CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

HOSTEL
Separate hostels are provided for boys and girls. Boys Hostel has 100 rooms and can accommodate about 300 students and the Girls hostel has 20 rooms, which can accommodate about 70 students. The hostel rooms are spacious, adequately ventilated, well maintained and furnished with necessary accessories. The hostel also has a separate gymnasium and beauty parlour for the girls and a gymnasium, and air-conditioned saloon for the boys. The hostel, in addition, has a general store for provisions required by the students.

RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR HOSTEL RESIDENTS

1. Students desirous of staying in the hostel should express the same in the prescribed form. The option forms should be handed over to the Warden. Rules and Regulations that should be followed in the Hostel are listed below. 2. They have to pay the prescribed fee before joining the hostel; otherwise they will not be permitted to stay in the hostel. Payment in installments is not permitted. 3. No student should stay in the hostel when the College is working without specific permission from the Warden. 4. The mess timings are: Breakfast: 7.30am 8.00am Lunch: As mentioned in the college time table Tea: 3.30pm 4.00pm Dinner: 7.30pm 8.00pm 5. The study hours in the hostel are 9.00 am and 12.00 noon (on holidays) and 8.30 pm to 10.30 pm daily. During the study hours the students are expected to stay in their rooms and should avoid group discussions. 6. Students can entertain the visitors only during visiting hours. The normal visiting hours are between 4.00 pm and 6.00 pm on working days and between 2.00 pm and 6.00 pm on Sundays and other holidays. 7. Permission to go out of the hostel will ordinarily be given once in a month on a holiday. They can leave the hostel after 6.30 am and should return before 6.00 pm. 8. No student will be allowed to leave the hostel based on a phone call. Phone calls from outsiders, other than parents of the students, are strictly prohibited.

9.

Parents are requested to give a list of authorized visitors /local guardians who can be permitted to visit the students in the hostel. Visitors other than those given in the list should get an authorization from the parents or the parents should intimate the Principal about the visit in advance.

10.

Students will ordinarily be permitted to go home only if the College is closed continuously for 5 days or more. Students going out of hostel either to the city for a days visit or to their native places for holidays should enter the date and time of leaving the hostel and the proposed date and time of return to the hostel.

11.

Any student desirous of attending a function in their house, a marriage or any other ceremony will be permitted to go only if the request is made directly by the parents to the Principal.

12.

Local guardians authorized by parents of the students are expected to take care of the students welfare and provide moral support. They may visit the students periodically during visiting hours. The students are not permitted to stay in the local guardians houses overnight and care should be taken by the local guardians in not inviting their wards to their houses on phone.

13.

Students who do not pay their hostel dues or are found guilty of misbehavior or bad conduct will be expelled from the hostels.

In this we develop a system to monitor and automate the visiting of parents in a college hostel and check for corresponding students parent / guardians and allow the students to see/go home with the same visitor.

1.2 3G International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA 2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX.

Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.0 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink with HSPA+). Thus, 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider

range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency.

There are evolutionary standards that are backwards-compatible extensions to preexisting 2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new networks and frequency allocations. The later group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently-developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

1.3 SIM A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) on a removable SIM card securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers). The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device. SIM cards are available in two standard sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85.60 mm x 53.98 mm x 0.76 mm).

The newer, more popular miniature version has a width of 15 mm, a length of 25 mm, a thickness of 0.76 mm, and has one of its corners truncated (chamfered) to prevent misinsertion. However, most SIM cards are still supplied as a full-sized card with the smaller card held in place by a few plastic links; it can easily be broken off to be used in a phone that uses the smaller SIM.

CHAPTER 2
POWER SUPPLY UNIT

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.2.1. Circuit Diagram of Power Supply 2.1.1 Working Principle The AC voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired DC output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the

input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually ohtained using one of the popular voltage regulator 1C units.

Figure 2.2 Block diagram of power supply 2.1.2 TRANSFORMER The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op-amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS output. 2.1.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two comers. Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4. The negative potential at point B will forward bias Dl and reverse D2. At this time D3 and Dl are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2. are reverse biased and will block current flow. The path for current flow is from point B through Dl, up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across Dl and D3.

