Acids and Bases

Acids write the formulae of these acids: Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid Nitric acid Phosphoric acid Ethanoic acid

Acids and bases (2)

Write the formulas of the following bases: Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Copper (II) Oxide Sodium Carbonate Calcium hydroxide Ammonia solution

Acids and bases (3)

Characteristic properties of acids: Turn blue litmus red, methyl orange to red and phenolphthalein to colourless Reacts with metals to produce H2 + salt Reacts with bases to produce salt + water Reacts with carbonates to produce salt + water + carbon dioxide.

Work for you to do!

Write the balanced chemical equations for the reactions of: Hydrochloric acid with magnesium metal. Zinc with ethanoic acid. Calcium carbonate with sulfuric acid. Nitric acid with ammonia.

Acids and bases (5) An acid is a proton donor. An acid is a proton donor. An acid is a proton donor. H+ is the proton!!!!

Acids and bases (5)

A strong acid donates ALL of its protons to water. This is the same as saying that a strong acid fully dissociates in water. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl2 mol L-1 1 mol L-1 2 mol L-1 2 mol L-1

H2SO4 + 2H2O 2 H3O+ + SO42-

Acids and bases (6)

Bases are proton acceptors. This means that they accept the protons from acids to produce water molecules. HCl(aq)+ NaOH(aq) Na+(aq)+ Cl-(aq)+ H2O(l) The proton from the HCl goes to the OH in the base.

Acids and bases (7)

Lets analyse that equation: HCl(aq)+ NaOH(aq) Na+(aq)+ Cl-(aq)+ H2O(l)

HCl + H2O H3O+ + ClNaOH Na+ + OHThe net reaction is: H3O+ + OH- 2H2O

Acids and Bases (8)

So a base must react with water to produce hydroxide ions. NH3 is a base because: NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Conjugates of acids and bases

Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by ONE proton e.g. HCl and Cl- are a conjugate acid-base pair. HCl is the conjugate acid! What are the conjugate bases of: H2SO4 HNO3 H2S H2O ? What are the conjugate acids of: HS- HCO3- OH- H2O ?

pH
pH is a way of showing how acidic or basic a solution in water is. It is DEFINED as: pH = -log10[H3O+] You must be able to use your calculator to do calculations to find pH so you need to know how to use the log function key!

pH (2)
Calculate the pH of these solutions: A. 1.00 x 10-4 mol L-1 HCl B. 0.0020 mol L-1 HCl C. 0.0500 mol L-1 H2SO4 D. 0.0250 mol L-1 HCl E. 0.0400 mol L-1 H2SO4

pH (2)
Calculate the pH of these A. 1.00 x 10-4 mol L-1 HCl B. 0.0020 mol L-1 HCl C. 0.0500 mol L-1 H2SO4 D. 0.0250 mol L-1 HCl E. 0.0400 mol L-1 H2SO4 solutions:

4.00 2.70 1.00 1.60 1.10

More pH calculations
Calculate the pH of these solutions: A. 0.0237 mol L-1 HCl B. 0.000145 mol L-1 HNO3 C. 2.31 x 10-5 mol L-1 HNO3 D. 3.00 mol L-1 HCl E. 0.15 mol L-1 H2SO4

More pH calculations
Calculate the pH of these solutions: 1.63 A. 0.0237 mol L-1 HCl 3.84 B. 0.000145 mol L-1 HNO3 C. 2.31 x 10-5 mol L-1 HNO3 4.64 -0.477 D. 3.00 mol L-1 HCl 0.523 E. 0.15 mol L-1 H2SO4

pH
We can use pH to calculate the concentration of H3O+ ions in solution too. [H3O+] = 10-pH E.g. What is the [H3O+] in a solution with the pH of 5? [H3O+] = 10-5 = 0.00001 or 1x10-5 molL-1

pH (3)
Calculate [H3O+] in solutions with pH of: A. 6.00 B. 12.0 C. 3.20 D. 1.72 E. -0.200

pH (3)
Calculate [H3O+] in solutions with pH of: A. 6.00 1.00 x 10-6 mol L-1 B. 12.0 1.00 x 10-12 mol L-1 C. 3.20 6.30 x 10-4 mol L-1 D. 1.72 1.91 x 10-2 mol L-1 E. -0.200 1.58 mol L-1

