Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research

Vol. 16, March 1991, pp. 29-38

Air-jet texturing: Effect of jet type and some process parameters on
properties of air-jet textured yarns
V K Kothari & N B Timble
Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
Received I December 1990
The distinguishing features of different air texturing jets have been described and the test methods used to
assess some important properties of air textured yarns have been discussed. The properties of air textured
yarns produced using various currentl y used commercial jets have been compared. The results show that the
performance of cylindrical jets and Taslan type XX jet for parall el end texturing of 76 denJ36 fil polyester
yarns is superior. The effects of some important process parameters such as overfeed percentage, air pressure
and heater temperature on various properti es of air-jet textured yarns have been reported. The relationships
between air-jet textured yarn properties and processing parameters have been assessed in terms of regression
equations and it has been shown that with a few exceptions, most of the properties of air-jet textured yarns are
linearly related to the process parameters studied.
Keywords: Air-jet texturing, Instability, Loops, Physical bulk, Texturing jet
1 Introduction
In the air-jet texturing process, an overfed bundle
of filaments is subjected to the action of a turbulent air
stream. The air stream separates the individual
filaments of the overfed yarn and transforms the
excess length of each filament into a series ofloops and
arcs at randomly spaced longitudinal intervals
separated by relatively straight portions. Air-jet
texturing is basically a mechanical process and can be
used for both thermoplastic and non-thermoplastic
filament yarns as well as for their blends. The textured
yarns produced by this process resemble the natural
fibre based spun yarns both in appearance and
physical characteristics. The increasing consumer
demand for the spun yarn look and natural fibre feel ,
and the increasing use of synthetic and other
man-made fi lament yarns have made the air -jet
texturing process extremely important for the textile
industry and its share is expected to show a steady
increase. The following factors have contributed to
its growing popularity: (i) the unique capabilities of
this process; (ii) the desirable characteristics of the
resultant yams; (iii) the availability of a wider range of
suitable supply yarns; and (iv) the deve(opments injet
design which have resulted in reduced air
consumption and improved process economics.
The devel opments in air texturing jets and the
distinguishing features of different jets are first
described in thi s paper. This is followed by a
di scussion of the important properties of the air-jet
textured yarns and the test methods adopted for
measuring these properties. The properties of air-jet
textured yarns produced using different jets are then
compared. Finally, the effects ofimportaht process
parameters such as overfeed percentage, air pressure
and heater temperature on the properties of air-jet
textured yarns have been studied and analyzed.
2 Air Texturing Jets
Industrially used air texturing jets, also referred to
as nozzles, can be categorized (depending upon their
internal design and construction) into two main
groups: (i) converging and diverging type air
texturing jets in which a converging-diverging flow
duct (nozzle) is attached to the yam exit end of the jet
assembly; and (ii) cylindrical jets in which one or more
air inlet hole(s) open at an angle to the cylindrical flow
duct (nozzle) inserted in a suitable jet housing. The
yarn exit end of these cylindrical nozzles is often
trumpet shaped. Figs l(a) to (f) show various jets of
the converging-diverging type while Fig. 2 shows the
core of a cylindrical nozzle.
Basically, Taslan type IXjet(Fig. la) consistsofa
venturi into which an adjustable hollow needle is
inserted at an angle of 45". The yarn is fed through
stepped cylindrical tube (hollow needle) kept at 45" to
the jet body. The yarn enters at an angle and contacts
the wall of the jet. The air is fed axially into the jet and
passes around the feed needle and forms a turbulent
zone in the venturi. Loops and arcs introduced in the
2Y
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 1991
Air hole.
Compressed
air
Feed yarn
Feed yarn
(a)Taslan IX
Compressed
air
(b) Taslon X ' (c) Taslan X I
Air hole
Comprt'ssed
air
Coando bar
Compressed
air
Feed yarn
Feed yarn Feed yorn
(d) Toslan XI V
(e) loslon X V
( f ) T asian X X
Fig. I- The converging-diverging type air texturing jets
process are locked in place when the yarn is
withdrawn from the turbulent zone at an angle of 90.