One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing Dl and D3, Current flow will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of T1, and back to point A.

This path is indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier. One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit. This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the conventional full-wave circuit shown --in view A, the peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts. The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never exceeds500 vOlts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit. 2.1.4 SMOOTHING CAPACITOR: Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this increases to almost the peak value giving 1.4 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC. Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.

Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C = C= smoothing capacitance in farads (F)

5 Io Vs f

Io= output current from the supply in amps(A) Vs= supply voltage in volts(V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC f= frequency of the AC supply in hertz(Hz), 50Hz in the UK 2.1.5 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator 1C units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single 1C. 1C units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load

currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts. A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal.

CHAPTER 3
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION Serial communication is basically the transmission or reception of data one bit at a time. Today's computers generally address data in bytes or some multiple thereof. A byte contains 8 bits. A bit is basically either a logical 1 or zero. Every character on this page is actually expressed internally as one byte. The serial port is used to convert each byte to a stream of ones and zeroes as well as to convert a stream of ones and zeroes to bytes. The serial port contains a electronic chip called a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) that actually does the conversion. The serial port has many pins. We will discuss the transmit and receive pin first. Electrically speaking, whenever the serial port sends a logical one (1) a negative voltage is effected on the transmit pin. Whenever the serial port sends a logical zero (0) a positive voltage is affected. When no data is being sent, the serial port's transmit pin's voltage is negative (1) and is said to be in a MARK state. Note that the serial port can also be forced to keep the transmit pin at a positive voltage (0) and is said to be the SPACE or BREAK state. (The terms MARK and SPACE are also used to simply denote a negative voltage (1) or a positive voltage (0) at the transmit pin respectively). When transmitting a byte, the UART (serial port) first sends a START BIT which is a positive voltage (0), followed by the data (general 8 bits, but could be 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits) followed by one or two STOP Bits which is a negative(l) voltage. The sequence is repeated for each byte sent. Figure shows a diagram of what a byte transmission would look like.

Fig 3.1 Byte Transmission At this point you may want to know what the duration of a bit is. In other words, how long does the signal stay in a particular state to define a bit. The answer is simple. It is dependent on the baud rate. The baud rate is the number of times the signal can switch states in one second. Therefore, if the line is operating at 9600 baud, the line can switch states 9,600 times per second. This means each bit has the duration of 1 '9600 of a second or about 100sec. When transmitting a character there are other characteristics other than the baud rate that must be known or that must be setup. These characteristics define the entire interpretation of the data stream. The first characteristic is the length of the byte that will be transmitted. This length in general can be anywhere from 5 to 8 bits. The second characteristic is parity. The parity characteristic can be even, odd, mark, space, or none. If even parity, then the last data bit transmitted will be a logical 1 if the data transmitted had an even amount of 0 bits. If odd parity, then the last data bit transmitted will be a logical 1 if the data transmitted had an odd amount of 0 bits. If MARK parity, then the last transmitted data bit will always be a logical 1. If SPACE parity, then the last transmitted data bit will always be a logical 0. If no parity then there is no parity bit transmitted. The third characteristic is the amount of stop bits. This value in general is 1 or 2. Assume we want to send the letter A' over the serial port. The binary representation of the letter 'A' is 01000001. Remembering that bits are transmitted from least significant bit (LSB) to most significant bit (MSB), the bit stream transmitted would be as follows for the line characteristics 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit and 9600 baud. LSB (0100009101) MSB.

