SlNGAPORE STANDARD

CP 17 : 1991
(UDC 621.31 6.3)
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
The Maintenance Of Electrical
Switchgear For Voltages Up To And
Including 22 kV
Copyright Reserved
Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research
1 Science Park Drive, Singapore 051 1
Cable: SlSlR SINGAPORE
Telex: RS 28499 SlSlR
ISBN 9971-67-406-8
This Singapore Standard having been approved by the Electrical Industry Practice Committee was
endorsed by the Standards Council on 28 March 1991.
First pubiished, 1981
First revision, 1991
The Electrical lndustry Practice Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of the following
members:
Name Organisation
Chairman : Mr Ng Nam Wah
Secretary : Mr Phua Kim Chua
Members : Dr David Chia Cheng Song
Mr Foo Kong Deen
Mr Ho Fui Chan
Dr Lock Kai Sang
Mr Low Sing Lu
Mr Lye Hoeng Fai
Mr Samuel Ong
Mr Tan Sing Ong
Mr Dominic Tay
Mr Tay Swee Mow
Assoc Prof Teo Cheng Yu
Mr Wan Fook Sing
Mr Wong Woh Sung
Mr Yeo Yek Seng
Standards Council
Singapore lnstitute of Standards and lndustrial
Research
Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore
Singapore Electrical Trades Association
Housing and Development Board
National University of Singapore
Port of Singapore Authority
lnstitution of Engineers, Singapore
Singapore Electrical Contractors Association
Jurong Town Corporation
Public Works Department
Singapore Telecom
Nanyang Technological lnstitute
Singapore Contractors Association Limited
Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Ltd
Public Utilities Board
The Technical Committee, appointed by the Electrical Industry Practice Committee and responsible
for the preparation of this Code, consists of representatives from the following organisations:
Name Organisation
Chairman : Mr Hoon Chee Nium
Secretary : Mr Tony Chee
Members : Mr Chin Thaw Tzuen
Mr Chua Seng Guan
Mr Chung Choon Heong
A/P S Elangovan
Dr Foo Yung Kuan
Mr Ho Fui Chan
Mr Milton Tan
Mr Toi Boon Bin
Mr Yeo Chin Yin
Public Utilities Board
Singapore lnstitute of Standards and lndustrial
Research
Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore
Singapore lnstitute of Standards and lndustrial
Research
Public Utilities Board
National University of Singapore
Singapore Electrical Trades Association
Housing and Development Board
Singapore Electrical Contractors Association
Public Works Department
lnstitution of Engineers, Singapore
Foreword
CONTENTS
SPEClFiCATlON
Scope - -
Definitions
Fundamental notes on switchroom
Safety -
Maintenance -
Maintenance programme for composite units of air-break switchgear
and fuses for voltages up to and including 650V
Maintenance programme for air-break switchgear and oii switchgear
Maintenance programme for airblast switchgear -
Maintenance programme for sulphur-hexafluoride switchgear
-
Maintenance programme for vacuum switchgear
Page
4
APPENDICES
A. Caution notice - 36
B. Danger notice - 37
C. Permit-To-Work on H.V. cables and equipment - 38
D. Example of typical maintenance record card - 39
E. Maintenance operations for circuit breakers - 40
F. Notes on the properties of SF 6 42
G. Statutory regulations and associated memoranda 43
TABLES
1. Minimum clearance of LiVE H.V conductor from ground level - 11
2. Test voltage recommended for insulation resistance test - 18
SINGAPORE STANDARD
CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR
FOR VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 22 kV
FOREWORD
This Code of Practice, a revision of Singapore Standard CP 17 : 1980, was prepared by the
Technical Committee on Switchgear under the direction of the Electrical Industry Practice Committee.
BS 5405 : 1976, which was used as the main reference for the drawing up of the previous edition of
SS CP 17, had been superseded by BS 6423 : 1983 and BS 6626 : 1985. In view of this, SS CP 17 was
revised to ensure that its requirements are in line with the latest developments and remain relevant to
the need of our local users.
This Code is based on BS 6423 : 1983 and BS 6626 : 1985 and is reproduced by permission
of BSI, 2 Park Street, London WIA ZBS, England.
In revising this Code, reference was also made to SS CP 5 : 1988.
Acknowledgement is made for the use of the British Standards.
NOTE
1. Singapore Standards are subject to periodical review to keep abreast of technological changes
and new technical develo~ments. The revisions of Sinaaoore Standards are announced through
the issue either of amendment slips or of revised editions.
2. Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.
CP 17 : 1991
1. SCOPE
1.1 Object. This Code covers the maintenance of switchgear for voltages up to and including 22
kV to ensure the safe and effective o~eration of an electrical system with minimum risk of breakdown
and the consequent interruption of supply. It represents a standard of good practice and therefore takes
the form of recommendations for the maintenance of switchgear.
It provides information on an organised system of routine maintenance to keep electrical
switchgear, both indoor and outdoor, and its associated apparatus in good working order. Attention is
also drawn to the precautions taken in order to maximize the safety of personnel while maintenance
work is in progress.
Special maintenance requirements relating to explosion protected switchgear and controlgear
are excluded from this Code.
1.2 Statutory Requirements. The foliowing government regulations have relevance:
1.2.1 Factories Act and Public Utilities (Electricity) Regulations of the Public Utilities Act:
(a)
For electrical installations falling within the meanings of the Singapore Factories Act,
1973, and any amendments made thereafter, it is necessary to comply with the
provisions of this Act and associated regulations.
(b)
The provisions of the Public Utilities (Electricity) Regulations, 1975, apply to all electrical
installations.
1.2.2 The Electrical Workers and Contractors Licensing Act, 1974, and the Electrical Workers and
Contractors Licensing Regulations, 1974.
Under Section 6 of the Electrical Workers and Contractors Licensing Act, it is clearly stated that
no person shall perform any electrical work or contract or perform such work or hold himself out as an
electrical contractor or worker, etc, unless licensed under this Act.
There are three grades of licences as electrical workers, namely :
(a) licences as electricians;
(b)
licences as electrical technicians; and
(c) licences as electrical engineers
The authority conferred upon and the responsibiiity of the three grades of licensed electrical
workers are spelt out in the Electrical Workers and Contractors Licensing Regulations, 1974.
1.3 Responsibility. It is the responsibility of engineers and others engaged in electrical work or
operations to make themselves acquainted with the statutory requirements applicable to their industry.
However, the responsibility of ensuring safe methods of working and operation rests primarily on the
owner or licensee of the electrical installation who shall in compliance with the Public Utilities "Licences
to Use or Operate Electrical or Supply Installations Regulation 1974", transfer his responsibiiity to a
licensed electrical worker of the appropriate grade.
2. DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Code, the following definitions shall apply :
2.1 Voltage
2.1.1 Low voltage. A voltage normally exceeding 50 V a.c or 120 V d.c whether between conductors
or to Earth, but not exceeding 1000 V a.c or 1500 V d.c between conductors, or 600 V a.c or 900 V d.c
between conductors and Earth.
2.1.2 High voltage. A voltage normally exceeding low voltage.
2.2 Live (Or Alive). Electrically charged.
2.3 Dead. At or about earth potential and disconnected from any LlVE system.
2.4 Danger. Means risk involving loss of life, limb or health which may arise from shock, burn or
other injury.
2.5 Earthed. Connected to the general mass of the earth in such a manner as will ensure at all
times an immediate discharge of electrical energy without DANGER and, when applied to apparatus,
equipment and conductors, all phases are effectively connected to earth.
2.6 Notice
2.6.1 Caution notice. A notice attached to high or low voltage apparatus or its control equipment,
conveying a meaning against interference with such apparatus (refer to Appendix A).
2.6.2 Danger notice. A notice attached to high or low voltage apparatus when LIVE, calling attention
to the DANGER of approach or interference with such apparatus or sections (refer to Appendix 8).
Danger and caution notices in the vicinity of LlVE conductors should be non-metallic. Yellow
10E55 (colour reference based on BS 5252) with black as the contrasting colour for lettering is to be
used on these notices.
2.7 Person
2.7.1 Authorised person. A licensed electrical worker of the appropriate grade appointed by the
occupier, owner or licensee to take full charge and responsibility of the electrical installation.
2.7.2 Competent person. A licensed electrical worker or a person who has sufficent technical
knowledge or experience to enable him to avoid DANGER.
2.8 Work. Work or electrical work means repair and maintenance work, modifications and
additions to existing equipment, testing and any other work which involves working on conductors,
secondary and control wiring or equipment which forms part of the electrical system.
It does not include the operation of circuit breakers, isolators, control equipment by means
provided for operating them to perform their normal functions.
2.9 Permit-To-Work. A form of declaration signed and issued by an authorised person to a
competent person in charge of the work to be carried out on any EARTHED HIGH VOLTAGE
APPARATUS, for the purpose of making known to such a person exactly what apparatus is electrically
DEAD, isolated from ail LIVE conductors, has been discharged, is connected to earth, and on which it
is safe to work.
NOTE. The Permit-To-Work should be numbered serially for reference and should be in duplicate. One copy should be
retained by the authorised person and one copy handed to,ind signed as an acknowledgement of its terms, by the competent
person carrying out or in charge of the work; he should retain it until the work is completed or stopped. An exampie of the
Permit-TO-work is shown in Appendix C.
2.9.2 Clearance. A declaration signed by the person to whom a Permit-To-Work was issued stating
that all labour and tools have been withdrawn and that ail men under his charge have been warned that
it is no longer safe to work on the apparatus. This declaration is to be made on the Permit-to-work.
2.10 Switchgear. A general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated
control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, and also assemblies of such devices and
equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosuresand supporting structures, intended
in principle for use in connection with generation, transmission, distribution and conversion of electric
power.
2.1 1 Controlgear. A general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated
control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, and also assemblies of such devices and
equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosuresand supporting structures, intended
in principle for the control of electric power consuming equipment.