The type IXjet was especially suitable for pre-twisted
yams since a strong untwisting action was provided in
the venturi.
Type IX jet, however, had serious drawbacks .
Firstly, the texturing speed was very low (10-50
mjmin) and there were problems of uniformity,
confining the process to the production of bulky and
effect yarns. Secondly, the twisting of the yarn before
or after the jet was essential for obtaining a stable yam
structure; this increased the costs. Thirdly, the jet was
very difficult to set and suffered from serious wear
problems.
30
In 1960, Taslan type X jet, which is shown in Fig.
I(b), was introduced by Du Pont. In contrast to the
type IXjet, the yam in type Xjet enters axially. The air
stream passes uniformly around the circumference of
the yarn input channel. The needle extends into the
opening of the nozzle through which the compressed
air enters the so called turbulence chamber. Axial
movement of the needle alters the cross-sectional
area of the clearance and has an influence on the air
mass flow rate. An important feature of this texturing
nozzle is the way in which the asymmetric flow profile
is obtained. Uniform smooth flow of compressed air
is disturbed by means of the eccentric setting of the jet
element, thus the necessary turbulence and
KOTHARI & TIMBLE: AIR-JET TEXTURING
Textured
yarn
"-Compressed air
Hema Jet co re
Fig. 2--Core of a cylindrical type air texturing jet
asymmetric swirling are achieved. With this jet the
texturing speed was increased to 70-90 m/min and the
expensive cost of twisting was eliminated.
A significant improvement in technological
performance was achieved by the introduction of
Taslan type XI jet in 1968. Although the yarn input
channel and the nozzle were similar to those of type X
jet, modification of the air inlet was sufficient to result
in a vastly superior performance. r n type XI jet, the air
stream does not flow uniformly around the circum-
ference of the needle but is fed through an inlet hole as
shown in Fig. I (c). In other words, the flow from the
air reservoirs to the needle tip is restricted to allow
flow on one side of the needle only. The opening canbe
in the shape of a slit or any other shape. In comparison
with the previous jets, end-to-end differences
became far more modest although the jets were still set
through -trial and error but tthe operability was
considerably betterl.
Taslan type XI Mark IV jet, introduced in 1973 by
Du Pont, allowed processing speeds to be increased
up to 500 m/min for a 167 dtex yarn. The construction
of type XI Mark IV jet is very similar to that of type XI
jet except for the device used at the exit point of the jet.
Thi s device is just a flap arrangement and has the
function of increasing the vacuum effect and drawing
extraneous loops into the body of the yarn I, thus
improving the uniformity and quality. The same yam
could only be textured at approximately 150 m/ min
with type XI jct. Another improvement was in the
quantity of air used for texturing. This, when
combined with high texturing speeds, resulted in a
very significant reduction in air consumption per
kilogram of yarn produced.
A new jet Taslan type XIV was available by 1976.
Fig. 1 (d) shows the jet with the flap arrangement.
Lower air consumption was achieved through
changes made in the internal design of the air flow.
The Taslan type XV jet, shown in Fig. I (e), uses a
cylindrical baffie at a fixed distance from the jet exit.
The air and yarn impinge onto the baffie and the yam
moves around the lower surface of the baffie.
Different sizes of baffie rods are provided by the
manufacturer. A series of patents
2
from Du Pont
describe the further developments related to the
above jets. Fig. 1(f) shows a section of the Taslan type
XXjet which has easy string-up feature with the help
of cam set-up provided. Type XXjet was particularly
developed for texturing fine denier yarns. However,
at present , 'Mark XX Ease-A-Matic Jet' can handle
a wide range of yarn deniers.
Cylindrical jets are simpler in construction
consisting of housing with simple trumpet-shaped jet
cores without any adjustments. This type of jet was
introduced in the 1950s in Czechoslovakia to make
Mirlan yarns. A nozzle similar in construction was
introduced by Heberlein Company in late 1970s
under the trade name HemaJet. As shown in Fig. 2, air
is fed into the main duct of the nozzle by means ofa
number of small inlet bores where it impinges upon
the overfed supply yam. Three holes in the jet core can
be used for production of core/effect yams in addition
to normal single and parallel-end textured yarns.