The above represents (Start Bit) (Data Bits) (Stop Bit). To calculate the actual byte transfer rate simply divide the baud rate by the number of bits that must be transferred for each byte of data. In the case of the above example, each character requires 10 bits to be transmitted for each character. As such, at 9600 baud, up to 960 bytes can be transferred in one second. The above discussion was concerned with the "electrical/logical" characteristics of the data stream. We will expand the discussion to line protocol. Serial communication can be half duplex or full duplex. Full duplex communication means that a device can receive and transmit data at the same time. Half duplex means that the device cannot send and receive at the same time. It can do them both, but not at the same time. Half duplex communication is all but outdated except for a very small focused set of applications. Half duplex serial communication needs at a minimum two wires, signal ground and the data line. Full duplex serial communication needs at a minimum three wires, signal ground, transmit data line, and receive data line. The RS232 specification governs the physical and electrical characteristics of serial communications. This specification defines several additional signals that are asserted (set to logical 1) for information and control beyond the data signal. These signals are the Carrier Detect Signal (CD), asserted by modems to signal a successful connection to another modem, Ring Indicator (RI), asserted by modems to signal the phone ringing. Data Set Ready (DSR), asserted by modems to show their presence, Clear To Send (CTS), asserted by modems if they can receive data, Data Terminal Ready (DTR), asserted by terminals to show their presence, Request To Send (RTS), asserted by terminals if they can receive data. The section R.S232 Cabling describes these signals and how they are connected. The above paragraph alluded to hardware flow control. Hardware flow control is a method that two connected devices use to tell each other electronically when to send or when not to send data. A modem in general drops (logical 0) its CTS line when it can no longer receive characters. It re-asserts it when it can receive again. A terminal does the same thing instead with the RTS signal. Another method of hardware flow control in

practice is to perform the same procedure in the previous paragraph except that the DSR and DTR signals are used for the handshake. Note that hardware flow control requires the use of additional wires. The benefit to this however is crisp and reliable flow control. Another method of flow control used is known as software flow control. This method requires a simple 3 wire serial communication link, transmit data, receive data, and signal ground. If using this method, when a device can no longer receive, it will transmit a character that the two devices agreed on. This character is known as the XOFF character. 3.2 AN INTRODUCTION TO NULL MODEM Serial communications with RS232. One of the oldest and most widely spread communication methods in computer world. The way this type of communication can be performed is pretty well defined in standards. I.e. with one exception. The standards show the use of DTE/DCE communication, the way a computer should communicate with a peripheral device like a modem. For your information, DTE means Data Terminal Equipment (computers etc.) where DCE is the abbreviation of Data Communication Equipment (modems). One of the main uses of serial communication today where no modem is involved-a Serial Null Modem configuration with DTE/DTE communication-is not so well defined, especially when it comes to flow control. The terminology null modem for the situation where two computers communicate directly is so often used nowadays, that most people don't realize anymore the origin of the phrase and that a null modem connection is an exception, not the rule. In history, practical solutions were developed to let two computers talk with each other using a null modem serial communication line. In most situations, the original modem signal lines are reused to perform some sort of handshaking. Handshaking can increase the maximum allowed communication speed because it gives the computers the ability to control the flow of information. A high amount of incoming data is allowed if the computer is capable to handle it. but not if it is busy performing other tasks. If no How control is implemented in the null modem connection, communication is only possible at speeds at which it is sure the receiving side can

handle the amount information even under worst case conditions. 3.3 ORIGINAL USE OF RS232 When we look at the connector pin out of the RS232 port, we see two pins which are certainly used for flow control. These two pins are RTS, request to send and CTS, clear to send. With DTE/DCE communication (i.e. a computer communicating with a modem device) RTS is an output on the DTE and input on the DCE. CTS are the answering signal coming from the DCE. Before sending a character, the DTE asks permission by setting its RTS output. No information will be sent until the DCE grants permission by using the CTS line. If the DCE cannot handle new requests, the CTS signal will go low. A simple but useful mechanism allowing flow control in one direction. The assumption is that the DTE can always handle incoming information faster than the DCE can send it. In the past, this was true. Modem speeds of 300 baud were common and 1200 baud was seen as a high speed connection. The last flow control signal present in DTE/DCE communication is the CD carrier detect. It is not used directly for flow control, but mainly an indication of the ability of the modem device to communicate with its counter part. This signal indicates the existence of a communication Jink between two modem devices. 3.4 NULL MODEM WITHOUT HANDSHAKING How to use the handshaking lines in a null modem configuration? The simplest way is to don't use them at all. In that situation, only the data lines and signal ground are cross connected in the null modem communication cable. All other pins have no connection. An example of such a null modem cable without handshaking can be seen in the figure below.