2.12 Low-maintenance Equipment. Equipment designed not to require frequent maintenance and,
except when subject to very frequent operation, intended not to need any examination or overhaul
during the economic life of the equipment.
2.13 Failure (Breakdown). The termination of the ability of an item to perform its required function;
failure can be gradual, sudden, partial or complete.
2.14 Maintenance
2.14.1 Maintenance. A combination of any actions carried out to retain an item in, or restore it to
good working order.
2.14.2 Routine maintenance. Maintenance organized and carried out in accordance with a
predetermined policy or plan to prevent breakdown.
2.14.3 Post-fault maintenance. Maintenance which may be necessary after a specified number of
fault clearance operations.
2.15 Inspection (Inspect). A maintenance action comprising careful scrutiny of an item carried out
without dismantling, and using all the senses as required to detect anything which causes the item to
fail to work satisfactorily. This may include an operational check (2.19).
2.16 Servicing. Work carried out to ensure that the equipment is kept in good working order and
which usually does not involve any dismantling, and is typically limited to cleaning, adjustment and
lubrication.
2.17 Examination (Examine). An inspection with the addition of partial dismantling as required,
supplemented by means such as measurement and nondestructive tests in order to arrive at a reliable
conclusion as to the condition of an item.
2.18 Overhaul. Work done with the objective of repairing or replacing parts which are found to be
below standard by examination, in order to restore the component and/or equipment to good working
order.
2.19 Operational Check. An action carried out to determine whether an item functions correctly.
2.20 Test. A measurement carried out to determine the condition of an item.
2.21 Diagnostic test. A comparative measurement carried out to monitor the condition of an item.
2.22 Manufacturer's Handbook. Written information issued by the manfacturer of the equipment
which should include guidance and instructions concerning installation, commissioning, operation and
maintenance of the equipment.
3. FUNDAMENTAL NOTES ON SWITCHROOM
3.1 Introduction. The static nature of electrical switchgear does not normally draw the attention
to any maintenance or inspection. Neglect is seldom revealed until the switchgear is called upon to
operate, and then revelation can be a disaster. It follows therefore that a regular and organized scheme
of maintenance work is essential to ensure the continued satisfactory operation of an electrical system
with a minimum risk of breakdown and the consequent interruption of supply. The planning of a system
of maintenance can be considerably eased if, in the first place, thought is given to the risks and hazards
which can arise. For example, dust and moisture are two evils so often found in switchrooms to indicate
that little appreciation exists of the hazards they produce.
3.2 General Inspection. A general inspection of the switchroom should be made at regular
intervals, attention being given to general cleanliness, lighting, heating and ventilation, evidence of
overheating and audible discharge. Leakage of oil or compound, any unusual smell which may denote
overheating or acid oil, an electrical discharge or noise indicating surface leakage or looseness of a
component, should be investigated. Attention should be paid to the accumulation of water in the cabie
trenches, cable basement or water mark on the ceiling. It is also important to find out if there is any
crack in the walls or ceiling of the switchroom. The soundness of the earth connections from the cabie
sheaths to the main earth bars should be verified.
Regular checks should be made to ensure the ancillary equipment such as special tools,
isolating equipment, rubber mat or equivalent, etc., are available and in good condition.
Such inspections or checks should be made at intervals not exceeding six months.
3.3 Access. It is a statutory requirement that only authorized persons and competent persons or
persons working under the supervision of such persons may have access to the switchroom.
Where enclosure (cubical or room) of electrical equipment is designed to prevent unauthorised
access and interference by unauthorised persons, inspection should be made to see that security and
degree of protection is maintained.
When equipment is located in a general work area, special attention shouid be paid to
preventing damage or access by unqualified personnel, whilst covers are open.
3.4 Tidiness Of Switchroom. Switchrooms should not be used as stores. Tidiness in the
switchroom is essential. The practice of using such spaces as stores infers access by unauthorized
persons. It increases the fire risk and it may even impede proper ventilation and quick and easy access
in cask of emergency.
Entry and exit ways to/from the switchrooms and operational working space for the apparatus
should be kept clean and dry and free of obstruction.
3.5 Instruction Books, Spare Parts, Tools And Instruments. Normally manufacturers provide
instruction books which set out clearly the functions of the apparatus, the methods of adjustment and
operation and how maintenance attention should be given. Such books shall be properly kept and
readily accessible to personnel engaged for maintenance of equipment. Spare parts, tools and
instruments for maintenance work should be properly kept In cupboards or racks and, if of special
character, their purpose and method of use should be clearly indicated. The instruction books, spare
parts, tools and instruments should be regularly checked against an inventory.
3.6 Locks, Notices And Labels. Sufficient numbers of safety locks, caution notices, labels and
temporary barriers should be available for use to facilitate safe working and to prevent conductors from
being accidentally electrically charged when persons are working thereon, and also to warn of the
presence of any live conductors. Such notices and labels should be legible, prominently displayed, made
from durable material and kept up-to-date. Suitable precautions should be taken to identify circuits and
equipment at the front and back of switchboards where such identification does not already exist.
3.7 Schematic Single-line Diagram. The provision of a framed schematic single-line diagram
prominently displayed inside the switchroom is a statutory requirement. The diagram shouid be kept
clean and legible, and shouid be updated whenever changes are made.
3.8 First Aid. A placard of instructions for the treatment of persons suffering from electrical shock
shouid be affixed in a prominent position.
First aid kit shouid be made available for treatment of burns, cuts and abrasions.
The telephone number of the nearest first aid centre, hospital or fire station shouid be
prominently displayed.
It is strongly recommended that all maintenance personnel know how to summon medical help
and be trained in the application of resuscitation.
3.9 Earthing Equipment And Switchroom's Earth Resistance. Earthing equipment, where
required, shouid always be readily available and maintained in good working condition.
During the routine maintenance, It is recommended to check that :
(a)
where practicable, the earth resistance of the switchroom Is not more than 1 ohm;
(b)
All the normally DEAD metal parts in the switchroom are effectively earthed.
3.10 Fire-extinguishing Equipment. The provision of fire-extinguishing equipment is essential. Ail
fire-extinguishing equipment shouid be of the approved type, properly placed and regularly maintained.
It should be replaced or recharged when required.
All personnel carrying out maintenance on equipment should be trained in the use of fire
extinguishing equipment.
Where automatic fire extinguishing equipment are provided, this fact shouid be prominently
displayed by a notice outside the room. Such notice shouid also show the procedure to disable the
automatic feature.
While maintenance personnel are working in such places, automatic fire extinguishing equipment
should be rendered inoperative and where possible, the equipment should be restricted to manual
operation. It is the authorized person's responsibility to restore the automatic operation after the
withdrawal of the maintenance staff.
3.11 Emergency Exits. The access to all exits shall be kept clear; emergency exit doors should be
manually checked regularly to ensure that they can be opened when required.
3.12 Lighting. Additional lighting either fixed, portable or a combination of both should be provided
as necessary to ensure safe access. They should be provided at the front and back of the panels.
3.13 Portable Electric Tools And Lamps. Portable electric tools and lamps shouid be operated on
single-phase mains supply not exceeding 230V. Such portable tools should be of all-insulated or double-
insulated construction. The use of trailing cables should be minimised and any such cable should be
of adequate construction and effectively protected.
3.14 Moisture And Contamination. Moisture is always a potential danger. Temperature variations
which occur in the switchroom may result in condensation due to high humidity. This moisture coupled
with dirt and dust may sooner or later lead to electrical breakdown. The preventive measures may
include sealing of unnecessary openings and the installation of dehumidifiers on heaters. The routine
inspection should include verification that such devices are functioning properly.
3.15 Physical Separation Of Switchboard. The physical separation of switchboard into sections
and the provision of the fire resistant barriers can help to contain faults and limit damage. During the
routine inspection, it Is necessary to ensure that such barriers and other provision made to prevent the
passage of flame, smoke, gas or liquid are intact. Holes for entry of power cables, control cables etc.,
should be checked to ensure that they remain vermin proof. The catchment area meant for possible
oil spillage should also be checked to ensure its effectiveness and that any porous bed is clear.
3.16 Insulating Equipment. Permanent and/or portable insulating stands or screens, insulated tools
and insulating gloves should be provided and used when necessary. All these items should be
maintained in sound condition and periodically inspected.
Maintenance personnel should verify, prior to use, that all these items and any test equipment
needed are suitable and se~iceable.
3.17 Weather Protection And Insulated Stand. In the case of out-door enclosed-type switchgear
and kiosk-type substation where access is obtained by opening exterior doors, weather protection
should be provided to perform maintenance work in safety.
4. SAFEN
4.1 General. Electrical equipment should be regarded as being capable of giving rise to danger,
not necessarily of an electrical nature.
All persons employed for the malntenance of equipment should famiiiarise themselves with the
provisions of the statutory requirements and conduct their work according to the provisions of this
clause.
4.2 Procedure. It is recommended that in all premises a set of safety rules or procedures
appropriate to the type of electrical installation, covering the safe access for the purpose of maintenance
to, and the operation of the equipment be formulated.
Equipment manufacturers and suppliers should supply equipment that Is so designed and
constructed as to be safe when properly used, together with the necessary information to enable such
use, which includes maintenance, to be carried out safely. When an item is intended to be maintained,
the manufacturer should supply malntenance instructions with relevant drawings (preferably of the
exploded view type) with spare parts list.
Care shouid also be taken to prevent equipment being worked on becoming energized due to
the automatic or inadvertent starting of standby generators. In addition, precise instructions based on
manufacturer's handbook for the safe handling, maintenance and testing of the equipment shouid be
made available. Arrangements shouid be made for monitoring to ensure that the foregoing procedures
are effectively performed.
i
I
During maintenance work all personnel should pay particular attention to warning notices or
1
instructions incorporated on the equipment or set up temporarily during maintenance procedures.