They are suitable for relatively finer filaments (up to I
dtex) and allow higher overfeed before the jet
compared to the equivalent single hole jet core.
3 Properties of Air Textured Yarns and Test
Methods
Air textured yarns have unique surface structure
and greater bulk than the parent yams. As a result, the
fabrics made from these yarns have subdued lusture,
warmer hand and better covering power and thermal
insulation. The internal structure of the yarn is such
that the tenacity and initial modulus are substantially
reduced and there is a certain amount of instability
present in the macro structure of the yarn. Provided
the instability is not very high, the extension at peak
load is reduced. Hot water shrinkage of these yarns is
also important from the point of view of processing of
fabrics made from these yarns. The measurement
techniq ues being followed at present to characterize
thc air-jet textured yarn have a number of limitations
and considerable work is required to improve the
methods of characterization of these yams
S
- 8. Some
important properties of air-jet textured yarns and the
test methods used widely in the industry for
these properties are described below.
3.1 Instability
If the loops of air textured yarns are pulled out
during further processing, the yarn bulk will be .
31
INDIAN 1. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 1991
reduced and if this bulk reduction takes place
selectively in certain sections of the yarn, the
irregularity of the product will be increased. Air-jet
textured yarns are, therefore, tested for the stability of
their structure. The Du Pont method
9
is generally
used for the measurement of instability of air-jet
textured yarns. The percenvage of permanent
increase in length, after a load of 0.33 g/den has been
applied for 30 s to the yarn, is taken as a measure of
yarn instability.
Instability (%) = [(L2 - Lill Ld x 100
where L( is the yarn length under a load of 0.01 g/den;
a n d ~ , the yarn length (under a load of 0.01 gfden) 30 s
after the removal of the heavier load (0.33 g/den).
Fig. 3 shows the laboratory set-up used for
measuring instability. This set-up allows 1m length
from the top clamp to be marked initially at the lower
load. The heavier load is then added and retained for
30 s duration after which it is removed. The
percentage instability value can be read directly on a
scale.
3.2 Pbysical Bulk
The measurement of the physical bulk of air
textured yarns according to Du Pont method
9
is
based on the comparison of densities or specific
volumes of the packages of the parent yarn and the
textured yarn. The parent yarn and the textured yarn
are wound on the same winding machine under the
same tension. The weight of the yarn wound on the
package is measured and its volume calculated from
diameter measurements. Physical bulk is then
obtained from the formula:
Physical bulk (%) = [(Parent yarn package density)/
(Textured yarn package density)] x 100
3.3 Hot Water Shrinkage
The measurement of shrinkage in hot water gives an
idea about the dimensional stability of fabrics made
from these yarns during the finishing operations. The
length of the air textured yam, La, is measured under a
very low load of 0.0025 g/den and the yarn is
immersed for 25 min in a constant temperature water
bath maintained at 95C. The yarn is then removed
from the bath, allowed to dry for 24. h at room
temperature and then the yarn length .L
b
, is measured
under the same load of 0.0025 g/den. Finally, the
shrinkage is calculated from the following formula:
Hot water shrinkage (%) = [(La - L
b
) / La] X 100
3.4 Surface Characteristics
The structure of air-jet text ured yarns consists of a
distinct core wit h filament loops on the yarn surface.
32
E
u
o
o
f----t-+-- J ow
Wooden board
I-----+-+-- Yo rn
...c<::lk:s:''11----1--t-- M 0 r king not c h
Sc 0 Ie ----1--t
,')-.--t-t-- Hook
Fig. 3- Instability tester for air-jet textured yarns
A projection microscope is used to obtain the core
diameter and to have quantitative evaluation ofloop
size and loop frequency. The yarn is sandwiched
between two glass slides and the core diameter is
measured at a number of places. The loop size is
assessed by measuring loop heights individually for
all the loops in a given section projected on the screen.
The number ofloops on the screen is also counted and
depending on the length of the yarn section being
projected, loop frequency is calculated as shown in
Fig. 4. Since only those loops which belong to a
particular plane of the yarn are selected and counted,
the experimental values are only the relative values of
loop frequency and not the absolute values.
