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International
SpacE Station
RefeRence Guide to the
intErnational
SpacE Station
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august 2006
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contents
Defines the characteristics of the ISS today, the design as it will be upon completion,
and all of the assembly stages that have changed its appearance from the beginning
through to Assembly Complete.
Elements.................................................................................................................................. 21
Describes the characteristics of each principal module of the ISS.
Transportation/Logistics................................................................................................ 37
Describes the launch vehicles and carriers required to transport the components,
crews, and consumables that support the ISS throughout its mission.
Systems................................................................................................................................... 47
Provides an overview of each functional grouping of ISS hardware and the truss
assembly, which serves as the structural backbone of the ISS.
Missions................................................................................................................................... 75
Displays a quick guide to the flights flown to the ISS and the crews responsible for its
construction and operation.
Interesting Facts................................................................................................................. 85
Appendix................................................................................................................................. 93
Earth orbit.
—William H. Gerstenmaier
Associate Administrator
NASA Space Operations Mission Directorate
Telephoto close-up. Soyuz to left.
Space Station Remote Manipulator
System extends over Pressurized
Mating Adapter 3. Functional Cargo
Block in foreground.
assembly stages
As of mid-2006, the International Space Station (ISS) has been
continuously crewed for more than 5 years and is about 50 percent
complete with approximately 180 metric tonnes (198 tons) of mass on
orbit. There are 16 elements in orbit today, 9 elements ready for launch
at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, and 6 elements in process at
international partner sites. When the assembly is complete, the ISS will
be composed of about 420,000 kilograms (925,000 pounds) of hardware
brought to orbit in about 40 separate launches over the course of more
than a decade. To date, there have been over 50 flights to the ISS,
including flights for assembly, crew rotation, and logistical support.
ISS Assembly Complete, 2010.
ISS Assembly
ISS, June 2006 Complete, 2010
Length 52 m 74 m
(171 ft) (243 ft)
Width 73 m 110 m
(240 ft) (361 ft)
Power 26 kW 110 kW
1A/R
Nov. 1998 Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Proton
2A Space Shuttle
Dec. 1998 Node 1, Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA) 1, 2. STS-88
1R
July 2000 Service Module (SM). Proton
3A Space Shuttle
Oct. 2000 Zenith 1 (Z1) Truss, PMA 3. STS-92
Stage/Date Element Added Launch Vehicle Stage/Date Element Added Launch Vehicle
4A Space Shuttle
Dec. 2000 Port 6 (P6) Truss. STS-97
4R
Sept. 2001 Russian Docking Compartment (DC) and Airlock. Soyuz
Stage/Date Element Added Launch Vehicle Stage/Date Element Added Launch Vehicle
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Space Shuttle
13A.1 S5 Truss. STS-118
12A Space Shuttle
Aug. 2006 P3/P4 Truss. STS-115
Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle 10A Node 2, P6 relocated. STS-120
12A.1 P5 Truss, retracting P6 arrays. STS-116
Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle
1E ESA Columbus Module. STS-122
13A S3/S4 Truss. STS-117
A=U.S. Assembly J=Japanese Assembly E=European Assembly R=Russian Assembly