Those concerned with the maintenance of equipment should report any changes that may affect
the equipment and may result in failure and/or create safety hazards.
Factors that affect the safe operation of equipment may change during the life of the installation;
safety provisions shouid be regularly reviewed to take into consideration of any changes.
1 4.3 High Voltage Switchgear
4.3.1 General. All high voltage apparatus shail be regarded as LlVE and no person shall carry out
work on any part of a high voltage system and apparatus unless an authorised person has issued a
Permit-To-Work in respect thereof.
No person shail touch the insulation medium which covers or supports any conductor subject
to high voitage unless the conductor is DEAD and EARTHED.
4.3.2 Work on high voltage switchgear. It is the duty of the authorised person issuing the Permit-
To-Work to ensure that parts of the apparatus to be worked on are:
(a) DEAD;
(b)
isolated and locked off from LlVE conductors;
(c) Effectively earthed;
(d)
Screened to prevent DANGER, and CAUTION and DANGER NOTICES fixed.
4.3.3 Safety clearance. When work is being carried out in a swlchroom where there is any exposed
LIVE HiGH VOLTAGE conductor, the minimum clearance from any such conductor to ground level or
to platform or access way that may be used when the conductor is alive shail be in accordance with
Table 1.
Table 1. Minimum clearance of LlVE H.V. conductor from ground level
Operating Voltage (kV)
Not exceeding 6.6
Above 6.6 to 11
Above 11 to 22
Minimum Clearance (m)
2.6
2.7
2.8
4.3.4 Portable ladders. Portable ladders shall not be used in any high voltage switchroom in which
there are exposed high voltage conductors without the expressed authority of an authorised person
given in writing specifying the precise place or places in which the ladder is to be used and the persons
authorised to use it. The movements of the ladder within the area should be supervised by the
authorised person.
When work to be carried out under a Permit-To-Work involves the use of a ladder and other
exposed conductors in the switchroom remain LIVE, the above authority should be given in writing on
the back of the Permit-To-Work.
4.3.5 Statement on high voltage cable. When maintenance work is to be carried out on switchgear
connected to high voltage electricity supply system, it is the duty of the authorised person to ensure that
the high voltage service cable is DEAD. He or she shall obtain a written statement from the Supply
Authority. On completion of the maintenance, the statement should be returned to the Supply Authority
for cancellation.
4.3.6 Isolation before maintenance work on h.v. equipment
4.3.6.1 General. H.V. Equipment shall be isolated before maintenance work commences. Isolation
procedures should ensure that:
(a)
accidental or inadvertent re-energization is prevented;
(b)
the equipment Is proved dead using a suitable voltage indicator.
4.3.6.2 Procedures. No electrical conductor shouid be regarded as being safe unless it has been
isolated, discharged to earth and, where necessary, earthed at all points of supply.
Precautions should be taken to ensure that the isolated equipment cannot be re-energized from
a high voltage or a lower voltage source of supply.
Voltage indicators shouid always be proved before and after use. It is a good practice to
inspect earthing devices before every use. Earthing connections Including leads and associated
terminations need to be of adequate capacity for the duty at the point of application.
Where one person isolates and another does the work, the person responsible for isolating
should demonstrate effectively to the other that the equipment is in fact dead and safe and that there
are adequate safeguards to prevent re-energization.
Adequate quantities of suitable locks, cautionary notices and temporary barriers should be
available for use to facilitate safe working and to prevent conductors from being accidentally electrically
charged when persons are working thereon, and also to warn of the presence of any live conductors.
Such notices should be clearly legible, prominently displayed, made from durable material and kept up-
to-date. Suitable precautions shouid be taken to identify circuits and equipments at the front and back
of switchboards where such identification does not already exist.
Any disconnections used for isolation should be locked to prevent movement to the ON position.
Any shutters giving access to live conductors should also be padlocked in the closed position.
Equipment enclosures frequently contain circuits having sources of supply different from that
of the main circuit, such as interlocks, alarms, heating and light circuits, etc., and these circuits are not
always isolated when the main circuit is disconnected. Conductors and terminals associated with these
circuits should be shrouded where necessary to prevent accidental contact and identified with warning
notices. Particular care should be taken to avoid danger from reverse energization of voitage/control
transformers or the open-circuiting of current transformer secondaries.
Removal and retention of fuse links or bolted links should only be used as a means of isolation
when suitable precautions are taken to prevent duplicates being inserted. Contactors should never be
considered as a means of isolation.
Reliance should never be placed on control circuit isolation, switching or electrical interlocks to
prevent accidental or inadvertent re-energization of the main or auxiliary circuits.
CauUon Note : AC., D.C. supplies for heaters, lights, charglng motors and eic remaln ''live" unless oiherwlse isolated.
4.3.7 Earthing device. Earthing is an essential safeguard for personnel carrying out work on
electrical equipment. Suitable earthing equipment shall always be readily available and maintained in
good working condition. The purpose of earthing is to ensure that all conductors are DEAD before work
commences. The earthing shall remain effective even if the conductors should inadvertently be
energized. For the latter reason all earthing equipment should be capable of carrying the maximum fault
current which can develop until the current is automatically cut off by the protection.
Whether the means of earthing is a special device provided or a portable earthing device, it is
important to ensure that the earthing conductors are sound, that good contact is obtained and that fixing
and contact screws are tight. The earthing leads and corresponding clamps shall be of adequate
capacity and in accordance with the Singapore Standard CP 16.
Earthing device shall always be examined immediately before use.
4.3.8 Earthing procedure. In using a portable earthing device, the following procedure shall be
followed:
(a)
Using a voltage indicator of approved type,
(i)
verify the indicator is in working order;
(ii)
verify the circuit to be earthed is DEAD by applying the indicator to each phase;
(iii)
re-verify the indicator is still in working order.
(b)
Connect the earth lead to the switchroom main earth.
(c)
Apply the earth connection to each phase by means of a suitable insulating rod.
(d)
Secure the earth connection to each phase, ensuring that ail phases are effectively
earthed even if work is to be carried out on one phase only.
(e)
Earthing leads shall not be applied in any cell or compartment in which there is
exposed LIVE conductor.
(9
When removing earthing leads at any point, they shall be disconnected first from the
phase and then from the earth system.
Earthing leads should be kept as short as possible, and should be placed in such a position that
they cannot be accidentally disconnected or disturbed while work is in progress.
4.4 Work On Low Voltage Apparatus. Work on low voltage switchgear shall be carried out DEAD
except in special circumstances.
If i t is absolutely necessary to carry out work on LIVE switchgear, such work shall only be
carried out under the direct supervision of the authorised person who shall be solely responsible for the
safety of personnel and equipment during the progress of the work.
4.4.1 Special attention should be paid to the following:
(a)
Where provision is made for so doing, the disconnectors should be locked in the OFF
position and/or caution notices should be exhibited at the points of isolation.
Any shutters covering live or potentially live isolating contacts should be locked closed
or other precautions taken to ensure safety.
(b)
Removal and retention of fuse links or bolted links should only be used as a means of
isolating when adequate precautions are taken to prevent duplicates being inserted.
(c)
Contactors should never be considered as a means of isolation.
(d)
Reliance should never be placed on control circuit isolation, switching or electrical
interlocks to prevent accidental or Inadvertent re-energization of the main or other
auxiliary circuits.
(e)
As it is not always possible to observe the contacts of a device used as a disconnector,
the operation of an external handle for control should not be assumed to have opened
all or any of the contacts as cases of mechanical failure have been known to occur.
In particular this may happen when a handle is operated against a mechanical interlock.
Tests using suitably designed voltage indicators should be carried out prior to
maintenance. These should include tests between phases and to earth to guard against
the possibility of wrong connection. Voltage indicators should always be proved before
and after use.
(9
Equipment enclosures frequently contain circuits having some sources of supply
different from those of the main circuits. Examples of these are alarm and sequence
interlocks, heating and lighting circuits, battery supplies etc. Such circuits are not
always isolated when the main disconnector is in the OFF position. These should be
shrouded to prevent inadvertent contact and identified with warning notices and
isolation details. Particular care should be taken to avoid danger from reverse
energization of voltage transformers or the open circuiting of current transformer
secondaries.
(g)
Where one person Isolates and another does the work, the person responsible for
isolating should demonstrate effectively to the other that the equipment is in fact dead
and safe and that there are adequate safeguards to prevent re-energization.
4.5 Voltage Indicator. Commercially available voltage indicators should be used and when deciding
on the suitability of a particular type, consideration should be given to the range of voltages of the
indicator and the fault level of the system on which it will be utilized. The fault protection of the indicator
should be as close as possible to the point from which the measurements are to be taken.
4.6 Capacitively Stored Electrical Energy. Equipment containing or connected to capacitance
(eg. cables, capacitors) should receive attention to ensure voltages are not present and cannot develop.
4.7 Associated Plant. Care should be taken when function testing controlgear that danger is not
caused by inadvertently starting (or stopping) machine and processes with which that controlgear is
associated. It may be necessary to disconnect mechanically motors, valves, etc. If the machinery or
process requires special knowledge, it may be necessary to involve appropriate personnel in function
testing.
4.8 Containment Of Faults. The maintenance of electrical equipment should include inspection
of any fire resisting barriers or seals provided on cables access points and any other provision made
to prevent the passage of flame, smoke, gas or liquid.
4.9 Testing
4.9.1 General. Care should be used when applying test voltages to ensure that these are the lowest
value required for the purpose with the minimum current output. Where equipment is capable of storing
a charge this should be safely discharged after every test.
NOTE. Electrical Oquipment may be damaged by the application of test voltages and currents of incorrect value and polarity.
Same electronic equipment Is particularly vulnerable.
4.9.2 Use of test instruments (oscilloscopes etc). Instruments should be of a type suitable for the
measurements that are to be made so that a malfunction or the introduction of transients and/or
reversed polarities into the connected circuits is avoided. The manufacturer's instructions should be
observed.
