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Adams, H.P.; Zoppo, G.; Alberts, M.J.; Bhatt, D.L.; Brass, L.; Furlan, A. et al. 2007. Guidelines for The Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke.38:1655-1711 Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration. 2002. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ;324:71-86 Appelros,P.; Nydevik,I.; Vittanen, M. 2003. Poor Outcome After First-Ever Stroke : Predictors for Death, Dependency, and Recurrent Stroke Within the First Year. Stroke. 34:122-126 Bhatt, D.L.; Fox, K.A.A.; Hacke, W.; Berger, P.B.; Black, H.R.; Boden, W.E. et al.2006. Clopidogrel and Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for the Prevention of Atherothrombotic Events. N Engl J Med.354:1706-17 Blann, A.D.; Landray, M.J.; Lip, G.Y.H. 2003. An of overwiew of antithrombotic therapy. In : Lip,G.Y.H, Blann, A.D. ABC of Antithrombotic Therapy. BMJ Publishing Groups. Spain. P.10-13 Caplan, L.R. 2000. Caplans Stroke : A Clinical Approach. 3rd ed. ButterworthHeinemann.Boston Caprie Steering Committee. 1996. A randomized, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk ischemic events (CAPRIE). The Lancet.348:1329-1339 Clarkson, M.R.; Brenner, B.M. 2005. Pocket Companion to Brenner & Rectors The Kidney. 7th ed. Elsevier Saunders.Philadelphia Davis, J.P.; Wong, A.A.; Schluter, P.J.; Henderson, R.D.; OSullivan, J.D.; Read, S.J. 2004. Impact of Premorbid Indernutrition on Outcome in Stroke Patients. Stroke. 35:1930-1934 Dewoto, H.R. 2007. Antikoagulan, Antitrombotik, Trombolitik dan Hemostatik, Dalam : Gunawan, S.G, Setiabudy, R, Nafrialdi, Elysabeth. (Editor).

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Farmakologi dan Terapi. Departemen Farmakologi dan Terapeutik Fakultas Kedokteran-Universitas Indonesia. Balai Penerbit FK-UI, Jakarta. Hal.813-814 Diener, H.C. 2006. Update on clopidogrel and dual anti-platelet therapy : neurology. European Heart Journal Supplements G, G15-G19 . Furie, K.L.; Kasner, S.E.; Adams, R.J.; Albers, G.W.; Bush, R.L.; Fagan, S.C. et al. 2010. Guidelines for the Prevention Stroke in Patients With Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. 41:00-00 Gamboa, A.; Abraham, R.; Diedrich, A.; Shibao, C.; Paranjape, Y.S.; Farley, G.; Biaggioni, I.; 2005. Role of Adenosine and Nitric Oxide on the Mechanism of Action of Dipyridamole. Stroke.36:2170-2175 Gilroy, J. 2000. Basic Neurology. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill. New York Goldstein, L.B.; Adams, R.; Alberts, M.J.; Appel, L.J.; Brass, L.M.; Bushnell, C.D. et al. 2006. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association Stroke Counsil. Stroke.37:1583-1633 Gorelick, P.B.; Weisman, S.M.2005.Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke With Aspirin UseAn Update. Stroke.36:1806-1807 Glader, E.; Stegmary, B.; Johansson, L.; Asberg, K.H.; Wester, P.O. 2001. Differences in Long-Term Outcome Between Patients Treated in Stroke Units and in General Wards. Stroke. 32:2124-2130 Gree, D.M.; Funk, S.E.; Reaven, N.L.; Ouzounelli, M.; Uman, G.C. 2008. Impact of Fever on Outcome in Patients With Stroke and Neurologic Injury. Stroke. 39:3029-3035 Hankey, G.J.; Hacke, W.; Easton, D.; Johnston, S.E.; Mas, J.L. et al. 2010. Effect Of Clopidogrel on the Rate and Functional Severity Stroke Among High Vascular Risk Patients. Stroke.41:1679-1683 Hills, N.K.; Johsnton, S.C. 2008. Trends in Usage of Alternative Antiplatelet Therapy After Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. Stroke.39:1228-1232 Johnson, M.H. and Kubal, W.S. 1999. Stroke. In : Lee, S.H., Rao, K.C.V.G. and Zimmermann, R.A. (eds) Cranial MRI and CT. 4th ed. Pp 557-598. McGraw-Hill. New York