International Space Station Guide International Space Station Guide
Assembly Stages Assembly Stages
ISS Configuration 16 17 ISS Configuration
Stage/Date Element Added Launch Vehicle Stage/Date Element Added Launch Vehicle
FGB (Zarya) 12.8 m (42 ft) 25,000 kg (55,000 lb) 11/20/98 Proton
Node 1 (Unity)/PMA 1 & 2 10.4 m (34 ft) 14,900 kg (33,000 lb) 12/04/98 STS-88
Service Module (Zvezda) 13.1 m (43 ft) 24,600 kg (54,200 lb) 7/12/00 Proton
9R Russian Research Module. Proton P6 Truss 18.3 m (60 ft) 14,550 kg (32,100 lb) 11/30/00 STS-97
73.2 m (240 ft) across
extended solar array
A=U.S. Assembly J=Japanese Assembly E=European Assembly R=Russian Assembly
U.S. Lab (Destiny) 8.5 m (28 ft) 24,100 kg (53,100 lb) 02/07/01 STS-98
SSRMS (Canadarm 2) 17.7 m (58 ft) 1,502 kg (3,311 lb) 04/19/01 STS-100
U.S. Airlock (Quest) 4.6 m (15 ft) 9,920 kg (21,900 lb) 07/12/01 STS-104
Docking Compartment/
4.9 m (16 ft) 3,838 kg (8,461 lb) 09/15/01 Soyuz
Airlock (Pirs)
S0 Truss/Mobile
13.4 m (44 ft) 12,100 kg (26,700 lb) 04/08/02 STS-110
Transporter
Mobile Base System 5.8 m (19 ft) 1,450 kg (3,200 lb) 06/05/02 STS-111
Progress (typical) 7.3 m (24 ft) 1,750 kg (15,800 lb) N/A Soyuz
AA
60
L
L
50 A
A
AL
40 L
LA A U.S. Assembly Flights
LA
30 LA A Russian Assemby Flights
A
A L U.S. Logistics Flights
20 A International Logistics Flights
L
A
L L
10 A
A
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Important Dates
Nov. 20, 1998 First element launched (FGB)
Dec. 4, 1998 Shuttle mission carried first U.S. component, Node 1 (Unity)
July 12, 2000 Early living quarters launched by Russians, Service Module (Zvezda)
Nov. 2000 First set of U.S. arrays made the ISS the most powerful spacecraft ever
Apr. 2001 Canadian robotic arm extended the “reach” of the Station for assembly
July 2001 U.S. airlock Quest arrived, allowing U.S. spacewalks without the Shuttle
June 2002 Mobile Base System (platform on which SSRMS can attach for translation across truss) installed
The largest U.S. and Russian launch vehicles are used to place elements of the ISS, crew, and cargo in orbit.
Eventually, Japanese and European launch vehicles will support cargo delivery. Currently, only the U.S. Space
Shuttle provides the capability to return significant payloads.
International Space Station Guide International Space Station Guide
Transportation/Logistics Transportation/Logistics
Soyuz 40 41 Progress
Length 7 m (22.9 ft) Progress prelaunch processing. Maximum diameter 2.7 m (8.9 ft)
Soyuz descent module interior. Progress prior to reentry.
Launch and Aborts
Maximum diameter 2.7 m (8.9 ft) Mission Sequence Span with solar arrays 10.6 m (34.8 ft)
Launch
1
Cargo Load
1A Abort using escape rocket
Maximum Typical*
Diameter of habitable 2.2 m (7.2 ft) Escape rocket jettison, nose shroud
2 Launch mass 7,150 kg
4
modules separation (160 seconds in full) Dry cargo 1,800 kg 1,070 kg (15,800 lb)
Staging (186 seconds)
3 such as bags (3,968 lb) (2,360 lb)
5
Air Data
Probe Aileron/Elevon
External Tank
Forward Reaction Umbilical Door Reinforced Carbon-
Control Primary Main Landing Carbon Leading Edge
Engines Gear Door
Hydrazine and Nitrogen
Tetroxide Tanks
Rudder and Remote
Length 37.2 m (122.2 ft) Speed Brake Thermal Control
Radiators Manipulator Forward Attitude
Control Engines
Height 17.3 m (56.7 ft) Main Engines
Orbital
Wingspan 23.8 m (78 ft) Maneuvering MPLM berthed at Node 1. Stowage within MPLM.
Engines
Aft Attitude
Typical mass 104,000 kg (230,000 lb) Control
Engines
Nose Landing
Cargo capacity 16,000 kg (35,000 lb) Body Flap Gear
(typical launch and return to ISS) Flight
Elevon Deck
Main Landing Gear
Middeck
Pressurized 74 m3 (2,625 ft3) Fuel Cells
habitable volume
Length 18.3 m (60 ft) The Shuttle approaches the Racks 16, 5 active
ISS carrying the Multi-Purpose
Logistics Module (MPLM). Shuttle berthed at the U.S. Lab, PMA 2. MPLM interior during cargo transfers.