An earthed instrument lead may create danger if it is applied to an active signal circuit that is
normally floating. It is recommended that the instrument casings are earthed at all times but, where the
nature of test precludes this, specific care should be taken by the operator to secure his own safety and
that of others by the adoption of a safe system of work. It is recommended that suitabiy protected test
leads be used at all times.
4.10 Disposal Of Scrap. Care is needed in the disposal of removed items or materials since some
give rise to health or environmental danger unless properly handled, eg. polychlorinated biphenols
(PCBs) or asbestos. In case of doubt, reference should be made to the manufacturer's instructions or
the appropriate local authority.
5. MAINTENANCE
5.1 Introduction. Any system of maintenance demands an orderly programme with predetermined
intervals between inspections. it is necessary to keep a full record of each inspection, the work done,
or the adjustments made. It may not be possible to shut down a complete switchboard for a long
period of time. In such a situation, the work may have to be carried out in stages. Unless a systematic
scheme is adopted, portions are liable to be missed and may go unnoticed for any long periods. It is
desirable that all switchgear, whatever its class of duty, be given close examination regularly in order
to determine the extent of maintenance required.
It is important that all testing instruments and equipment are in good working order and the
maintenance personnel should be familiar with the operation of the various test equipment as well as
the equipment under maintenance.
5.2 Frequency Of Maintenance
5.2.1 Routine maintenance. The intervals between maintenance operations may be based on the
number of operations performed by the switchgear as recommended by the manufacturer, or on fixed
time intervals, taking into account the duty that it is called upon to perform and the environment in which
it is situated. All switchgear should be examined prior to commissioning, and inspected or examined
within 12 months of commissioning. It is also advisable to inspect all equipment shortly before the
expiry of the manufacturer's warranty. These inspections or examinations can give guidance on the
necessary frequency of maintenance. The inspection and examination include partial dismantling, and
possibly measurement and nondestructive tests. Measurements of insulation resistance will give a good
indication of the condition of the insulation of the switchgear and should be carried out regularly and
recorded.
The guidance given on maintenance interval is based on a three stage maintenance policy of
inspection, examination and overhaul. In the case of continuously operating plant, it may be necessary
to co-ordinate maintenance with demand of production programme.
5.2.2 Post fault maintenance. The need for, and extent of, post fault maintenance should be
determined by consulting the manufacturer's handbookand by past experience. However, it is strongly
recommended that inspection and/or maintenance work be carried out after each fault operation. In
the case of low maintenance equipment, eg. vacuum and sulphur hexafluoride, post fault maintenance
may not be necessary and routine maintenance may be sufficient to ensure that the equipment is in
satisfactory condition.
5.3 Records. Records are of value in establishing the frequency of maintenance, therefore careful
note should be taken of relevant items each time maintenance is performed. Record should be initiated
when the equipment is installed and should contain at least the following information:
(a)
Manufacturer's details, including nameplate particulars of the equipment installed, its
serial number and manufacturer's order number (if known) and the date of installation;
(b)
Place where the manufacturer's handbook and list of recommended spare parts can be
found;
(c)
Date of last maintenance operation and note of the operation counter reading at that
time, or an estimate of the number of operations;
(d)
Type of maintenance carried out;
(e)
Record of any findings where the condition of the equipment varied from the expected,
action taken and the condition of important components when the equipment was put
back in service;
(9
Details of fuse-link type and ratings, and relay settings;
(g)
Details of the maximum system fault levels, and any changes to them.
NOTE. An example 01 a maintenance record card is given in Appendix D. Every significant fault or breakdown should be
recorded ana analyzed with a view to taking act:on to prevent :IS recurrence. The recommended maintenance operations are
given in Appendix E
5.4 Cleanliness. For equipment to operate satisfactorily it is essential that the equipment itself and
its surrounding be kept adequately clean and that natural or forced ventilation Is not restricted.
However, care should be taken to avoid needlessly disturbing equipment. Before removing covers,
breaking gasketted joints or opening doors, precaution should be taken to prevent ingress of dirt, dust
and loose objects. For cleaning, a suction cleaner is recommended.
It is advisable when cleaning insulation to wipe across the likely tracking path and not in line
with it. Damage to insulating material should be avoided because surface damage may lead to early
failure by making it more susceptible to tracking.
Chamois leathers or plastic sponges should be used when cleaning oil compartments.
"Cotton waste" should not be used for cleaning. If cloths are used they should be chemically
clean and free from loose fibres, metallic threads and similar particles.
Where the recommended maintenance procedures permit the use of solvents for cleaning or
degreasing, it is essential that the liquids used be compatible with the equipment. Non-flammable and
non-toxic solvents should be chosen where possible and suitable precautions against fire and toxic
effects should be observed.
If painting is necessary, care should be taken to avoid its application to pivots, bearings,
insulating surfaces, labels and notices.
5.5 Marking Of Covers And Connections. All covers, cable terminations, etc, should be marked
carefully before removal to ensure correct replacement. Disturbed connections or temporary
connections made for testing purposes should be clearly marked to facilitate reconnection. It is essential
that the service connections be restored and the temporary connections and markings removed before
the unit is returned to service.
5.6 Quality Of Connections. Connections that have not been disturbed should be checked for
soundness. It may be possible to detect a bad connection by looking for signs of overheating.
If it is necessary to break bolted joints, the section of the manufacturer's handbook dealing with
installation should be consulted for guidance on remaking the joint.
Moveable contacts, eg. plugs, sliding connections, should be inspected, as far as is reasonably
practical, for correct functioning, cleanliness and signs of overheating.
Flexible connections, eg. braids, should be inspected for signs of fraying and loss of flexibility,
and renewed if necessary.
5.7 Maintenance And Testing Of Insulation. The insulation of switchgear should be inspected
and tested regularly. The security of supply depends very much on the insulation quality of the
switchgear. Visual examination usually suffices for porcelain insulation but for other insulation, especially
those which are susceptible to the ingress of moisture, overheating or tracking, visual inspection should
be supplemented by insulation resistance measurement. The values of the insulation resistance obtained
should be logged on a standard form designed for the purpose, together with the humidity and
temperature at the time of test. In general, a steady fall of the resistance over a period of time is a more
reliable indication of deterioration of the insulation than is a relative low value which remains reasonably
constant. Where possible the insulation to be tested should be allowed to reach ambient temperature
before resistance tests are made.
The voltages which should be applied to primary insulation when making resistance tests are
tabulated below :
Table 2. Test voltage recommended for insulation resistance test
In case of uncertainty, especially after a major repair work has been carried out on the
switchgear, an a.c. high voltage test is recommended. The recommended test voltage is 70% of the
initial site test voltage. The initial site test voltage is the test voltage for new switchgear prior to putting
it in service.
3-phase Voltage Rating Of Primary
Insulation Of Switchgear
kV
Up to 1
Above 1 to 3.6
Above 3.6 to 22
The insulation resistance of control wiring and ancillary components should be tested at a
voltage not exceeding 500 volts d.c.
Test Voltage Recommended For
Insulation Resistance Test
kV (d.c.)
1
2
5
5.8 Maintenance Of insulating Oil. it is recommended that guides given by the IEC 422 : 1989,
"Supervision and Maintenance Guide for Mineral Insulating Oils in Electrical. Equipment" should be
followed.
Deterioration of oil in circuit breakers depends mainly on the duty of the circuit breaker and the
efficiency of its arc control device. The condition of oil should be checked after any severe operation
on fault and, with older and less efficient types of circuit breakers, after any fault operation. The oil in
circuit breakers operated frequently on normal currents shouid be checked according to the
manufacturer's advice. It is desirable that circuit breakers which are infrequently operated should have
the oil checked regularly. This period may be extended if the results of tests are normally satisfactory.
The oil should be checked for dielectric strength and moisture content. There is no need to test
for acidity or flash-point unless there is evidence of corrosion, or the oil has an unusual odour. it should
be noted that oil in circuit breakers which have operated on fault may be expected to have an odour
of acetylene. The contaminated oil should be replaced or purified.
No naked flame or smoking should be allowed when emptying or filling circuit breaker tanks with
oil. Portable fire-extinguishers should be readily available. Oil-handling equipment shouid be free from
dirt and water and shouid be flushed with oil before use. To minimise aeration of oil, the nozzle of the
delivery pipe should be heid below the surface of the oil. To ensure satisfactory de-aeration of the oil
in the switchgear tanks, it shouid be allowed to stand for a period after filling.
5.9 Checking Of SF6 Gas Pressure And Testing Of SF6 Gas. A periodic checking and recording
of SF6 gas pressure and temperature together with a reference to the manufacturer's handbook would
indicate any leak.
It is recommended that guides given by the International Electrotechnicai Commission for the
checking of sulphur hexaflouride taken from electrical equipment (IEC 480 : 1974) be followed for the
testing of SF6 gas.
Impurities arising in the SF6 gas after the switchgear is put into operation may constitute a
hazard to the reliable operation of the switchgear. It is therefore necessary to test the SF6 gas
periodically to determine if the deterioration in service remains within acceptable limits.
.
The switchgear manufacturers should be consulted to ascertain for each piece of equipment the
levels of impurity at which the gas shouid be purified or replaced. In general, it is undesirable to use
the gas when condensable impurities have reached a level such that condensation may occur within the
switchgear at the lowest operating temperature.
5.10 Maintenance Of Safety Earthing Continuity. Ail exposed metal work should be effectively
earthed. It is important to ensure that earthing connections are mechanically and electrically sound and
that all contact screws are tight and good contact is maintained. Particular care should be taken to
reinstate fully all bolts and screws, together with any locking devices that may have been disturbed
during the maintenance operation.
5.11 Shutters, Locking Devices etc. The mechanical features should be particularly checked for
correct functioning and the inhibiting of incorrect actions under all conditions. Mechanisms shouid be
free from corrosion and freely operating with all nuts, locking devices, etc, secure.