Fig.3.2. Null Modem without Handshaking

3.5 COMPATIBILITY ISSUES If you read about null modems, this three wire null modem cable is often talked about. Yes, it is simple but can we use it in all circumstances? There is a problem, if either of the two devices checks the DSR or CD inputs. These signals normally define the ability of the other side to communicate. As they are not connected, their signal level will never go high. This might cause a problem. The same holds for the RTS/CTS handshaking sequence. If the software on both sides is well structured, the RTS output is set high and then a waiting cycle is started until a ready signal is received on the CTS line. This causes the software to hang because no physical connection is present to either CTS line to make this possible. The only type of communication which is allowed on such a null modem line is data-only traffic on the cross connected Rx/TX lines. This does however not mean that this null modem cable is useless. Communication links like present in the Norton Commander program can use this null modem cable. This null modem cable can also be used when communicating with devices which do not have modem control

signals like electronic measuring equipment etc. As you can imagine, with this simple null modem cable no hardware flow control can be implemented. The only way to perform flow control is with software flow control using the XOFF and XON characters.

CHAPTER 4
GSM MODEM

4.1 DEFINITION Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European' mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. 4.2 THE GSM NETWORK GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The reason for this is to limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system (OSS). The basic GSM network elements are shown in below figure.

Fig.4.1. GSM Network Elements

4.3 GSM MODEM A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dialup modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves. A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem in the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop computer. It should be inserted into one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate. As mentioned in earlier sections of this SMS tutorial, computers use AT commands to control modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up modems support a common set of standard AT commands. You can use a GSM modem just like a dial-up modem. In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set of AT commands. These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM standards. With the extended AT commands, you can do things like: Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages. Sending SMS messages. Monitoring the signal strength. Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery. Reading, Writing and searching phone book entries. The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per minute is very low - only about six to ten SMS messages per minute. 4.4 MILESTONES OF GSM 1982-Confederation of European Post and Telegraph (CEPT) establishes Group Special

Mobile. 1985- Adoption of list of recommendation to be generated by the group. 1986- Different field tests for radio technique for the common air interface. 1987- TDMA chosen as Access Standard. MoU signed between 12 operators. 1988- Validation of system. 1989- Responsibility taken up ETSI 1990-First GSM specification released 1991-First commercial GSM system launched. 4.5 FREQUENCY RANGES OF GSM GSM works on 4 different frequency ranges with FDMA-TDMA and FDD.They are as follows. System Freq Uplink Freq Downlink P-GSM (Primary) 890-915MHz 935-960MHz E-GSM (Extended) 880-915MHz 925-960MHz GSM 1800 1710-1785MHz 1805-1880MHz GSM 1900 1850-1910MHz 1930-1990MHz

Table 4.1 Frequency range of GSM 4.6 SERVICES OF GSM Bearer Services Basic telecommunication services to transfer data b/w access points Specification of services up to the terminal interface (corresponding to OSI layers 1-3) Different data rates for voice and data (original standard) Data service (circuit switched) Synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 KBit/s Asynchronous: 300-- 1200 Bit/s

Data service (packet switched) Synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 KBit/s Asynchronous: 300 - 9600 Bit/s Additionally: signaling channels for connection control (used by telematic services) Tele Services Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones. All services have to obey cellular functions, security measurements, etc. Offered services: Mobile telephony Primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz _ Emergency number Common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service providers; free of charge; connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible) _ Multinumbering Several phone numbers per user possible Non-Voice-Teleservices Fax Voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals) Electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the fixed network) Short Message Service (SMS) Alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal using the signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS Supplementary Services Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered stand-alone Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to radio link

 May differ between different service providers, countries and protocol Versions.

 Important services Identification: forwarding of caller number Suppression of number forwarding Automatic call-back Conferencing with up to 7 participants Locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls 4.7 GSM ARCHITECTURE GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country. Diagram for GSM architecture

Fig.4.2 GSM architecture Components MS (mobile station)

 BS (base station) MSC (mobile switching center) LR (location register) Subsystems RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network Base Station Subsystem Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAD) Performs coding between the 64 kpbs PCM coding used in the backbone network and the 13 kbps coding used for the Mobile Station Base Station Controller (BSC) Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the BTSes Manages the handovers within the BSS area Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the MSC/VLR about this Does now know the exact location of a MS before a call is made. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Controls several transmitters Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a specific frequency Maximum amount of frequencies and transmitters in a cell is 6, thus maximum capacity of a cell is 45 calls (+ 3 time slots for signaling). Network and Switching Subsystem The backbone of a GSM network is an ordinary telephone network with some added capabilities Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