Diameter 4.6 m (15 ft) Pressurized habitable volume 31 m3 (1,095 ft3)
International Space Station Guide International Space Station Guide
Transportation/Logistics Transportation/Logistics
JAXA H-II Transfer Vehicle 44 45 Automated Transfer Vehicle
The H-II Transfer Vehicle is an autonomous logistical resupply vehicle designed to The European Space Agency Automated Transfer Vehicle is an autonomous logistical
berth to the International Space Station using the Space Station Remote Manipulation resupply vehicle designed to dock to the International Space Station and provide the crew
System (SSRMS). HTV offers the capability to carry logistics materials in both its internal with dry cargo, atmospheric gas, water, and propellant. After the cargo is unloaded, the ATV
pressurized carrier as well as in an unpressurized carrier for exterior placement. It is is reloaded with trash and waste products, undocks, and is incinerated during reentry.
launched on the H-II unmanned launch vehicle and can carry dry cargo, gas and water, and
After rendezvous propellant. After fresh cargo is unloaded at the ISS, the HTV is loaded with trash and waste Spa AT V
cec
with the ISS, the HTV products; after unberthing and deorbit, it is incinerated during reentry. B u s ra f t
awaits grappling by Attitude Control Int
the SSRMS. on
Engines (20) C a r e g ra t e
u lsi go
(b C a r r i
d
r o p u le
Mod
Primary M P L ased on e r
Engines M de
ics P
si g n
) ISS Artist’s rendering shows the
vion le Ser
ATV approaching the ISS.
M o d u M o d v ic e
Primary u le
Maneuvering
ed A
uri z Engines (4)
ess
npr arrier
C
d U
ri z e
ssu
P re arrier
C
Interior view of
HTV pressurized Titanium Tanks,
(for carrying water, Length 10.3 m (33.8 ft)
carrier. propellant, and oxygen)
Propellant
Tanks
Maximum diameter 4.5 m (14.8 ft)
Lithium Ion Cargo
Batteries Environmental Compartment
Earth Sensors Control System Span across solar arrays 22.3 m (73.2 ft)
ISPRs (8)
Avionics
Solar Launch mass 20,750 kg (45,746 lb)
Hatch and Array
Berthing Ring Exposed Pallet
(to ISS Node) Payload
Cargo upload capacity 7,667 kg (16,903 lb)
Exposed Pallet
ATV
Spacecraft Engine thrust 1,960 N (441 lbf)
Bus
Forward Attitude
Control Engines International
Standard Payload Integrated Orbital life 6 mo
Racks (ISPRs) Cargo Carrier
Length 9.2 m (30 ft)
Cargo Load
Pressurized habitable
14 m3 (495 ft3)
volume Refueling propellant 860 kg (1,896 lb)
Probe and Drogue
Docking System
Unpressurized volume 16 m3 (565 ft3) Reboost propellant 4,700 kg (10,360 lb)
The HTV is berthed onto JEM by the The HTV primary propulsion system
Space Station RMS. performs rendezvous maneuvers. The ATV during manufacture.
Orbital life 6 mo Waste capacity 6,500 kg (14,330 lb)
International Space Station Guide
Transportation/Logistics
Crew Exploration Vehicle 46
Commercial Orbital
Transportation Services
(COTS)
NASA is seeking commercial providers of launch and return logistics services to support
the ISS after the Space Shuttle is retired. The first COTS demonstration missions are
planned for 2010.
Launch
Cargo/trash
Cargo Return
disposal
Proximity
Operations
(Prox Ops)
External/Internal Cargo
Delivery and Disposal
Cargo Transfer Internal Cargo Delivery
and Return
Crew Transportation
systems
The International Space Station (ISS) flight systems make up the core
functional infrastructure of the on-orbit ISS. The ISS flight systems
consist of Habitation; the Crew Health Care System (CHeCS);
Extravehicular Activity (EVA); the Environmental Control and
Life Support System (ECLSS); Computers and Data Management;
Propulsion; Guidance, Navigation, and Control; Communications;
the Thermal Control System (TCS); and the Electrical Power System
(EPS). These flight systems provide a safe, livable, and comfortable
environment in which crewmembers perform scientific research.