Unless otherwise stated in the manufacturer's maintenance recommendations, occasional light
lubricant should be applied to bearings, shafts and pivots and thin machine oil should be used on
actuating levers and rollers.
5.12 Interlocks
5.12.1 Types and purpose. Equipment interlocks are of two types:
(a)
Those standard interlocks incorporated in the design of the equipment and associated
with its safe operation;
(b)
Those application interlocks associated with the safe operation of the connected plant.
5.12.2 Knowledge of interlock systems. A person responsibie for checking or maintaining any
interlock system should have a thorough understanding of the extent, nature, function and purpose of
the interlocks, together with the necessary knowledge and experience of the plant.
The manufacturer's handbook and any relevant plant diagrams shouid be available for reference.
5.12.3 Maintenance of interlock systems. Maintenance of interiock systems should include
implementations of the following recommendations, depending on the types of interlock installed.
(a) Mechanical aspects
All moving parts shouid be clean, adequately lubricated and be free to move as
intended. Any evidence of wear or excessive free play should be investigated and, i f
necessary, reference made to the manufacturer. All fixing devices shouid be secure.
(b) Electrical aspects
Ail control wiring shouid be inspected for signs of damage and wear and tear, and
terminations checked for tightness. If in doubt concerning the condition of the
insulation it is recommended that an insulation resistance test be carried out.
5.12.4 Functional test. Where the relevant busbar and/or feeder circuits can be made dead, all
interlocks should be functionally tested before equipment is restored to service. These checks shouid
be carried out in both the positive and negative modes to ensure that the interlock system not only
permits fulfilment of the intended operational sequence, but also prevents unintended or unsafe action.
When an interlock is found to be defective and remedial action cannot be implemented
immediately, steps need to be taken to ensure safety by other adequate means. However, the defect
shall be rectified as soon as possible.
5.13 Maintenance Of Contacts. Contacts shouid be examined for burning or other damage and
reconditioned or replaced as required. Slight discoloration or burning of copper or copper alloy contact
faces may be removed by using a fine file or fine glasspaper; emery or carborundum papers should not
be used. Silver contacts seldom require cleaning despite a black appearance; if it is necessary to clean
them, plate polish may be used. For correct treatment of contacts, the manufacturer's handbook should
be referred to as it depends on the material from which the contacts are made as weli as on the duty
of the equipment.
Large beads or ridges on the contact surfaces that would impede closing should be removed.
To avoid the reduction of contact pressure, the material removed from contacts should be kept to a
minimum. i n the case of laminated brush contacts or circuit breakers using high pressure contacts, the
manufacturer's recommendations should be followed.
Arcing horns shouid be secured and gap dimensions checked.
When contacts are repaired or renewed, contact pressures, alignment and wipe should be
checked. It may also be necessary to check the contact resistance. it is desirable to operate the
equipment a few times to ensure that everything is satisfactory before it is put back into service.
5.14 Maintenance Of Circuit Breakers
5.14.1 Safety. In addition to observing the safety aspects contained in Clause 4, the following
additional precautions should be taken when working on circuit breakers :
(a)
Before work is commenced care should be taken to discharge and isolate all stored
energy devices, eg. closing and tripping mechanisms. Where power racking devices
are provided, these shouid be isolated. The manufacturer's handbook should be
consulted for information as to how this is achieved in each individual case.
(b)
During maintenance when opening and closing devices are in use, the manufacturer's
instructions on their operation and application to the circuit breaker should be carefully
followed.
(c)
No smoking or naked flames should be permitted where oil is, or has been, directly
exposed to the atmosphere.
(d)
In the event of internal maintenance being considered necessary to any part of the
equipment which is, or has been, in contact with sulphur hexafluoride or associated
compounds, reference should be made to the manufacturer's handbook for instructions.
5.14.2 Diagnostic testing. Where reasonably practicable the maximum use should be made of
diagnostic testing techniques to indicate the condition of the equipment and to prolong the intervals
between examinations and overhauls. It is important to keep detailed records of diagnostic test results
so that comparisons can be made and trends estimated.
The following diagnostic test may be applicable:
(a)
Timing and travel tests and the measurement of minimum operating voltages of both
closing and tripping functions will indicate any deterioration in the operation of the
mechanism.
(b)
Miilivoit drop or resistance tests between the terminals of each pole or across individual
series connected components, together with insulation resistance tests, will indicate the
electrical condition.
(c)
Measurements of contact engagement will give information of the condition of the
contacts in low-maintenance equipment.
5.14.3 Routine maintenance
5.14.3.1 Inspection and operation check. A general inspection should be made to detect signs of
corrosion, leakage of oil, gas or compound, any unusual smell which may denote overheating and any
noise which may indicated electrical discharge or looseness of components. Where possible, any
external insulation, trip mechanism, shutter mechanism, earth connection and other visibie parts should
be inspected for any signs of abnormality. The integrity of the enclosure should be checked to ensure
that distortion of any component has not reduced the degree of protection intended to apply to the
equipment.
Following the inspection it is recommended that the circuit breaker be tripped and re-closed a
few times. The tripping should be by the electrical operation of the release coil and the associated
relays.
5.14.3.2 Servicing. With particular reference to low-maintenance equipment, the manufacturer's
handbook should be consulted for recommendations concerning the inspection, cleaning, adjustment
and lubrication of the circuit breaker and its mechanism.
5.14.3.3 Examination and overhaul. If the inspection procedures give rise to any doubts concerning
the internal condition of the equipment, then an examination of the suspect part of the equipment should
be carried out. This may involve dismantling and the use of diagnostic testing procedures (see
Subclause 5.14.2).
The manufacturer's handbook should be consulted as to how to gain access to the components
in question and for guidance on the condlion to be expected, allowable tolerances and the overhaul
action that can be taken to rectify any deviation.
5.14.4 Post-fault maintenance. Depending on the design and duty of the switchgear, inspection may
be necessary after operation on fault.
When such an inspection is necessary, particular attention should be given to the following
points.
(a)
Cleaning. Insulation and other parts liable to deposition from metal vapour should be
cleaned and inspected for signs of cracking, burning or other damage. An inspection
for signs of tracking should also be made.
(b)
Contacts and arc-control devices. Contacts should be inspected for burning or other
damages where applicable and reconditioned or renewed if necessary.
(c)
Mechanisms. it shouid be verified that the mechanism operates correctly and particular
attention should be paid to settings and clearances after contacts or arc-control devices
are replaced.
(d)
General mechanical inspection. A general Inspection for mechanical damage or
distortion of the general structure and mechanism should be made.
(e)
Final verification. Before the circuit breaker and its auxiliary apparatus is returned to
service, an insulation resistance measurement should be carried out (see Subclause 5.7)
followed by an operation check (see Subclause 5.14.3.1).
5.15 Switches. The maintenance of switches should generally be in accordance with
Subclause 5.14.
5.16 Disconnectors and earthing switches. The maintenance of disconnectors and earthing
switches should generally be in accordance with Subclause 5.14. Some types of disconnectors and
fault-making earthing switches rely on contact friction to decelerate the moving parts without bounce.
It is essential that contact lubricant is not applied in these cases.
5.17 Busbars And Busbar Chambers. Air insulated busbar chambers should be examined, as far
as is reasonably practicable, for signs of overheating and for deterioration of the insulation. Open type
busbars can be scanned with infra-red detection equipment in order to indicate any hot spots which are
caused by high resistance connections.
Compound and oil filled busbar chambers should be inspected for leakage. Insulation can be
checked as detailed in Subclause 5.7.
Sulphur hexafluoride filled busbar chambers which are giving satisfactory service should not be
disturbed as contamination might be introduced during examination. Following maintenance, it is
particularly important that an inspection is made to ensure that loose components, tools or wires are
not left in the vicinity of the busbars which could subsequently cause a fault.
5.18 Cable Boxes And Terminations. The security of mounting and of earthing, where appropriate,
should be examined. Compound/oil filled boxes should be inspected for signs of leakage. The oil level
on oil-filled terminal bushings should be periodically checked and, i f any marked change occurs,
particularly if accompanied by signs of oil leakage, the manufacturer should be consulted. With
compound-filled bushings, a resistance measurement will not necessarily indicate the presence of
moisture. Where practicable, once every five years or so at a convenient opportunity, the space above
the compound shouid be inspected for signs of moisture ingress.
i n the case of dry type terminations exposed tails should be examined for the condition of
insulation and freedom from moisture, particularly in the crutch area.
5.19 Maintenance Of Protective Apparatus. While the protective relays may remain standstill and
without operation until a fault develops, it is important that the relay remain vigilant at all times. The
satisfactory operation of relays depends very much on proper maintenance. Detailed records of
commissioning tests should be kept to provide a reference for future routine checks.
A record of the correct settings of the protective relays should be available and where
practicable be kept in the switchroom. Relays should be set to the correct values.
Relays maintenance generally consists of :
(a)
Cleaning. it is important that dust be wiped off before relay covers are removed. The
covers must be replaced securely so as to exclude dust.
(b)
Inspection and burnishing of contacts.
(c)
Adjustment checking. For all relays the manufacturer's instruction should be followed
and any remedial action or adjustment only undertaken by appropriate personnel. Tests
should be made on protective relays to verify the operating and resetting times or pick-
up and drop-off voltage or current values, as applicable.
(d)
lnjection testing. Primary injection testing should be used wherever possibly in
preference to secondary injection. Secondary injection testing at regular i nt e~al s is,
however, of much greater value than primary injection tests carried out infrequently.
If it is necessary to disturb any connections or make temporary connections for testing
purposes, it is essential to ensure that these connections are correctly restored before
returning the equipment to service. Attention is drawn to the dangerous voltages which
may result if the secondary circuit of a current transformer is left opened with the
primary circuit on load.
(e)
Voltage testing. When voltage testing protective apparatus containing semi-conductors
or similar components, care needs to be taken to ensure that the test voltage level will
not damage these components.