 An ISDN exchange with additional capabilities to support mobile communications Visitor Location Register (VLR) A database, part of the MSC Contains the location of the active Mobile Stations

 Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC) Links the system to PSTN and other operators Home Location Register (HLR) Contains subscriber information, including authentication information in Authentication Center (AuC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) codes for e.g. blacklisting stolen phones. Home Location Register One database per operator Contains all the permanent subscriber information MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN number) is the telephone number of the subscriber IMSI code is used to link the MSISDN number to the subscriber's SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is the 15 digit code used to identify the subscriber It incorporates a country and operator code Charging information Services available to the customer Also the subscriber's present Location Area Code, which refers to the MSC, which can connect to the MS. Mobile Station MS is the user's handset and has tv/o parts Mobile Equipment Radio equipment User interface

 Processing capability and memory required for various tasks Encryption SMS messages Equipment IMEI number Subscriber Identity Module Subscriber Identity Module A small smart card Encryption codes needed to identify the Subscriber Subscriber IMSI number Subscriber's own information (telephone directory) Third party applications (banking etc.) Can also be used in other systems besides GSM, e.g. some WLAN access points accept SIM based user authentication Other Systems Operations Support System The management network for the whole GSM system Usually vendor dependent Very loosely specified in the GSM standards Value added services Voice mail Call forwarding Group calls Short Message Service Center Stores and forwards the SMS messages Like an e-mail server

 Required to operate the SMS service The SMS service was initially used to notify the subscriber about new voicemail.

4.8 SIMCOM SIM300GSM MODULE

INTRODUCTON SIMCOM SIM300 module connects to the specific application and the air interface. As SIM300 can be integrated with a wide range of applications, all functional components of SIM300 are described in great detail.

PRODUCT CONCEPT Designed for global market, SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS 1900 MHz. SIM300 features GPRS multi-slot class 10/ class 8 (optional) and supports the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4.

Fig.4.3 EVB top view

Designed for global market, SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS 1900 MHz. SIM300 features GPRS multi-slot class 10/ class 8 (optional) and supports the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4.With a tiny configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85mm , SIM300 can fit almost all the space requirements in our applications, such as smart phone, PDA phone and other mobile devices. In this hardware SIM300 is only interfaced with RS232, Regulated power Supply 4.0V SIM Tray Antenna with LED indications. A: SIM300 module interface B: SIM card interface C: headset interface D: Download switch, turn on or off download function E: VBAT switch, switch the voltage source from the adaptor or external battery F: PWRKEY key, turn on or turn off SIM300 G: RESET key H: expand port, such as keypad port, main and debug serial port, display port I: MAIN serial port for downloading, AT command transmitting, data exchanging J: DEBUG serial port

K: hole for fixing the antenna L: source adapter interface M: light N: buzzer O: headphones interface P: hole for fixing the SIM300

NETWORK STATUS INDICATION LED LAMP State SIM300 function Off - SIM300 is not running 64ms On/ 0.8 sec Off - SIM300 does not find the network 64ms On/ 3 Sec Off - SIM300 find the network 64ms On/ 0.3 sec Off - GPRS communication

SIM CARD INTERFACE You can use AT Command to get information in SIM card. The SIM interface supports the functionality of the GSM Phase 1 specification and also supports the functionality of the new GSM Phase 2+ specification for FAST 64 kbps SIM (intended for use with a SIM application Tool-kit).Both 1.8V and 3.0V SIM Cards are supported.The SIM interface is powered from an internal regulator in the module having nominal voltage 2.8V. All pins reset as outputs driving low.

Fig.4.4 SIM card interface AT Command Format A command line is a string of characters sent from a DTE to the modem (DCE) while the modem is in a command state. A command line has a prefix, a body, and a terminator. Each command line (with the exception of the A/ command) must begin with the character sequence AT and must be terminated by a carriage return. Commands entered in upper case or lower cases are accepted, but both the A and T must be of the same case, i.e., AT or at. The default terminator is the ENTER key <CR> character. Characters that precede the AT prefix are ignored. The command line interpretation begins upon receipt of the ENTER key character. Characters within the command line are parsed as commands with associated parameter values. The basic commands consist of single ASCII characters, or single characters proceeded by a prefix character (e.g., & or +), followed by a decimal parameter. Missing decimal parameters are evaluated as 0.