Payloads, hardware, software, and crew support items on the ISS
operate within the capabilities of these flight systems.
International Space Station Guide
Systems
49 Integrated Truss Assembly
5
31
10
37 7
37
29 36
10
3
39
7
34
35 39
28
27
19
P4
18
P3
39 23
41 14 13
2003–06 configuration, 10 21 16
looking from nadir. 17 10
5
15 14
P1
37 9 1 37 40
17
39 U.S. Lab 20
5 39
19 Outboard Lower Camera
23 40
18
S0
37 20 Photovoltaic Radiator
3
17 28 21 Pump Flow Control Assembly
33
31 35
10 37 10 22 Pump Flow Control Subassembly
39
21 27 39 7 8 Charged Particle Directional Spectrometer 23 Pump Module
S1
30
9 19 9 Direct Current Switching Unit (DCSU) 24 PVR Controller Unit
17
5 10 DC-to-DC Converter Unit (DDCU)
15 5 25 PVR Grapple Fixture Bar
6 4
S3
1 Solar Array Alpha Rotary Joint 11 Deployed Thermal System Radiator 26 Radiator Beam Valve Module
2 Ammonia Tank Assembly 12 Grapple Fixture 27 Remote Power Control Modules
3 Assembly Contingency 13 Inboard Lower Camera 28 Rotary Joint Motor Controller
31
S4 4
5
Baseband Signal Processor
Batteries
Battery Charge Discharge Unit
14 Main Bus Switching Units
15 Mast Storage Canister
29 S-Band Antenna
30 Solar Array Alpha Rotary Joint Drive
Lock Assembly
16 Mobile Transporter Rails
12
S5
4 6 Beta Gimbal Assemblies 31 Solar Array Wing
17 Multiplexer/De-Multiplexers
7 Cable Trays 32 Stowed Photovoltaic Radiator
20 18 Nitrogen Tank Assembly (interior to truss)
33 Struts
6
34 Thermal Control System Radiator Beam
S6 Manual
Berthing
Mechanism
Space to Ground
Antenna (SGANT) Z1 S0
35 Thermal Radiator Rotary Joint with Flex
Hose Rotary Coupler
36 Transponder
Z1-to-U.S. Lab 37 Trunnion
Umbilical
U.S. 38 UHF Antenna
Z1-to-U.S. Lab Airlock
Umbilical 39 Umbilical Mechanism Assemblies
20 31 40 Umbilicals
41 Unpressurized Cargo Carrier Attachment
Z1-to-S0 Node 1 U.S. Lab Node 2
Umbilical
42 Wireless Video System Antenna
2003–06 configuration, looking from aft. S-Band Antenna
Structural Assembly
(SASA)
Mounting locations of truss elements
view of top/forward/starboard
on Node 1 and U.S. Lab, starboard side view
International Space Station Guide
Systems
Habitation 50
The habitable elements of the International Space Station are mainly a series of cylindrical
modules. Many of the primary accommodations, including the waste management compartment
and toilet, the galley, individual crew sleep compartments, and some of the exercise facilities,
are in the Service Module (SM). A third sleep compartment is located in the U.S. Lab,
and additional exercise equipment is in the U.S. Lab and the Node. Additional habitation
capabilities for a crew of six will be provided prior to completion of ISS assembly.
Preparing meal in galley. Playing keyboard in U.S. Lab.
Shaving in SM.
U.S./Joint Airlock
Stowage in Node 1
Leroy Chiao uses RED. Crew uses medical restraint and defibrillator.