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Johnston, K.C.; Connors, J.; Wagner, D.P.; Knaus, W.A.; Wang, X.Q.; Haley, C. 2000. A Predictive Risk Model for Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 31:448-455 Johnston, K.C.; Wagner, D.P.; Haley, C.; Connors, J. 2002. Combined Clinical and Imaging Informationa as An early Stroke Outcome Measure. Stroke. 33:466-472 Katzung, B.G. 2003. Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation, In : Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. McGraw-Hill. 9th ed.p.775-776 Kim, H.H.; Liao, J.K. 2008. Translational Therapeutics of Dipyridamole. Stroke.28:s39-s42 Kwon, S.; Hatzema, A.G.; Duncan, P.W.; Lai, S.M. 2004. Disability Measures in Stroke. Stroke. 35:918-923 Lalouschek, W.; Lang, W.; Mullner, M. 2001. Current Strategies of Secondary Prevention After a Cerebrovascular Event. Stroke.32:2860-2866 Lee, J.H.; Kim, K.Y.; Lee, Y.K.; Park, S.Y.; Kim, C.D.; Lee, W.S. 2004. Cilostazol Prevent Focal Cerebral Ischemic Injury by Enchancing Casien Kinase 2 Phsoporylation and Supression of Phospatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted from Chromosome 10 Phosporylation in Rats. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Theurapetics. 308:896-903 Lee, Y.S.; Bae, H.J.; Kang, D.W.; Les, S.H.; Yu, K.; Park, J.M. et al. 2011. Cilostazol in Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment (CAIST Trial): A Randomized Double-Blind Non Inferiority Trial. Cerebrovasc Dis;32:65-71 Lip, G.Y.H.; Kamath, S.; Robert, G.H. 2003. Antithrombotic therapy for Cerebrovascular disorders. In : Lip,G.Y.H, Blann, A.D. ABC of Antithrombotic Therapy. BMJ Publishing Groups. Spain. P.37-39 Meyer, B.C.; Hemmen, T.M.; Jackson, C.M.; Lyden, P.D. 2002. Modified National Institute of Health Stroke Scale for Use in Stroke Clinical Trials : Prospective Reliability and Validity. Stroke.33:1261-1266 Millan, M.; Sobrino, T.; Castellanos, M.; Nombela, F.; Arenillas, J.F.; Riva, E. et al. 2007. Increased Body Iron Stores are Associated with Poor Outcome After Thrombolytic Treatment in Acute Stroke. Stroke. 38: 90-95 Misbach, J. 1999. Stroke : Aspek Diagnostik, Patofisiologi,Manajemen. Balai Penerbit FK-UI. Jakarta

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Misbach, J. 2007. Pandangan Umum Mengenai Stroke. Dalam : Rasyid, A. dan Soertidewi, L. (eds). Unit Stroke. Manajemen Stroke Secara Komprehensif. Hal 1-9. Balai Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta Ng, Y.S.; Stein, J.; Ning, M.M.; Schaeffer, R.M. 2007. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics And Functional Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke in Different Vascular Territories. Stroke. 38:2309-2314 Nguyen, T.A.; Diodati, J.G; Pharand, C. 2005. Resistance to Clopidogrel : A Review of The Evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol.45:1157-64 ODonnel, M.J.; Hankey, G.J.; Eikelboom, J.W. 2008. Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Noncardioembolic Ischemic Stroke. Stroke.39:1638-1646 Paul, S.L.; Sturm, J.W.; Dewey, H.M.; Donnn, G.A.; Mcdonell, R.A.; Thrift, A.G. 2005. Long-Term Outcome in the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study. Stroke.36:2082-2086 Liesner, R.J and Machin, S.J. 2003. Platelet Disorders. In : Provan, D. ABC of Clinical Haematology second edition. BMJ Books, Spain. P.35-39 Harjono, R.M.; Hartono, A.; Japaries, W.; Kuswadji, S.; Maulany, R.F.; Setio, M. 2002. Kamus Kedokteran Dorland. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran. Jakarta Ropper, A.H. and Brown, R.H. 2005. Adams and Victors Principles of Neurology. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill. New York Rudd, A.G.; Hoffman,,A.; Lowe, D.; Person, M.G. 2005. Stroke unit Care and Outcome. Stroke.36:103-106 Sacco, R.L.; Elkind, M.S. 2000. Update on Antiplatelet Therapy for Stroke Prevention. Arch Intern Med.160:1579-1582 Schlegel, D.; Kolb, S.J.; Luciano, J.M.; Tovar, J.M.; Cucchiara, B.L.; Liebeskind, D.S.; Kasner, S.E. 2003. Utility of the NIH Stroke Scale as A Predictor of Hospital Disposition. Stroke.34:134-137 Shinohara, Y. 2006. Antiplatelet Cilostazol Is Effective in The Prevention of Pneumonia in Ischemic Stroke Patients in the Chronic Stage. Cerebrovasc Dis.22:57-60 Shinohara, Y.; Katayama, Y.; Uchiyama, S.; Yamaguchi T.; Honda, S.; Matsuoka, K. et al. 2010. Cilostazol for prevention of secondary stroke (CSPS 2) : an aspirin-controlled, double-blind, randomized non-inferiority trial. http : www.thelancet.com/neurology, 11 September 2010

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Sigit, J.I. dan Hanif A. 2003. Farmakologi dan Toksikologi. Edisi 3. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta Sjahrir, H. 2003. Stroke Iskemik. Yandira Agung. Medan Uchino, K.; Billheimer, D.; Cramer, S.C. 2001. Entry Criteria and Baseline Characteristics Predict Outcome in Acute Stroke Trials. Stroke. 32:909916 Weimar, C.; Kurth, T.; Kraywinkel, K.; Wagner, M.; Busse, O.; Haberl, R.L.; Diener, H.S. 2002. Assessment of Functioning and Disability After Ischemic Stroke. 33:2053-2059 Williams, L.S.; Yilmaz, E.Y.; Lopez-Yunez, A.M. 2000. Retrospective Assessment of Initial Stroke Severity With the NIH Stroke Scale. Stroke. 31:858-62 Wilterdink, J.L.; Bendixen, B.; Adams, H.P.; Woolson, R.F.; Clarke, W.L.; et al. 2001. Effect of Prior Aspirin Use on Stroke Severity in The Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Stroke.32:2836-2840 Yoo, H.D.; Cho, H.Y.; Lee, Y.B. 2010. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of cilostazol in healthy subjects with genetic polymorphisms of CYP3AS, CYP2C19, and ABCB1. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 69:27-37 Yong, M.; Kaste, M. 2008. Dynamic of Hyperglicemia as A predictor of Stroke Outcome in The ECSS-Trial. Stroke. 39:2749-2755

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