(9
Breakers tripped by manual contact closing or by injection testing.
5.20 Maintenance Of Ancillary Equipment
5.20.1 Tripping and closing current supply. The current supply circuit for tripping and closing of
circuit breaker must be kept in good condition.
5.20.2 Secondary batteries. Secondary batteries are normally used for closing and tripping circuits;
they also supply indicating devices and perhaps, provide emergency lighting when necessary. They
should be kept in a satisfactory state of charge and the condition and level of electrolyte should be
regularly examined. Normally continuously operating trickle-charging equipment is installed and the
operation of this apparatus should be observed and checked regularly. To avoid stratification of the
electrolyte which can occur under trickle charge conditions, occasional charging at a high rate for a
short period is recommended.
In all cases, the recommendations of the battery manufacturer for the particular type of battery
installed should be closely followed.
5.20.3 Primary batteries. Where primary batteries are used in place of secondary batteries for tripping
circuits, they should be provided with a test instrument which readily indicates their condition.
5.20.4 Current transformer. A current transformer should be made DEAD and isolated before it is
examined. An insulation resistance and continuity test of the secondary winding should be carried out;
in addition, wherever conditions permit, a primary Injection test should be performed. For current
transformer installed at locations which allow them to be made accessible, the maintenance should also
include the general inspection and checking of main and secondary connections to ensure that all
connections are tight. The oil in high voltage oil-filled current transformers should be checked for
correct level and electrical condition. Insulation bushing should be cleaned and examined thoroughly
for any damage such as cracks, track marks, etc.
5.20.5 Voltage transformer. A voltage transformer should be made DEAD and isolated, with particular
care taken to prevent it from being made LIVE due to a feed-back via the secondary side, before it is
examined. An insulation resistance continuity test of the windings should be carried out. The isolating
contacts of withdrawable voltage transformers should be cleaned, examined, reconditioned if necessary
and re-lubricated. Protective fuses and current limiting resistances, if provided, should be checked for
continuity.
Caution. Voltage transformers not protected by HV fuses in the primary terminals should be
handled with care. Attention is drawn to the dangerous situation that may result if the secondary
terminals are accidentally shorted at points before the LV protection fuselbreaker. This can be verified
by applying a 230 volt single phase supply to the primary terminals, and taking the necessary voltage
measurements at the voltmeter terminals.
5.20.6 Lifting devices. The operating mechanism and ropes (where fitted) of lifting devices should
be inspected for wear and freedom of moving parts. Inspection in accordance with the Singapore
Factories Act, 1973, may be necessary.
5.20.7 Tools and spares. Tools and spares for maintenance work shpuld be checked regularly and
properly stored. Care should be taken to see that all replacement parts are correct and suitable for the
duty, particularly when these parts are not obtained from the original manufacturer. Consumable spare
parts and copies of manufacturer's component lists with exploded view drawings where provided, should
be kept readily available to maintenance staff.
5.20.8 Maintenance of metal enclosures. While carrying out maintenance work, the metal enclosures
for switchgears or associated equipment should be cleaned and inspected. Where necessary, the paint
finishes for metal surfaces should be touched-up to prevent or minimise the corrosion of the metal
enciosures.
5.21 Conclusion Of Maintenance. After maintenance, equipment should be restored to a correct
working condition, with particular attention to items and settings which have been disturbed, and it
should be ensured that there is no potential hazard from loose or extraneous equipment, tools or wiring.
Safety barriers and shrouds should be reinstated, all covers, including those of instruments and relays,
replaced with all securing bolts properly tightened, and all doors resecured and locked, where locks are
fined. Any procedures required under plant safety rules should be carried out.
6. MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME FOR COMPOSITE UNITS OF AIR-BREAK SWITCHGEAR
AND FUSES FOR VOLTAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING 650V.
6.1 General. The recommendation in Clauses 3. 4 and 5 of this Code are applicable.
Before carrying out maintenance of these equipment, particular care is needed to ensure that
the parts of the apparatus to be worked on are isolated and made "dead and remain so during
maintenance; and that all live parts are to be screened off.
This does not preclude the renewal of fuse links with incoming side live where the equipment
is designed to permit this without danger under off-load condition.
6.2 Recommended Maintenance Programme
Remarks
Dry cloth, free of loose fibres, metallic threads or similar
particles should be used. Brushes and nozzles of vacuum
cleaners shouid contain no metallic material.
Insulation resistance tests are recommended.
When the gap and/or insulation cannot be readily inspected,
the integrity of the contact gap should be verified for all poles
by a dielectric test.
Contacts should be examined or inspected for wear (according
to manufacturer's instructions) and for overheating,
misalignment and defects. They shouid be reconditioned or
renewed as required.
Contact resistance tests are recommended.
Re-lubricate and check for correct operation.
Actuating mechanisms should be verified for correct operation
and interlocks, padlock facilities, etc, and contact position
indicators verified to ensure they operate and register correctly.
Check for correct rating, security, engagement, overheating,
and correct location/orientation.
Elements of rewirable fuses should be renewed when
deterioration is apparent.
Subsequent to a fuse operating on fault, it is recommended
that ail fuse links of the same rating subjected to the fault
shouid be destroyed and replaced by new fuse links.
For compound filled termination, check and rectify leakage.
Refer to Subciause 5.20.
Test insulation resistance, check operation before returning the
unit to service.
Item
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Operations
Clean and remove
external dirt.
Clean and inspect
insulation.
Check and inspect the
integrity of the contact
gap.
Check contacts and
contact shrouds.
Check mechanism,
clean, examine and
renew worn parts.
Check mechanical
operation, and
interlocks for proper
functioning.
Check and inspect
fuses and fuse links.
Check and clean cable
terminations.
Check ancillary
equipment if applicable.
Final checking.
7. MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME FOR AIR-BREAK SWITCHGEAR AND OIL SWITCHGEAR
7.1 . General. The recommendations in Clauses 3, 4, and 5 of this Code are applicable.
Before commencing maintenance work on power-closed switchgear, the following precautions
should be taken to ensure that the apparatus with its associated remote controlling equipment is
rendered inoperative:
(a)
For solenoid closed gear, the main solenoid supply should be isolated.
(b)
For spring-closed gear, the spring should be discharged and in the case of motor-
wound spring closing mechanism, the motor supply fuse should also be withdrawn.
(c)
For pneumatic and hydraulic operating mechanisms, it is necessary to ensure that the
air or hydraulic pressure has been released. The procedures set down in the
manufacturer's operation and maintenance instructions shouid be strictly followed.
(d)
Supply to the tripping circuit should be isolated
During the maintenance of mechanism, care should be taken to avoid the fingers being trapped
in any part of the mechanism and to avoid the possibility of any one being struck by moving parts of
the mechanism or the moving contacts.
Circuit breakers not periodically-operated may fail to trip on fault due to stiffness developing in
the mechanism or defects In the trip circuit. It is therefore recommended that every circuit breaker be
tripped and closed periodically, the interval of which is to be established from experience.
The following recommendations for maintenance work are supplementary and shouid be read
in conjunction with the manufacturer's operation and maintenance instructions.
7.2 Recommended Maintenance Programme
Item Operations Remarks
No.
1 Clean and remove loose external dirt. Dry cloth, free from loose fibres, and
metallic threads should be used.
Brushes and nozzles of vacuum cleaners
shouid contain no metallic material.
2 Check and clean insulation. Insulation resistance tests are
recommended.
3 Examine and recondition contacts. Contact resistance tests are
recommended.
4a Clean and examine arc-control devices Manufacturer's maintenance instructions
and phase barriers (for air-break should be followed.
switchgear only).
Remarks
Vent holes and orifices should be
cleaned and the devices should be
flushed with clean oil before being
replaced.
Worn parts to be renewed. Adjust where
necessary. Surface of trip and close
mechanism should be free from dried-up
lubricant.
If badly tarnished due to a chemically
corrosive atmosphere, the isolating
contacts must be replaced. The isolating
contact faces should be lightly greased
with a suitable lubricant.
Trace for sign of leakage and rectify the
leakage. Oil seals or " 0 rings should
preferably be replaced on each
overhauling of the circuit breaker.
A representative sample of oil should be
taken and dielectric strength and water
content tests carried out in accordance
with IEC 422.
Tank linings should be inspected for
evidence of burn or other damage.
Damp or damaged linings should be
reconditioned or renewed as necessary.
Renew if necessary.
To be carried out only if these
components are accessible.
For compound filled cable terminations,
top up with the correct grade of
compound. Rectify leakage if any.
item
No.
4b
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Operations
Clean and examine arc-control devices
(for oil switchgear only).
Check, clean and re-lubricate
mechanism.
Check for correct functioning of auxiliary
switches, indicating devices and
interlocks.
Clean and examine isolating contacts.
Check oil level of circuit breaker.
Check insulating oil (for oil switchgear
only).
Check tank or tank linings (for oil
switchgear only).
Check gaskets (for oil switchgear only).
Check busbar connection, clean
bushings, busbars, jumpers and orifices.
Check and clean cable terminations.
7.3 Oil Switches And Isolators. Maintenance of oil switches and oil isolators should broadly follow
the recommendations for oil circuit breakers. The condition of oil switches which, normally, are not
subject to frequent operation should be checked annually or after any closure due to a fault. The period
may be extended if the results of tests are normally satisfactory. However, for outdoor switches in which
water contamination due to internal condensation occurs, the oil should be checked for water
contamination.
Item Operations
No.
14 Maintenance of protective apparatus.
15 Maintenance of ancillary equipment.
16 Final check for correct operation and
ensure that all fastenings are tight and
good contact is maintained.
8. MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME FOR AIRBLAST SWITCHGEAR
Remarks
Primary or secondary injection should be
carried out. Ensure that connections of
secondary wirings are tight, and that
terminal boxes are free from dirt and
moisture. Check tripping of circuit
breaker by relays.
Refer to Subclause 5.20.
