ds R W 0 m i ,..., 2 , 1
where W
i
is set of arbitrary functions known as weighting functions,

A function
) , ( y x T
that satisfies equation above for every function W
i
in S is a weak
solution of differential equation.
For Neumann boundary condition,
q
n
T
k R
C
+

,
_

,
_

s
i
ds Q
y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
W 0 ) (
where R
C2
is the residual on C
2
.
Thus,

2
2
0
C
C i
dc R W m i ,..., 2 , 1
where
i
W
is the weighting functions on C
2
.

2
0 ) (
C
i
dc q
n
T
k W
Combining R
s
and R
C2
, the weak form,

+

+ +

,
_

,
_

2
0 ) ( ) (
C
i
s
i
dc q
n
T
k W ds Q
y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
W
where this form will be simplified using Greens Lemma theorem.
3.7 Greens Lemma Theorem
Green's theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple
closed curve C and a double integral over the plane region R bounded by C. It is the two-
dimensional special case of the more general Stokes' theorem, and is named after British
scientist George Green.
This theorem is mostly used to solve two-dimensional flow integrals, stating that
the sum of fluid outflows at any point inside a volume is equal to the total outflow
summed about an enclosing area. In this application, Greens theorem will simplify the
integration of partial differential equation concerned.
From the previous form,

+

+ +

,
_

,
_

2
0 ) ( ) (
C
i
s
i
dc q
n
T
k W ds Q
y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
W
Apply the Greens Lemma and the equation become,

+
+

+ +
1
]
1

2 1 2
0 ) ( ) (
C C C
i i
s
i
s
i i
dc q
n
T
k W dc
n
T
k W Qdxdy W dxdy
y
T
k
y
W
x
T
k
x
W
Now, limit the choice of weighting functions as,
0
i
W
on C
1
i i
W W
on C
2
Thus,

+
1
]
1

s C
i i
s
i i
dc q W Qdxdy W dxdy
y
T
k
y
W
x
T
k
x
W
2
0
In order to obtain the approximation of the solution from the above weak form equation,
it is need to choose appropriate trial functions,
) , ( y x N
i
to represent the real solution.

+
1
) , ( ) , (
i
i i o
y x N C C y x T
Employing the Galerkin Method,
) , ( ) , ( y x N y x W
i i

Thus,

+
1
]
1

s C
i i
s
i i
dc q N Qdxdy N dxdy
y
T
k
y
N
x
T
k
x
N
2
0
3.8 2D Triangular Elements
The triangular elements describing a two-dimensional temperature distribution are
better suited to approximate curved boundaries. A triangular element is defined by three
nodes.
Therefore, the variation of a dependent variable, such as temperature, over the
triangular region is given by,
Y a X a a T
e
3 2 1
) (
+ +
Figure 3.2
Considering the nodal temperatures as shown in figure, the following conditions must be
satisfied:
i
T T
at i
X X
and i
Y Y
(Xj ,Yj)
Tj
Tk
(Xk ,Yk)
(Xi ,Yi)
Ti
j
T T
at j
X X
and j
Y Y
k
T T
at k
X X
and k
Y Y
Substituting nodal values into equation,
i i i
Y a X a a T
3 2 1
+ +
j j j
Y a X a a T
3 2 1
+ +
k k k
Y a X a a T
3 2 1
+ +
Solving for a
1
, a
2
, and a
3
,
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i j j i j k i i k i j k k j
T Y X Y X T Y X Y X T Y X Y X
A
a + +
2
1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k j i j i k i k i
T Y Y T Y Y T Y Y
A
a + +
2
1
2
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i j j k i i j k
T X X T X X T X X
A
a + +
2
1
3
where A is the area of the triangular element and is computed from the equation,
) ( ) ( ) ( 2
j i k i k j k j i
Y Y X Y Y X Y Y X A + +
Substituting for a
1
, a
2
, and a
3
,
The temperature distribution inside the element is
( )
[ ]

'

k
j
i
k j i
e
T
T
T
N N N T
where the shape function k j i
N N N , ,
are,
( ) Y X
A
N
i i i i
+ +
2
1
( ) Y X
A
N
j j j j
+ +
2
1
( ) Y X
A
N
k k k k
+ +
2
1
j k k j i
Y X Y X
k j i
Y Y
j k i
X X
k i i k j
Y X Y X
i k j
Y Y
k i j
X X
i j j i k
Y X Y X
j i k
Y Y
i j k
X X
Thus,

1
]
1

s
j
i
j
i
ij
dxdy
y
N
k
y
N
x
N
k
x
N
K
[ ]

+
s
j i j i
dxdy
A
k

2
4
[ ]
j i j i
A
k
+
4
3 , 2 , 1 , j i
Complete element matrix,
1
1
1
]
1

+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

k k k k j k j k i k i k
k j k j j j j j i j i j
k i k i j i j i i i i i
A
K



1
and K is symmetric.
Element load vector, F,
q Q
f f f +
where,
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
3
QA
ds
N
N
N
Q f
s
k
j
i
Q
and
dc N q f
C
q


2
If side ij of the triangle is subjected to the Neumann boundary condition with a uniform
flux, q , then,

dc N
N
q f f
ij C
j
i
q q
ij
1
1
1
]
1

2
0
dc
L
q
ij
1
1
1
]
1

0
1
1
2
where L
ij
is the length of element side ij.