Volatile Organics
Blood Sample Reflotron Analyzer (VOA)
Water Samples
(taken for ground
Saliva Sample Kit analysis of contamination)
Con
Recovery U rine
en 16 Water Processor
O x yg ion 7 Multifiltration Beds 13
de
O2/N ra t Delivery Pump 1
at Gene
ns
Control 8 Particulate Filter
2
e Processed Urine 17 Water Processor 18
N2 9 Power Supply Pump & Separator 3
le
3
tW
a ter Po ta b r ate
r 10 Product Water Tank 18 Water Processor
uc Wa te ing ct W
od s P rodu Wastewater Tank
s 11 Pumps & Valves
Pr P roc e 4
Earth’s natural life-support system provides the air we breathe, the water we drink, and other 9 5 7
=Process Water 16
conditions that support life. For people to live in space, however, these functions must be Regenerative environmental = Oxygen 10
r
te
wa
e
Wa
st
control life support in the U.S. =Urine
=Hydrogen
performed by artificial means. The ECLSS includes compact and powerful systems that provide segment of the ISS. (vented overboard) =Brine
the crew with a comfortable environment in which to live and work. Crew System
=Potable Water =Humidity Condensate
Potable Water Hand Wash/
System Shaving
H2O
O2 CO2
Crew breathes in
OXYGEN air and generates OXYGEN Crew breathes
AIR carbon dioxide Fans and filters circulate air in air and generates
AIR and water vapor. AIR and filter out contaminants. carbon dioxide and H2O
H2O
O2 H2O/PERSPIRATION
water vapor.
H2O O2 H2O
Condensate Water
N2 FUEL
Delivery of High Processor (condenses N2 CELL
Pressure Oxygen and water vapor from air)
Air on Progress O2
Freshwater ECLSS on the ISS provides the following functions: O2
Water Delivery Storage
from Progress Tanks Lab Condensate
Oxygen and N2
Storage Tank (for
• Recycle wastewater (including • Maintain total cabin pressure condensate water)
Nitrogen (Shuttle
replenishes the
urine) to produce drinking • Detect and suppress fire gases stored in the N2
(potable) water airlock tanks)
• Maintain cabin temperature and N2
• Store and distribute potable water humidity levels
Carbon Dioxide N2
• Use recycled water to produce • Distribute cabin air between ISS Removal Assembly
Russian EDVs (used to oxygen for the crew modules (ventilation) (CDRA, adsorbs
store reclaimed water) carbon dioxide
• Remove carbon dioxide from the from crew)
SM gas analyzer.
cabin air
In the future, a new U.S. Regenerative
• Filter the cabin air for particulates Environmental Control and Life Support
and microorganisms System will take additional steps toward
• Remove volatile organic trace gases closing the water cycle; it will take
from the cabin air humidity condensate from the cabin air
• Monitor and control cabin air and urine from the crew and convert these
Common Cabin Air Assembly
partial pressures of nitrogen, into drinking water, oxygen for breathing, (CCAA, condenses water
Solid Fuel Oxygen
Generator (SFOG, burns oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen. vapor from air)
Airflow ventilation fan. candles to produce oxygen,
backup system) hydrogen, and water vapor
International Space Station Guide
Systems
53 Computers and Data Management
Maneuvering Truss
Segments into Place
at SSRMS Workstation
Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
(computer)
Laptop (in SM crew quarters) Primary Command Crew uses Progress Remote
Workstation in SM Control workstation in SM
Multiplexer/Demultiplexers
(mounted externally on
the truss).
Propulsion
The ISS orbits Earth at an altitude that ranges from 370 to 460 kilometers
(230 to 286 miles) and a speed of 28,000 kilometers per hour (17,500 miles
per hour). Owing to atmospheric drag, the ISS is constantly slowed. Therefore,
the ISS must be reboosted periodically in order to maintain its altitude. The ISS
progress service module fgb node/airlock destiny
must sometimes be maneuvered in order to avoid debris in orbit. Furthermore, shuttle
the ISS attitude control and maneuvering system can be used to assist in
3 rendezvous and dockings with visiting vehicles, although that capability is not
7
1 2
10 usually required.