More pH calculations
Calculate [H3O+] in solutions with pH of: A. 2.00 B. 7.00 C. 1.50 D. 4.00 E. 1.80

More pH calculations
Calculate [H3O+] in solutions with pH of: A. 2.00 1.00 x 10-2 mol L-1 1.00 x 10-7 mol L-1 B. 7.00 3.16 x 10-2 mol L-1 C. 1.50 D. 4.00 1.00 x 10-4 mol L-1 E. 1.80 1.60 x 10-2 mol L-1

Kw ionic product of water

Water at 25C contains 1x10-7 mol L-1 of H3O+. Because pure water is electrically neutral, [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1x10-7 mol L-1 The ionic product of water, Kw, is defined as: Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1x10-7 x 1x10-7= 1x10-14

Calculating [OH-] from pH

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1x10-14 [OH-] = Kw = 1x10-14 [H3O+] [H3O+] Use pH to calculate [H3O+] and then Kw to find [OH-].
NOTE: exponents for [H3O+] and [OH-] should add to about 14 or -15

E.g. What is the [OH-] in a solution with a pH of 3?

Kw calculations
Calculate [OH-] for: A. 0.10 mol L-1 HCl
B. 0.25 mol L-1 HNO3 C. solution of HCl with a pH of 2.4

D. solution of H2SO4 with a pH of 2.4

E. solution of HNO3 with a pH of 4.12

Kw calculations
Calculate [OH-] for: A. 0.10 mol L-1 HCl
B. 0.25 mol L-1 HNO3

1.0 x 10-13 mol L-1

4.0 x 10-14 mol L-1 2.5 x 10-12 mol L-1 2.5 x 10-12 mol L-1

C. solution of HCl with a pH of 2.4

D. solution of H2SO4 with a pH of 2.4

E. solution of HNO3 with a pH of 4.12

1.32 x 10-10 mol L-1

NB: in acids: [H3O+]>[OH-] in bases: [H3O+]<[OH-]

Complete Table

[H3O+] 1x10-2 5 x 10-6 3 x 10-10

[OH-]

Acid or base?

1x10-3 1x10-12 1x10-2.5

2 x 10-4

Complete Table

[H3O+] [OH-] 1x10-2 1x10-12 -9 -6 2x10 5 x 10 3 x 10-10 3.3x10-5 -3 -11 1x10 1x10 1x10-2 1x10-12 -12 -2.5 3.2x10 1x10 5x10-11 2 x 10-4

Acid or base?

acid acid base base acid acid base

Strong bases
Examples are NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 Are fully ionised (dissociated) in solution in water Write the dissociation equations for each of these bases.

Calculate pH of strong bases

[strong base] = [OH-] Use Kw to find [H3O+] and then pH. E.g. What is the pH of a 0.100 mol L1 solution of NaOH?

Calculate pH of strong bases

pOH = -log[OH-] pOH + pH = 14 pH = 14 pOH E.g. What is the pH of a 0.100 mol L-1 solution of NaOH? pH = 14 (-log[OH]) =

Strong bases - problems

Find the pH of: 0.140 mol L-1 NaOH 2.00 x 10-3 mol L-1 KOH 2.50 x 10-2 mol L-1 NaOH 0.100 mol L-1 Ca(OH)2 0.400 mol L-1 Ca(OH)2

Strong bases - problems

Find the pH of: 0.140 mol L-1 NaOH 2.00 x 10-3 mol L-1 KOH 2.50 x 10-2 mol L-1 NaOH 0.100 mol L-1 Ca(OH)2 0.400 mol L-1 Ca(OH)2

13.1 11.3 12.4 13.3 13.9