3.5 Tensile Properties
The tensile properties can be measured on any
constant rate of traverse tensile tester like Instron.
The peak load during a tensile test is regarded as the
breaking load and the corresponding elongation is
KOTHARI & TIMBLE: AIR-JET TEXTURING
Chosl>n
Sl>C tion ( I)
""" 1 m m
Loop hl>ight =
n
Loopfrequl>ncy
= T X 1000 loops/m
Fi g. 4- Surface structure of an air-jet textured yarn
taken as the breaking elongation. Knowing the linear
density of the yarn being tested and its gauge length,
the Ibad-elongation curve can be transformed to the
stress-strain curve and the tenacity, initial modulus
and breaking extension of the yarn can then be
determined.
3.6 Evenness Properties
The evenness properties can be assessed using the
Uster evenness tester. A yarn monitor with
appropriate condensor slot is used at a speed of 100
m/ min to assess the CV% of mass per unit length.
Neps per unit length are counted usi ng an imperfection
indicator with a setting of 140% to identify neps.
4 Experimental Procedure .
Five converging-diverging type jets, viz. Taslan X,
XI, XIV, XV and XX, and two cylindrical jets, viz.
HemaJet T 100 and T31 0, were used in the present
study with the aim of comparing the performance of
various jets. Two ends of 76 den/ 36 fil polyester
multifilament yarn were air textured together using
33.3% overfeed, 9kg/cm
2
air pressure, 4.7%
mechanical stretch, 200C heater temperature and
0.7% take-up underfeed at 300 m/ min take-up
speed. The yarns were pre-wetted before texturing
using HemaWet system at a pressure of2 kg/cm
2
and
water consumption rate of I litre/ h. The optimum
texturing conditions were obtained by adj usting the
Taslan jets to get the maximum delivery and
stabilizing zone tensions. Once the optimum
conditions were obtained, the air textured yarn was
wound on a new package and the package density was
calculated based on the mass of the total yarn wound
and the volume occupied by the yarn on the package.
Untextured yarn (parent yam) was wound with the
same tension on a different package to obtain parent
yarn package density. The textured yarn package
density and the parent yarn package density values
were used to calculate the physical bulk of the air
textured yarn. HemaJets have fixed settings except
the baffle setting which is dependent on the denier of
the yarn being produced. Instability (%) is obtained
using the Du Pont test method discussed earlier. Yam
tenacity and breaking extension were obtained using
an Instron tensile tester. Uster CV (%) and neps/ lOOO
m were obtained on Uster Evenness Tester UT I.
To study the effect of process parameters, nett
overfeed was varied between 1 0% and 30% at 8
kg/cm
z
air pressure without heater; air pressure was
varied between 6 kg/cm
z
and 10 kg/cm
2
at 20% nett
overfeed without heater; and the heater temperature
was varied between 150C and 210C at 20% nett
overfeed and 8 kg/cm
2
air pressure using HemaJet
with T 100 jet core. Nett overfeed is defined as the
percentage increase in yarn denier after texturing
calculated on the basis of parent yarn denier of
2 x 76.
In addition to obtaining the physical bulk,
instability (%) and tensile properties as described
earlier, yams were tested for hot water shrinkage. The
st ructural parameters of the air textured yarns like
core diameter, loop size and loop frequency were
obtained using a Projectina microscope.
5 Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows instability, physical bulk, tenacity,
breaking extension, Uster CV and neps/ IOOO m for
33
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT RES .. MARCH 1991
yarns produced using difTerent jets. The physical bul k
of yarns produced using HemaJet TIOO, HemaJet
TJIO and Taslan XXjet is higher as compared to the
physical bulk of yarns produced from other texturing
jets. HemaJet TIOO, HemaJet T310 and Taslan XX
jet also produce yarns whose instability, breaking
extension, Uster CV and nep density are rel ativel y
lower. The differences in tenacit y of yarns produced
using different jets are not significant. Thus, for the
parallel-end texturing of 76 den/ 36 fil polyester
ya rns, HemaJets and Taslan XX jet produce yarns of
better quality as compared to the other Taslan jets.