6
9 Although the ISS typically relies upon large gyrodynes, which utilize
4
electrical power, to control its orientation (see “Guidance, Navigation, and
5
1 Progress Cargo Module 8 Control”), when force that is beyond the production capability of the gyrodynes
4 Main Engines (2) 7 Correction and Docking Engines (2)
2 Propellant Resupply Tanks
5 Attitude Control Engines (32) 8 Docking and Stabilization Engines (24)
is required, rocket engines provide propulsion for reorientation.
3 Progress Propulsion
System 6 Propellant Tanks (4) 9 Accurate Stabilization Engines (16) Rocket engines are located on the Service Module, as well as on the
10 Propellant Tanks (16)
Progress, Soyuz, and Space Shuttle spacecraft.
6
10 The Service Module provides 32 13.3-kilograms force (29.3-pounds
5 7
3 2 1 8 force) attitude control engines. The engines are combined into two groups
4 9 of 16 engines each, taking care of pitch, yaw, and roll control. Each Progress
provides 24 engines similar to those on the Service Module. When a Progress
is docked at the aft Service Module port, these engines can be used for pitch
Progress Rocket Engines Service Module Rocket Engines FGB Rocket Engines and yaw control. When the Progress is docked at the Russian Docking Module,
Progress is used for propellant Main Engines: 2,300 kgf (661 lbf), lifetime of 25,000 seconds FGB engines are deactivated once the the Progress engines can be used for roll control.
resupply and for performing reboosts. one or both main engines can be fired at a time; they are fed from Service Module is in use.
For the latter, Progress is preferred the Service Module’s propellant storage system
over the Service Module. Progress uses
Correction and Docking Engines: Besides being a resupply vehicle, the Progress provides a primary method
Attitude Control Engines: 32 multidirectional, 13.3 kgf 2 axis, 417 kgf (919 lbf)
four or eight attitude control engines,
all firing in the direction for reboost.
(29.3 lbf); attitude control engines can accept propellant fed
Docking and Stabilization Engines:
for reboosting the ISS. Eight 13.3-kilograms force (29.3-pounds force)
from the Service Module, the attached Progress, or the FGB
24 multidirectional, 40 kgf (88 lbf)
Orbital Correction Engine: 1 axis, 300 propellant tanks Progress engines can be used for reboosting. Engines on the Service Module,
kgf (661 lbf) Accurate Stabilization Engines:
Attitude Control Engines:
16 multidirectional, 1.3 kgf (2.86 lbf) Soyuz vehicles, and Space Shuttle can also be used. The Progress can also be
28 multidirectional, 13.3 kgf (29.3 lbf)
Service Module Propellant Storage
Two pairs of 200-L (52.8-gal) propellant tanks (two nitrogen
FGB Propellant Storage
used to resupply propellants stored in the FGB that are used in the Service
tetroxide N2O 4 and two unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine
[UDMH]) provide a total of 860 kg (1,896 lb) of usable There are two types of propellant Module engines. The ESA ATV and JAXA HTV will also provide propulsion and
propellant. The propulsion system rocket engines use the tanks in the Russian propulsion system:
hypergolic reaction of UDMH and N2O 4. The Module employs bellows tanks (SM, FGB), able both to reboost capability.
a pressurization system using N2 to manage the flow of receive and to deliver propellant, and
propellants to the engines. diaphragm tanks (Progress), able only
to deliver fuel.
Sixteen tanks provide 5,760 kg
(12,698 lb) of N2O 4 and UDMH storage:
eight long tanks, each holding 400 L
(105.6 gal), and eight short tanks, each
holding 330 L (87.17 gal).
International Space Station Guide
Systems
55 Extravehicular Activity
Don/Doff Contaminant
Assembly Oxygen Control
Control Cartridge
Suit
Actuator
1
Primary
2
Layers
Space Suit O2 Tanks
Assembly 4
Common Berthing (SSA) Secondary 3
Mechanism and Node O2 System 5
Hatch Connection for 6
Service and
Intravehicular Cooling Umbilical 1 Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG). Cover:
Hatch Ortho/KEVLAR® reinforced with GORE-TEX®.
