HG2MPS Solutions to Worksheet 1

A1

= 1 P Xi = 63.7 = 6.37, Y = 1 P Yi = 604.7 = 60.47.

(i) X
n
10
n
10
P

2
P 2 ( Xi )
1
(63.7)2
1
2
(ii) SX =
Xi
=
411.85
= 0.6757,
n1
n
9
10
P

P 2 ( Yi )2
1
1
(6047)2
2
SY =
Yi
=
36614
= 5.310.
n1
n
9
10

(iii) SX = 0.6757 = 0.8220

SY = 5.310 = 2.304
(iv) The heavy is more variable than the light filament.

A2

(a) Ordered data is

98 98 99
100 100 101

99
101

99
101

99 100 100 100 100

101 102 102 102 103

(i) Sample median = M = average of 10th and 11th obs = 12 {100 + 100} = 100.
n+1
(ii) Lower quartile = QL =
obs = 5 14 obs
4
= 41 of way from 5th to 6th obs
= 99 (as 5th obs = 99 and 6th obs = 99).
3(n + 1)
63
(iii) Upper quartile = QU =
obs =
obs = 15 43 obs
4
4
= 34 way from 15th to 16th obs
= 101 (as 15th obs is 101 and 16th obs is 101).
(iv) Interquartile range = QU QL = 101 99 = 2.
(v) QU M = 101 100 = 1 and M QL = 100 99 = 1.
This suggests the underlying population is symmetric.
(b)
cumulative relative cumulative
frequency
Class Interval mid-point frequency frequency
97.5 98.5
98
2
2
0.1
99
4
6
0.3
98.5 99.5
99.5 100.5
100
6
12
0.6
101
4
16
0.8
100.5 101.5
101.5 102.5
102
3
19
0.95
103
1
20
1.0
102.5 103.5

(c)
xj
98
99
100
101
102
103 P

fj
fj xj
fj x2j
2
196
19208
4
396
39204
6
600
60000
4
404
40804
3
304
31212
1
103
P
P 10609
fj = 20
fj xj = 2005
fj x2j = 201037

1X
1
x =
fj xj = {2005} = 100.25 ohms
n j=1
20
1
s2 =
n1

( k
X

x2
fj x2j n

j=1

1
= {201037 20(100.25)2 }
19
= 1.8816
Hence sample mean = 100.25 ohms and sample variance = 1.8816.
A3

(a) Let zj = axj + b, for j = 1, 2, . . . , n. Then

!
n
n
n
nb
1X
1X
1X
z =
zj =
(axj + b) = a
xj +
= a
x+b
n j=1
n j=1
n j=1
n
and
s2Z

n
n
2
1 X
1 X
2
=
(zj z) =
axj + 6 b (a
x+ 6 b)
n 1 j=1
n 1 j=1
n

1 X 2
a (xj x)2
=
n 1 j=1
(
)
n
X
1
= a2
(xj x)2
n 1 j=1
= a2 s2x .
(Note s2Z does not depend on b.)

(b) Transform the data by subtracting 100 from the xi s and working with the coded
data zj = xj 100 i.e. a = 1 and b = 100.
zj fj
2 2
1 4
6
0
1
4
3
2
3
1

So z =

1
n

s2Z =

fj zj
fj zj2
4
8
4
4
0
0
4
4
6
12
P 3
P 92
fj zj = 5
fj z = 37

fj zj =

5
20

= 0.25 and

1
1 X
z 2 } = {37 20(0.25)2 } = 1.8816.
{
fj zj2 n
n
19

Now return to uncoded values: x = z + 100 = 100.25, s2X = a2 s2Z = 1.8816.

A4

X
1
= 1
Xi =
109800 = 7320
(a) X
n
15
1X
1
Y =
Yi =
107122500 = 9890
n
15

1
(109800)2
2
(b) SX =
849865000
= (1815.2)2
15 1
15

1
(148350)2
2
SY =
1470077500
= (454.8)2
15 1
15

1
(109800 148350)
(c) SXY =
1085657500
= 18893
15 1
15
(d) Sample correlation coefficient
r=

18893
SXY
=
= 0.023
SX SY
1815.2 454.8

(e) Sample correlation coefficient is close to zero. Hence fitting a straight line is
totally unreasonable as can be seen from a plot of the data.

A5

X
1
= 1
(a) X
Xi = 16.0 = 2.6667
n
6
X
1
1
Y =
Yi = 0.231 = 0.0385
n
6

1
(16.0)2
2
48.5
= 1.1667 = (1.080)2
(b) SX =
61
6

1
(0.231)2
2
3
SY =
0.0097050
= (0.0127)
61
6

1
(16.0 0.231)
(c) SXY =
0.68450
= 0.0137
61
6
SXY
0.0137
=
= 0.9987 indicating a very good fit.
(d) r =
SX SY
1.080 0.0127
(e) Least squares line of Y on X
y y =

SXY
(x x)
2
SX

y 0.0385 =

0.0137
(x 2.6667)
(1.080)2

which becomes
y = 0.0385 0.0117 2.6667 + 0.0117x
y = 0.0073 + 0.0117x
(f) At x = 2.5, y = 0.0073, 0.0117 2.5 = 0.0366 reliable as inside the range of the
data.
At x = 5.0, y = 0.0073 + 0.0117 5 = 0.0658 unreliable as outside of the range
of the data.

A6

(a) Model is R = aebt and taking natural logs we get ln R = ln a bt which may be
written in the form
y = cx + d
where y = ln R, d = ln a, x = t, c = b.
SXY
(b) y y = 2 (x x)
SX
Substituting sample values we get
y 0.391 =

0.335
(x 7).
(3.742)2

Thus
y = 0.024x + 0.56 = c = 0.024, d = 0.56.
(c) Here a = ed = e0.56 = 1.75, b = c = 0.024.
(d) Model is R = 1.75e0.024t .
When t = 24, R = 1.75e0.02424 = 0.98.
(e) If R = 1 what is the value of t?
Solve
1 = 1.75e0.024t = t =

ln 1.75
= 23.3 hours.
0.024

0.335
SXY
=
= 0.869.
SX SY
3.742 0.103
High negative value but not below 0.9. Reasonable fit but not a good fit. First
data point is perhaps a little suspect.

(f) r =