Insulation resistance test on primary
connections should be made before
returning the switchgear to service.
Where practicable, the closing and
tripping of the circuit breaker, after it has
been restored to service position, should
be checked.
8.1 General. The recommendations in Ciauses 3,4 and 5 of this Code are applicable.
(a)
Before work is commenced, the equipment should be isolated from the source of air
supply by locking close the inlet valve/valves and ensuring that the circuit breaker is
brought to and remains at atmospheric pressure by locking open the drain valve/valves.
The manufacturer's instructions should be consulted to find the preferred position of the
circuit breaker (opened or closed) at which the air should be drained from the receiver.
As freezing of the drain valve can occur during draining, when draining a receiver,
reliance should not be placed on the drain valve alone as an indication that the receiver
is exhausted. The pressure gauge must be observed to ensure that it is reading zero
(i.e. atmospheric) pressure. On some designs of circuit breaker, isolating and draining
the air receiver will not depressurize the air-conditioned sections. The manufacturer's
operation and maintenance instructions on the operation of air-conditioning during
maintenance should be carefully studied.
(b)
Before work is commenced, supply to the tripping, closing and auxiliary circuits should
be isolated.
(c)
When working near circuit breakers in service, due precaution must be taken to protect
personnei from the effects of noise caused by these circuit breakers should they
operate.
(d)
Air-leakage test should be carried out on the complete circuit breaker by isolating it
from the source of air-supply and recording the pressure drop for a given time. Soap
solution is very satisfactory for detecting inaudible leaks or tracing the exact location
of audible leaks.
(e)
The dew point of the operational air for fully pressurized circuit breakers shouid be
measured at regular intervals. The required dew point will depend on the environmental
conditions in which the circuit breaker is installed but at the working air pressure, it
should not be greater than the minimum expected ambient temperature. The sampling
pipes used should preferably be of stainless steel, or failing this, of polythene or PTFE.
Sampling pipes of nylon, PVC or rubber should not be used.
Circuit breakers not periodically operated may fail to trip on fault due to stiffness
developing in the mechanism or defects in the trip circuit. It is therefore recommended
that every automatic circuit breaker be tripped and closed periodically, the interval of
which shouid be established by experience.
The following recommendations for maintenance work should be read in conjunction
with the manufacturer's operation and maintenance instructions.
8.2 Recommended Maintenance Programme
item
No.
1
2
3
4
Operations
Clean and remove
loose external dirt
Air-conditioning
Check local air
receivers and
pressure vessels
Check local control
kiosk
Remarks
To carry out prior to commencing any dismantling to avoid
ingress of dirt into any internal portion of breaker. Materials
used for this purpose shouid be clean and free from loose fibres,
metallic threads and similar particles. Cleaning fluids must be
very carefully selected to be compatible with organic insulation,
plastics, valve gear and bearings, rubber and synthetic " 0 rings
and other materials used in the construction of the equipment.
Verify that the flow of conditioning air is correct. Leakages of air
detected should be rectified immediately. When fitted, filters and
orifices, etc, should be inspected. Moisture absorbing agent like
silica gel shouid be checked regularly and replaced when
necessary.
These should be kept clean and any damage to the paint
surface should be made good to prevent corrosion taking place.
When fitted, safety valves should be inspected for freedom of
operation and particularly for correct reseating after operation.
Verify correct operation of heaters. An emergency opening
release facility is usually fitted in or on the kiosk. It should be
ascertained that this correctly trips the circuit breaker.
Item
No.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Operations
Check pressure
switches and gauges
Check and clean
insulation
Clean and examine
interrupters
Check, clean and re-
lubricate mechanism
Check interpole
linkages
Check for correct
functioning of auxiliary
switches indicating
devices and interlocks
Clean and examine
isolating contacts
Remarks
To verify correct operation of pressure gauges and the correct
sequence of operation of pressure switches.
Insulation resistance tests are recommended.
This work must be carried out under reasonably dry weather
conditions and precautions taken to avoid the ingress of
moisture or dirt into the compartment. Resistor interruptor
contacts should not show any excessive signs of erosion and
minor erosion can be left or cleaned up with a fine file. The
nozzle of the interruptor should be examined for excessive wear
or cracking of material and any signs of non-centralization of the
arc. Burning of the insulation adjacent to the arcing area
indicates a misplaced arc and if burning is found it must be
investigated. The exhaust outlets and, where fitted, silencers
should be examined for signs of blockages of bird-nests, etc and
cleaned as necessary. The manufacturer's recommendations
should be strictly followed. Contact resistance measurements
are recommended.
Worn parts to be renewed. Adjust where necessary. Surface of
trip and close mechanism should be free from dried up lubricant.
An incorrect lubricant can have a deleterious effect on plastic
bearings or components. The manufacturer's instructions should
be closely followed.
When necessary, carefully verify the setting dimensions of the
interpole linkages to the manufacturer's instructions. Do not
interfere with them unless essential adjustments are required.
Verify that all nuts and bolts are tight and all pivot pins secure.
On circuit breakers fitted with mechanical or pneumatic
intertripping between poles, the correct function should be
verified.
If badly tarnished due to chemically corrosive atmosphere, the
isolating contacts must be replaced. The isolating contact faces
should be lightly greased with a suitable lubricant.
9. MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME FOR SULPHUR-HEXAFLUORIDE SWITCHGEAR
item
No.
12
13
14
15
16
9.1 General. The recommendations in Clauses 3, 4 and 5 of this Code are applicable.
9.1.1 Examination and overhaul. in general, many sulphur hexafluoride equipment are of the low-
maintenance type and will not be designed for these operations to be carried out on site. Where
examination and/or overhaul is intended to be a site operation, special precautions concerning the gas
handling and access to the equipment are required and the manufacturer's handbook should be
consulted whenever the results of an inspection indicate that examination would be desirable.
Operations
Check busbar
connection, clean
bushings, busbars.
jumpers and orifices
Check and clean
cable terminations
Maintenance of
protective apparatus
Maintenance of
ancillary equipment
Final check for correct
operation and ensure
that all fastenings are
tight and good
contact is maintained.
9.1.2 Precautions. In addition to the recommendation of Ciauses 3. 4 and 5, the following special
precaution shall be taken when any work involves access to any compartment of the equipment which
is, or has been filled with SF6 gas or associated compounds:
Remarks
To be carried out only if these components are accessible.
For compound-filled cable terminations, top up compound if
necessary. Rectify leakage, if any. For dry cable termination,
vacuum cleaning is recommended.
Primary or secondary injection should be carried out. Ensure
that connections of secondary wiring are tight, terminal boxes
are free from dirt and moisture. Check tripping of circuit breaker
by relays.
Refer to Subclause 5.20.
Insulation resistance measurement on primary connections
should be made before returning the switchgear to service.
Where practicable, the closing and tripping of the circuit breaker
after it has been restored to service position, should be checked.
(a)
Exhaust the gas into the atmosphere, away from the building and taking special care
to ensure there is no collection of gas at low points (eg. cable trenches). Forced
ventilation may be used for this purpose if necessary.
(b)
i f the gas is to be recovered for use, storage in receivers should be effected by means
of gas recovery equipment observing the following rule:
The weight of SF6 (expressed in kg) shall be less than 69% of the volume of the
receiver (expressed in litres)
eg. Receiver volume = 100 litres
Maximum weight of SF 6 to be stored = 69% x 100
= 69 kg
(c)
Fill the compartment with compressed air and drain to atmosphere, repeat 2 or 3 times
for efficient removal of any entrapped gas. In compartments where no electric arcing
has taken place previously (1.e. containing pure SF6) forced ventilation of the
compartment is sufficient.
(d)
Open the compartment, use a vacuum cleaner to remove the powdery residues of gas
decomposition (metal fluorides and sulfides). Goggles, protective clothing and
respirators (if necessary) should be worn in this operation.
(e)
Before working on the equipment, check for gas free condition by one of the two
methods listed:
(i)
By means of an approved gas detector;
(ii)
Drain gas from lowest point of compartment into a glass jar. Insert a burning
flame into the glass jar. If gas Is present, the flame will be extinguished.
( f )
Whilst work is in progress, standby help should be available at all times in case
immediate assistance is required.
(g)
Special filters are Vied into certain equipment to absorb gaseous breakdown products.
Before attempting to remove such filters, the operator should familiarise himself with the
manufacturer's instructions for doing this together with instruction for the treatment and
disposal of used filter material, cleaning the container and recharging it with a new
material. On no account should untreated filter material, removed from the circuit
breaker after service, be heated.
(h)
Before commencing work, the equipment must be Isolated from ail sources of supply
of gas by locking in the closed position any gas inlet valves. The gas is removed and
reduced to atmospheric pressure. Extract further gas with a vacuum pump after
atmospheric pressure is reached where required. The SF6 decomposition products and
any contaminated bags, filters or cloths should be disposed in accordance with the
local regulation or manufacturer's recommendations. For precautions to be taken,
please see Appendix F - "Notes On The Properties Of SF6".
0)
Before work is commenced, it is essential that all power-closing devices are rendered
inoperative as described in Subclause 7.1.
The following recommendations for maintenance work under Subclause 9.2 should be
read in conjunction with the manufacturer's operation and maintenance Instructions.
9.2 Recommended Maintenance Programme
Item
No.
1
2
Operations
Clean and remove loose
external dirt
Check SF6 system
Remarks
Refer to Subclause 8.2 item 1.
Verify that the system is operating at the required
pressure and, on dual-pressure equipment, that the
relationship between high and low pressure is correct.
Item
No.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Operations
Check SF6 gas. Verify its dew
point and gas purity
Check local control kiosk
Check pressure gauges and
switches
Check and clean insulation
Clean and examine
interrupters
Check, clean and re-lubricate
mechanism
Check interpole linkages
Check for correct functioning
of auxiliary switches,
indicating devices and
interlocks
Clean and examine isolating
contacts
Check busbar connection,
clean bushings, busbars,
jumpers and orifices
Check and clean cable
terminations
Maintenance of protective
apparatus
Maintenance of ancillary
equipment
Remarks
The SF6 gas should be sampled and tested in
accordance with the requirements of IEC 480.