Table 2 shows the effect of overfeed, air press ure
and heater temperature on the properties of the
air-jet textured ya rns. Increase in overfeed (%)
increases the physical bulk, core di ameter and loop
frequency but at the same time instability and loop
size also increase. There is also significant reducti on
in tenacity and modulus and increase in breaking
extension with the increase in overfeed. It is
important to have higher level s of overfeed to get
higher levels of physical bulk but after a certain level
of physical bulk, there is a significant reduction in
other quality features like stability of air textured
yarns. These factors put a limit to the level of overfeed
that ca n be used .
Physical bulk and loop frequency increase while
the instability and loop size reduce with increase in air
pressure. Reasonably high ai r pressures are req uired
to produce good quality yarns. However, with the
increase in air pressure the tenacity reduces and the
yarns become more stiff as indicated by the hi gher
value of modulus. With the increase in heater
temperature, the stability of the yarn increases and
the residual hot water shrinkage reduces
significantly. Heating also reduces the loop size of the
yarn.
Tahlc I of air-Je t yams using different jets wi th optimum setting',
Jet type Instabi lity Physical Tenacity Breaking Uster Neps/
% bulk g/den extension CV % 1000 m
% 0/ 0
HemaJet TIOO O.Ll 192 2.3 7. 12 40
HemaJet T310 0. 12 ISS 2.4 2U 6. 13 20
Taslan X 0.36 152 2.X 29.1 11 .62 360
Taslan XI 0.35 ISS 2.6 27S 9.37 280
Taslan XIV 022 165 2.5 273 9. 11 60
Taslan XV 024 1(,0
2.6 26.2 X 15 120
Tas lan XX 0. 11< Ig5 2.5 25.6 702 40
Tahk 2 Elfect or processing parameters on the properties of air-jet textured yams
Process Instabili,l y Physica l Hot wata Core Loop No. or Tenaci ty Breaking Initi al
parameter

hulk SIZ,: loops/ m g/tlen extension modulus
lc) pm pm
0;;)
g/den
Parent ya rn 100 7.2 IXS 4.31 30. 1 X3 .3
Overfeed (0/.,)
10 0.05 204 5.21 205 S6 1360 3.37 21.6 49.3
15 0.08 239 4.X9 212 9X 1930 3.00 23 .7 42.5
20 0.1 5 290 4.67 215 lOX 3.190 2.72 26.3 29.2
25 O.XO nx OX 220 II X 5X60 2.49 27.6 IX.6
30 2.24 297 4.01 226 130 6960 2.36 32.2 9.4
Air pressure
(kg/em' )
6 0.23 250 4.35 216 1:19 ISSO 2.X4 25. 9 21. R
7 O. IX 255 4.23 214 116 3470 2.74 25.4 273
S 0. 15 270 4.67 215 lOS 33')0 2.72 26.3 29.2
9 0. 13 274 4.50 217 X5 3670 2.70 26.0 30.6
10 n. lo 2XI 4.7J 216 X2 41XO 2.60 26.2 31. X
Heater temp .. eC)
150 0.0') 263 H)5 20 1 X7 ,1270 2.76 235 36.2
160 0.05 259 2.00 204 XS 3310 2.74 21 .. \ 39.1
170 0.05 265 1.96 1')6 XI .1230 2. 77 21. 6 3X. 5
Ixn 0.04 264 UQ 192 X3 3170 2.XO 20.0 41 .7
190 0.03 266 UO 194 XO 3150 2.7X 19.2 43.3
34
KOTHARI & TIMBLE: AIR-JET TEXTURING
Table 3 shows the linear regression equations
between various air-jet text ured yarn properties
(except instability) and the percentage overfeed. The
log values of instability were found to correlate better
with the log values of overfeed. High correlation
coefficients (> 0.9) in each case indicate that linear
regression eq uations given in the table can be used to
estimate the various properties of ai r-jet textured
yarns processed wit h different values of overfeed.
Table 3 also gives the standard errors of the Y
estimates and the X coefficients.