4.9 APPLICATIONS Access control devices

Now access control devices can communicate with servers and security staff through SMS messaging. Complete log of transaction is available at the head-office Server instantly without any wiring involved and device can instantly alert security personnel on their mobile phone in case of any problem. RaviRaj Technologies is introducing this technology in all Fingerprint Access control and time attendance products. Transaction terminals: EDC machines, POS terminals can use SMS messaging to confirm transactions from central servers. The main benefit is that central server can be anywhere in the world. Today you need local servers in every city v/ith multiple telephone lines. You save huge infrastructure costs as well as per transaction cost. Supply Chain Management: Today SCM require huge IT infrastructure with leased lines, networking devices, data centre, workstations and still you have large downtimes and high costs. You can do all this at a fraction of the cost with GSM M2M technology. A central server in your head office with GSM capability is the answer; you can receive instant transaction data from all your branch offices, warehouses and business associates with nil downtime low cost. 4.9 APPLICATIONS SUITABLE FOR GSM COMMUNICATION If your application needs one or more of the following features, GSM will be more costeffective then other communication systems. Short Data Size You data size per transaction should be small like 1-3 lines, e.g. banking transaction data, sales/purchase data, consignment tracking data, updates. These small but important transaction data can be sent through SMS messaging which cost even less then a local telephone call or sometimes free of cost worldwide. Hence with negligible cost you are able to send critical information to your head office located anywhere in the world from multiple points. You can also transfer faxes, large data through GSM but this will be as or more costly compared to landline networks.

Multiple remote data collection points: If you have multiple data collections points situated all over your city, state, country or worldwide you will benefit the most. The data can be sent from multiple points like your branch offices, business associates, warehouses, and agents with devices like GSM modems connected to PCs, GSM electronic terminals and Mobile phones. Many a times some places like warehouses may be situated at remote location may not have landline or internet but you will have GSM network still available easily. High uptime If your business require high uptime and availability GSM is best suitable for you as GSM mobile networks have high uptime compared to landline, internet and other communication mediums. Also in situations where you expect that someone may sabotage your communication systems by cutting wires or taping landlines, you can depend on GSM. Large transaction volumes: GSM SMS messaging can handle large number of transaction in a very short time. You can receive large number SMS messages on your server like e-mails without internet connectivity. E-mails normally get delayed a lot but SMS messages are almost instantaneous for instant transactions. Consider situation like shop owners doing credit card transaction with GSM technology instead of conventional landlines time you find local transaction servers busy as these servers use multiple telephone lines to take care of multiple transactions, whereas one GSM connection is enough to handle hundreds of transaction per minute. Mobility, Quick installation GSM technology allows mobility, GSM terminals, modems can be just picked and installed at other location unlike telephone lines. Also you can be mobile with GSM terminals and can also communicate with server using your mobile phone. You can just purchase the GSM

hardware like modems, terminals and mobile handsets, insert SIM cards, configure software and your are ready for GSM communication. GSM solutions can be implemented within few weeks whereas it may take many months to implement the infrastructure for other technologies. 4.10 ADVANTAGES OF GSM OVER ANALOG SYSTEMS Capacity increases Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life. International roaming capability. Better security against fraud (through terminal validation and user authentication). Encryption capability for information security and privacy. Compatibility with ISDN, leading to wider range of services

CHAPTER 6 FINGER PRINT RECOGNITION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Definition of fingerprint There are four main types of fingerprints, loops, arches, and abstract. However, no two fingerprints are alike. A fingerprint is apattern of marks in ink of the on the lines on the tip of a finger used for the purpose of identification. What is finger print Fingerprint is the process of identification based on the impressions of the ends of the fingers. The impressions consist of patterns formed by ridges that cover the skin of the fingertips. Fingerprints provide one of the most reliable methods of identification. No person's fingerprint is identical to any other human being. In most cases, fingerprints remain the same throughout any person's lifetime. Ridges on the person's fingerprints only change as a surgery, disease, or an accident. Uses of fingerprint

Finger print are often used in the investigation of crimes. Prints found at the scene of a crime may help identify the subjects. Fingerprint that match police records are strong evidence in court. Fingerprinting may help prevent crime. For example, banks, military bases, and government buildings use computers to check fingerprints of employers before they can be admitted to different areas. A number of status allow children to be fingerprinted to help identify them if they are later reported missing. Now a days a fingerprint recognition techniques are used in many institutions and organization for taking attendance automatically.