Primary Life Support
Extravehicular Hatch System (PLSS) 2 TMG Insulation. Five to seven layers of aluminized
Nitrogen Tank Mylar® (more layers on arms and legs).
Temperature
Control Valve 3 TMG liner. Neoprene-coated nylon ripstop.
4 Pressure garment cover. Restraint: Dacron®.
Nitrogen Tank Colored
Mike Fincke, flight engineer on Expedition 5 Pressure garment bladder. Urethane-coated
ID Stripe nylon oxford fabric.
9, inside Quest’s Equipment Lock.
Toolbox 2 6 Liquid cooling garment. Neoprene tubing.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Airlock (Pirs [Pier]) The Orlan-M spacesuit is designed to protect an EVA crewmember from the ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia vacuum of space, ionizing radiation, solar energy, and micrometeoroids. The main
(RSC Energia) body and helmet of the suit are integrated and are constructed of aluminum alloy. Crewmember in liquid cooling garment prepares
View of the zenith end Arms and legs are made of a flexible fabric material. Crewmembers to enter Orlan hatch.
of the DC, with probe enter from the rear via the backpack door, which allows Liquid Cooling Garment
extended, as it prepares to
dock with the ISS in 2001.
Pirs provides the capability for extravehicular activity using Russian Orlan suits. rapid entry and exit without assistance. The Orlan-M
Pirs also provides contingency capability for ingress for U.S. EMU EVAs. Addition- spacesuit is a “one-size-fits-most” suit.
ally, Pirs provides systems for servicing and refurbishing the Orlan suits. The nadir O2 Regulator Backpack
Docking System on Pirs provides a port for the docking of Soyuz and Progress
logistics vehicles. When the final Russian science module arrives, Communications Cap Reserve O2
Helmet
Docking Bottle
Lights
System Probe Pirs will be moved to the zenith Service Module port.
Attitude Control and
Wide-Beam Antenna Suit Pressure Water Bag
Zenith Docking Gauge
System (male) and
High-Gain Electrical
Hatch Entrance to
Wide-Beam Antenna Antenna Control Panel Lithium
Service Module
Hydroxide
Cartridge
Stela Manipulator EVA
Boom for Moving Hatch 2 Fluid Umbilical
High-Gain Drain Valve Crew and Cargo Connector CO2 Sensor Filter
Antenna Backpack
Attitude Control Closure
Antenna Strap
Water Filter
Kurs Antenna
Cover Over
Moisture Collector
Refueling
Separator
Hydraulic
EVA Hatch 2 Valves
Primary O2 Bottle
Electrical
Umbilical Battery
DC in preparation
for launch.
DC in preparation for launch.
Length 4.9 m (16 ft) The suit operates at a nominal 0.4 atm (5.8 psi)
with a 100% oxygen atmosphere.
Maximum diameter 2.55 m (8.4 ft)
The suit’s maximum EVA duration is 7 hours.
Mass 3,838 kg (8,461 lb)
The weight of the entire Orlan assembly is 238 lb.
Volume 13 m (459 ft )
3 3
Russian Global
Navigation Satellite System
(GLONASS) Satellites
Service Module
Horizon Sensor
Control Moment Gyroscope gimbals used
for orienting the ISS.
Russian Lira
(transmits direct HCMG 2 HCMG 3
to ground) Fringe Pattern
UHF Band
EVA Crew-
HCMG 1
Yuri Onofrienko during communications pass. Corner Prism
members Detector
Mirrors (3)
Optical Cavity
HCMG 1 HCMG 3
Ham Radio (transmits Output Pulses
directly to the ground)
Anode (2) HCMG 2 HCMG 4
Laser Counterclockwise Beam
Mission Control Center The Rate Gyroscope Discharge HNET
(relays communications Assemblies (RGAs) are
to remote locations) the U.S. attitude rate
Space Shuttle
S Band and Ku Band (relayed sensors used to measure the
from the ISS via TDRS satellite) changing orientation of the
HNET 1 HNET 3
ISS. RGAs are installed on the Transducer Cathode Sensor Input
Rate
back of the Truss, under the
HNET 2 HNET 4
GPS antennas, and they are
impossible to see on the ISS Path Length
Tammy Jernigan wearing EMU communications * Luch not currently in use. unless shielding is removed. Control Circuit Forces are induced as CMGs are repositioned.
carrier (“Snoopy cap” ).