Tables 4 and 5 show the results of simi lar linear
regression analysis between various air-jet textured
yarn properties and air pressure and heater
temperature respectively. Linear regression
equations between core diameter/ breaking extension
and air pressure have relatively lower values of
correl ation coefficients (Table 4). Correlation
between other properties and air pressure is quite
good. Similar linear regression analysis between air
textured yarn properties and heater temperature
(Table 5) indicates that most of the properties are
reasonably well correlated linearly with heater
temperature. Correlation coefficient values of
physical bulk and tenacity are, however, relatively
lower.
Table J - Regression equati ons representing the effect of overfeed percentage on air-jet textured yarn properties (XI = overfeed %.
10 <::; XI <::; 30)
Yam property Regression equation Correlation St.d. error of Std. error of
coefficien t Yestimate X coefficien t
Instability ('Yo) Log Y
I
= 3.453 log XI - 4.981 + 0.933 0.290 0.769
Y
I
Physical bulk (%) Y
2
= 4.50 XI + 171.6 + 0.907 19. 102 1.208
Y
2
Hot water shrinkage (%) Y
1
= - 0.058 XI + 5.796 - 0.997 0.04J 0.003
Y)
Core diameter (11m) Y
4
=X
I
+ 195.6 + 0.999 1 . 0 ~ 2 0.065
Y
4
Loop size (11m) Ys = 2. 16XI+ 64.8 + 0.999 0.730 0.046
Y
s
Loop frequency (no./m) Y
6
=302.6 X
I
- 2152 + 0.98 1 549.6 34.7
Y
6
Tenacity (gjden) Y
7
= - 0.051 XI + 3.8 -0.985 0.082 0.005
Y
7
Breaking extn., (%) Y
x
=0.502 XI + 16.24 +0.982 0. 884 0.056
Y
8
Initial modulus (gjden) Yg = - 2.074 XI + 71.28 - 0.996 1. 646 0. 104
Y
9
Table 4-- Regression equations representing the effect of air pressure on air-jet textured yarn properties (X
2
= air pressure in kg/cm!.
6<::; X
2
<::; 10)
Yam properly Regression equation Correlation Std. error of Std. error of
coeffici ent Yestimate X coefficient
Instability (%) Y
I
= - 0.031 X
2
+ O.406 - 0.9H6 0.009 0.003
Y
I
Physical bulk (%) Y
2
=8. IX
2
= 201.2 + 0.981 2.938 0.929
Y
2
Hot water shrinkage (%) Y, =0.103 X2+3 .672 + 0.774 0. 154 0.049
Y)
Core diameter (11m) Y
4
=0.3 X2+ 2\3.2 +0.416 1.197 0.378
Y
4
Loop size (11m) Ys= - 14.5 X
2
+222 -0.975 5.986 1.893
Y
s
Loop frequency (no.jm) Y
6
=580 X
2
- 1522 + 0.986 178. 0 56.3
Y
6
Tenacity (gjden) Y
7
= - 0.04 X
2
+3.052 - 0.941 0.026 0.008
Y
7
Breaking extn. (%) Yx= O. 1\ X2+25.1 + 0.558 0.298 0.094
Y
8
Initi al modulus (gjden) Y
9
= 2.33 Xl + 9.5 +0.940 1.547 0.489
Y
9
35
I DIAN 1. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 199 1
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To assess the rel ative effect of the process
parameters on the various properties of air-jet
textured yarns, the different properties have been
plotted as functions of the three process parameters in
terms of the regression equations in Figs 5-7. A higher
slope (eit her positive or negative) indicates greater
dependence of the property on that process
parameter while relatively lower slopes indicate
lesser dependence of the property on that process
parameter. Positive and negative slopes indicate
opposite effects of process parameters on a property.
These figures indicate that changes in overfeed, in
general, have greater effect on the properties of air-jet
textured yarns In companson to the other two
36
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Poront Yarn Shrinkage
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15 20 25 30
G) Nett O.e rfeed ('!. l
101
(b I
(el
35

ill Air Pres,ure I k 9 I em 2 I

165 laO 195 210 225
<D Heater Temperature 1'( I
Fig. 5-Effect of overfeed. air pressure and healer temperature on
properties of air-jet textured yarns: (a) Physical
bulk. and (c) Hot water shrinkage
KOTHARI & TIMBLE: AIR-JET TEXTURING

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....