6.2 FINGER PRINT VERIFICATION

Fingerprint verification is very convenient and reliable way to verify the person's Identity. It is believed that no two people have identical fingerprint in this world, so the fingerprint verification and identification is most popular way to verify the authenticity or identity of a person. The reason for popularity of fingerprint technique is uniqueness of person arises from his behavior; personal characteristics are like, for instance uniqueness, which indicates that each and every fingerprint is unique, different from one other.

Fig 6.1 Finger print image

Fig 6.2 Minutiae point

Figure 7.1 The fingerprint image, which describes the important features in fingerprint. Figure 7.2 Minutiae points (valley is also known as furrow, Termination is also called ridge ending, and Bifurcation is also known as branch). The Fingerprint is the feature pattern of one finger or an impression of friction ridges found on inner surface of finger a shown in figure?. 1. Everyone in this world has his own fingerprint with the permanent uniqueness. A fingerprint is made up of ridges and furrows, which shows good similarities like parallelism and average width . However the research conducting on fingerprint verification and identification shows that we can distinguish fingerprint with the help of minutiae, which are the some abnormal points on the ridges. There are two type of the termination of minutiae, immediate ending of ridges or a point where ridge ends abruptly called ending or termination and the point on the ridge from which other branch drives or a point from where ridge splits into two or more branches is known as bifurcation as shown in figure 7.2.

CHAPTER 7 SOFTWARE TOOLS

8.1 KEIL C
Keil software is the leading vendor for 8/16-bit development tools (ranked at first position in the 2004 embedded market study of the embedded system and EE times magazine). Keil software is represented worldwide in more than 40 countries, since the market introduction in 1988; the keil C51 compiler is the de facto industry standard and supports more than 500 current 8051 device variants. Now, keil software offers development tools for ARM. Keil software makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, and evaluation boards for 8051, 251, ARM and XC16x/C16x/ST10 microcontroller families. The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today. The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once compiled, have the efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the C51 Compiler give you full access to all resources of the 8051. The C51 Compiler translates C source files into relocatable object modules which contain full symbolic information for debugging with the uVision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include symbol table and cross reference.

 Nine basic data types, including 32-bit IEEE floating-point, Flexible variable allocation with bit, data, bdata, idata, xdata, and pdata

memory types, Interrupt functions may be written in C, Full use of the 8051 register banks, Complete symbol and type information for source-level debugging, Use of AJMP and ACALL instructions, Bit-addressable data objects, Built-in interface for the RTX51 real time kernels, Support for the Philips 8xC750, 8xC751, and 8.xC752 limited instruction sets, Support for the Infineon 80C517 arithmetic unit.

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J. Chirillo and S. Slaul, "Implementing Biometric Security", Wiley and

sons, 2003. M. Ejiri, T. Uno, M. Mese and S. Ikeda, "A Process for Detecting Defects in Complicated Patterns" computer Graphics and Image Processing, Vol.2, No.3-4, 1973,pp.326-339. Keranen, H., Pohjanheimo, L., Ailisto, H. (2005) Tag Manager: a Mobile Phone Platform for Physical Selection Sen-ices in International conference on Pervasive Services (ICPS 2005). Santorini, Greece, pp 405-412,2005 A.X.Liu and L.A.Bailey,"PAP:A privacy and authentication protocol for

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enhancement and sytem efficiency". Lecture Noted in computer science, Secure Data Management, vol. 4721/2007, pp.203-212.2007. N. from Miura, A. Nagasaka Finger and T. Miyatake, Image and "Automatic its Feature Extraction to Person

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WEB REFERENCES www.atmel.com www.dallas.com www.gsmfavorites.com www.holtek.com