The correct operation of heaters should be verified.
Verify the current operation of pressure gauges and
pressure switches. It should be noted that in some
cases, the pressure switches on SF6 circuit breakers
are temperature compensated so that their
characteristics follow a constant density curve. Where
relevant, the switch should be calibrated to this curve.
insulation resistance measurements recommended.
Refer to Subclause 8.2 item 7
Refer to Subclause 8.2 item 8.
Refer to Subclause 8.2 item 9.
Refer to Subclause 8.2 item 11.
To be carried out only if these components are
accessible
Refer to Subclause 8.2 item 13.
Refer to Subclause 8.2 item 14.
Refer to Subclause 5.20.
-
10. MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME FOR VACUUM SWITCHGEAR
Item
No.
16
10.1 General. In general, the recommendations for air-break switchgear should be broadly followed
for the maintenance of vacuum switchgear. Clauses 3, 4 and 5 of this Code are also applicable.
Before work is commenced, it is essential that all power-closing devices are rendered inoperative
as described in Subclause 7.1.
Operations
Final check for correct
operation and ensure that all
fastenings are tight and good
contact is maintained
In order to be reasonably sure that it is capable of operating when required, every automatic
circuit breaker should be tripped and closed periodically, the interval of which should be established
from experience.
Remarks
Refer to Subclause 8.2 item 16.
The following recommendations for maintenance should be read in conjunction with the
manufacturer's operation and maintenance instructions.
10.2 Recommended Maintenance Programme
Item
No.
1
2
3
4
Operations
Clean and remove loose
external dirt
Check and clean insulation
Check vacuum interrupters
Check, clean and re-lubricate
mechanism
Remarks
Refer to Subclause 7.2 item 1.
Insulation resistance tests are recommended.
Being a sealed unit, no internal maintenance can be
carried out. The contact erosion should be measured
and contact force verified.
The integrity of the vacuum can be verified by a high
voltage breakdown test.
Verify that circlips are correctly seated and split pins
opened. Surface of trip and close mechanism should
be free from dried-up lubricant. It is very important
that the damping of vacuum circuit breakers is correct
to ensure that bounce on closing Is prevented and that
bounce on opening is not excessive.
Remarks
Refer to Subclause 7.2 item 7.
To be carried out only if these components are
accessible.
Refer to Subclause 7.2 item 13.
Refer to Subclause 7.2 item 14.
Refer to Subclause 5.20.
Refer to Subclause 7.2 item 16
Item
No.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Operations
Check for correct functioning
of auxiliary switches,
indicating devices and
interlocks
Clean and examine isolating
contacts
Check busbar connections,
clean bushings, busbars,
jumpers and orifices
Check and clean cable
terminations
Maintenance of protective
apparatus
Maintenance of ancillary
equipment
Final verification
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX I3
APPENDIX C
Permit No:
PERMIT-TO-WORK
ON H.V. CABLES AND EQUIPMENT
1. ISSUE OF PERMIT:
This is to certify that the following cable/equipment at
(state the exact location and/or substation involved)
HAS BEEN ISOLATED at
AND EARTHED at
(state exact point or position of isolation and earthing)
AND IS NOW SAFE TO WORK ON.
The details have been recorded in the Substation Record Book
Time of issue of permit
Date of issue
The workmen have been instructed to commence work.
-
Name and Signature of Authorised Person
2. INSTRUCTION TO WORK:
i have received instructions to commence work on the above cabie/equipment.
Time:
Date:
Person in charge of work
3. CLEARANCE:
The work has been completed, ail labour and tools have been withdrawn, and the men in my charge have
been warned that it is NO LONGER SAFE to work on the above cabie/equipment.
Time:
Date:
Person in charge of work
4. CANCELLATION OF PERMIT:
The above Permit No. dated is now cancelled and withdrawn.
No further work is to be perlormed on the above cable/equiprnent without another PERMIT TO WORK.
The work done has been recorded in the,Substation Recard Book.
Time of cancellation:
Date of cancellation:
Name and Signature of Authorised Person
APPENDIX D
EXAMPLE OF TYPICAL MAINTENANCE RECORD CARD
Adequate records should be kept to show the maintenance carried out on all switchgear. The following
is an example of a typical record card for an oil circuit breaker.
Record of Maintenance
Equipment:
Make: Type: Serial No:
Date of Maintenance: Maintenance Person:
Permit-To-Work/ issued by: Date of Job Issue:
Job Instruction No:
'
Location of Handbooks, Drawings, etc:
Initials
Component
Operation counter reading
Cieanliness/condition of paintwork
Contact assembly
Insulation: condition
test
(weather, humidity, temperature)
Oil and tanklothers
Operating mechanism
Auxiliary switches
Secondary wiring: condition
test
Main connections and busbars
Earthing and bonding arrangements
Final verification
Recommended date for next inspection/examination
Remarks
Condition as
found or
test results
Action taken
CP 17 : 1991
APPENDIX E
Earthing conductors
Cleaning, adjustment, lubrication
Insulation
1
1
1
/
3.9
5.4, 5.14
5.7
* For SF 16 and vacuum types of switchgears.
5.15, 5.16
5.19, 5.20
5.21
Switches
Auxiliary equipment
Conclusion of maintenance
/
/
1
APPENDIX F
NOTES ON THE PROPERTIES OF SF6
Pure SF6 Gas
1. Odourfess, colourless, heavy gas that spreads slowly in the atmosphere, although non-toxic, will
not sustain life.
2. Commercially available in steel containers under a pressure of 22 atmos at 20-C in liquid form.
The normal precautions of handling portable pressurised vessels apply, viz:
(a) Keep away from heat.
(b) Filling from the container to be effected through pressure reducers.
3. Inhalation of a small quantity of the gas is not harmful; in excessive quantities over long periods
however, unconsciousness or even death may result from oxygen starvation.
Decomposed SF6 Gas
1. Decomposition or partial decomposition of the gas yields gaseous by-products (sulphur
fluorides) and powdery solid residues (metallic fluorides and sulfides). Contact with these by-
products on damp skin cause severe irritation (especially eyes, mouth and respiratory tract).
The gaseous by-product has a characteristic putrid smell similar to that of rotten eggs.
2. The decomposition by-products are toxic and in greater amounts can be a health hazard.
3. When the skin has come into contact with decomposition products, wash immediately with a
large amount of water and clean thoroughly with soap (neutralization effect).
APPENDIX G
STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND ASSOCIATED MEMORANDA
GI . In the Republic of Singapore, electrical installations are required to comply with the statutory
regulations indicated below. The Regulations listed represent the principal legal requirements.
Information concerning those regulations may be obtained from the appropriate authority also indicated
below :
(I) Public Utilities Act Public Utilities Board
(ii) The Public Utilities (Electricity) Director
Regulations, 1975 Electricity Department,
Public Utilities Board
(iii) Public Utilities (Electricity Supply) Director
Regulations, 1975 Electricity Department
Public Utilities Board
(iv) Electrical Workers and Contractors Director
Licensing Act, 1974 Electricity Department
Public Utiiities Board
(v) Electricity Workers and Contractors Director
Licensing Regulations, 1974 Electricity Department
Public Utiiities Board
Other Related Publications Referred To :
BS 5252 : 1976
-
Framework for colour co-ordination for building purposes
IEC 422 : 1989
-
Supelvision and maintenance guide for mineral insulating oils in electrical
equipment
IEC 480 : 1974
-
Checking of sulphur hexaflouride taken from electrical equipment
SS CP 16 : 1991
-
Code of practice for earthing
SINGAPORE INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
The Singapore lnstitute of Standards and industrial Research (SISIR) was incorporated as an
independent statutory body in October 1973 in accordance with an Act of Parliament, the Singapore
institute of Standards and Industrial Research Act (Chapter 301). Its role is to promote and upgrade the
quality and technoiogy levels of Singapore industries.
One of the functions of SlSiR is the establishment of a national standardisation programme to
support industrialisation in Singapore. The Institute is vested with the authority to appoint, with the
approval of the Minister, a Standards Council to advise on the preparation, publication and promulgation
of Singapore Standards, and promotion of their adoption. Standards are in the form of specifications
for materials and products, codes of practice, methods of testing, nomenclature, etc. The standards are
drawn up by the various Technical Committees appointed by the Product Standards Committees (for
product standards) or the Practice Committees (for codes of practice), the final approval body being the
Standards Council.
To ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints in the preparation of standards, all
Committees appointed consist of representatives from various interest groups which include Government
agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade and manufacturing organisations.
SiSlR also operates a national product certification scheme. The lnstitute is the owner of the
Certification Mark shown below. This Mark can be used only by manufacturers licensed under the
Scheme in accordance with the SlSlR (Certification Mark) Regulations, 1987. The presence of this Mark
on a product with the inscription "Certified to Singapore Standard is an assurance that the product has
been produced to comply with requirements of the relevant Singapore Standard under a system of
supervision, control and testing operated during manufacture and including regular inspection at the
manufacturer's premises.
SINGAPORE
Besides being engaged in standardisation and certification work. SlSiR is involved in several
other programmes and activities in support of its mission. These include quality promotion; laboratory
accreditation; inspection and testing services; training and consuitancy; calibration; patent and other
technical information services; and research and development work.
For further information on SlSiR services and activities, please write to:
SlSlR
P 0 Box 1128
Kent Ridge
Singapore 91 11
IMPORTANT NOTICE
If you wish to be notified of any changes in the Singapore Standard, please complete
and return this form to:
SlSiR Library
Singapore Institute of Standards
and industrial Research
P 0 Box 1128
Kent Ridge
Singapore 91 11
' Piease print
clearly
full name
and address