1000

LA, I
o '150 16S
20
(i) Nell Overfeed 1%1.
I
10
(D Air Prossure Ikg/u.
2
1
I I I
180 210
Q) Heater Tomperature 1'( 1
I ( I
lS
!
11
I
225
Fig. 6---Effect of overfeed. air pressure and heater temperature on
properties of air-jet text ured yarns: (a) Core diameter, (b) Loop
size. and (cl Loop frequency

la 1
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(1) Air Pressure I kg I (m 2 J
I I I I I
hie IW 210
Q) Heate r Temperatur. I' e I
Fig. 7- Effect of overfeed. air pressure and healer temperature on
properties of air-jet textured yarns: (a) Tenacit y. (b) Breaking
extension, and (el I nitial modulus
37
INDI AN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES .. MARCH 199 1
processing pa rameters, viz. air press ure and heater
temperature . Figs 5(a), 5(c) a nd 6(a) indicate that
heat-setting reduces instabilit y, hot water shrinkage
and core diameter of the yarn. Increase in physical
bulk with the increase in all the three process
parameters (Fig. 5a) may be expl ained as follows.
With the increase in overfeed, the core diameter and
loop frequency (Figs 6a and 6c) increase as a result of
which physical bulk increases. The increase in bulk
with increasing air press ure and hea ter temperature,
on the other hand, is mainly due to reduction in loop
size (Fig. 6b) as smaller loops a re much more ri gid.
The tenacit y of air-jet textured ya rn decreases with
increase in all the three process variables (Fi g. 7a).
The breaking extension increases considerably with
increase in overfeed (Fig. 7b) due to the lower stability
of yarns produced wit h hi gher overfeeds. However,
the heat setti ng tends to red uce the brea king
extension considerably. The lower initi al modulus of
the yarns produced with hi gher overfeeds (Fig. 7c) is
also due to the lower structural sta bility of these
yarns. Increase in air pressure and heater temperature
increases structural sta bility, th us producing yarns of
higher initial modulus.
6 Conclusions
A compari son of different air texturing jets
indicates that some jets perform better than the others
for a given feed yarn. For texturing the two ends of a 76
den/ 34 fil ya rn together, HemaJet T I 00, HemaJet
T310 and Taslan XX show relativel y better perform-
3H
ance as compared to the other jets. Air-j et textured
ya rn properties like instabilit y, physical bulk, hot
water shrinbge, core di a meter, loop size, loop
frequency, tenacity, breaking extension and initi al
modulus are affected by process parameters such a ~
overfeed, air pressure and heater temperature.
Regression analysis shows that most of the properties
of air-jet textured yarns are linea rl y related with the
overfeed, air pressure and heater temperature.
However, a log- log relationship bet ween instabilit y
and overfeed is observed. The effect of various
processing pa rameters on the properties of air-jet
textured ya rns indicates that overfeed has much
greater effect than the ot her iwo.process parameters,
viz. air pressure a nd hea ter temperature.
References
I Price S T. Mod Text . 57( 7) ( 1976) 28.
2 US Pat4.096.612(toE I Du Pont de Nemoufs&Co. lnc.) 27 June
1978.
3 US Pat4. 157.605 (to E I Du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc.) 12
June 197 1.
4 US Pat 4, 189,812 (to E I Du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc.) 26
February 1980.
5 Kothari V K, Sengupta A K, Rengasamy R S & Goswamy B C,
Text Res 1,59 (1989) 317.
6 Sengupt a A K. Kot hari V K & Alagirusamy R, Tex t Res 1, 59
( 1989) 758.
7 Sengupta A K. Kothari V K & Rengasamy R S.
Chemiefasern/ Text-Ind, 39/91 ( 1989) 111 2.
8 Sengupta A K. Kothari V K & Rengasamy R S.
Chemiefasem/ Te xt- Ind, 40/92 ( 1990) 998.
9 Du Pont Technical In/ormation Bulletin X-241 . March 1974.