International Space Station Guide International Space Station Guide
Systems Systems
Electrical Power System 62 63 Thermal Control System
Sunlight
Main Bus Switching Units (MBSUs) (route
power to proper locations in the ISS) Electrical Energy Electrical Energy
Power Coming
in from Arrays MBSUs
Truss
Electronics Control Unit Remote Power
(ECU) (controls pointing Controllers (RPCs) Heat Exchangers
Integrated Equipment of solar arrays) (control the flow Interface Internal Water Powered
Assembly (IEA) Truss of electric power Coolant to External Equipment
(houses EPS hardware) U.S. Lab to users) Ammonia Coolant (creates heat)
Moderate-
DC-to-DC Converter Units Module Temperature
(DDCUs)—Some Located on Water Coolant External Ammonia
Truss (convert primary Power Going from Loops (17 oC, Coolant Loops (remove
160-V power to secondary MBSUs Through 63 oF) heat through radiator)
124-V power) Umbilicals into U.S. Lab
DDCUs—Some Located
in Modules (convert
primary 160-V power to
secondary 124-V power) Radiator
ESA Headquarters
Paris, France
http://www.nasa.gov
International Space Station Guide International Space Station Guide
ISS International Facilities and Operations ISS International Facilities and Operations
Europe 72 73 Japan
Europe
European Space Agency (ESA)
Columbus Control Centre (COL-CC) and Automated In addition to the JAXA headquarters in Tokyo and other field
Transfer Vehicle CONTROL centre (ATV-CC) centers throughout the country, Tsukuba Space Center and
Two ground control centers are responsible for controlling and operating Tanegashima Launch Facility are JAXA’s primary ISS facilities.
the European contribution to the ISS program. These are the Columbus
Control Centre and the Automated Transfer Vehicle Control Centre. Tsukuba Space Center (TKSC)
The COL-CC, located at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), in
Oberpfaffenhofen, near Munich, Germany, will control and operate the JAXA’s Tsukuba Space Center is located in Tsukuba Science
Columbus Research Laboratory and coordinate European experiments City. As part of the International Space Station project, the
(payload) operations. The ATV-CC, located in Toulouse, France, on the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) “Kibo” is developed and
premises of the French space agency Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales tested at TKSC. JAXA is preparing the Kibo Control Centre
(CNES), will control and operate the ATVs. for support of the JEM once it is launched. Astronaut training
for JEM will be conducted at JAXA.
Guiana Space Centre (GSC)
Tanegashima space center (TNSC)
Europe’s Spaceport is situated in the northeast of South America in French
Guiana. Initially created by CNES, it is jointly funded and used by both the The Tanegashima Space Center is the largest space-development
French space agency and ESA as the launch site for the Ariane 5 vehicle. facility in Japan and is located in the south of Kagoshima
Prefecture, along the southeast coast of Tanegashima. The Osaki
Range is onsite for J-I and H-IIA launch vehicles. There are
European astronaut centre (EAC) also related developmental facilities for test firings of liquid-
The European Astronaut Centre of the European Space Agency is situated and solid-fuel rocket engines.
in Cologne, Germany. It was established in 1990 and is the home base of the
13 European astronauts who are members of the European Astronaut Corps. http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html
User CentERs
http://www.esa.int
International Space Station Guide
ISS International Facilities and Operations
Russia 74
Russia
Roscosmos, the Russian Federal Space Agency
Baikonur Cosmodrome
The Baikonur Cosmodrome, in Kazakhstan, is the chief launch center
for both piloted and unpiloted space vehicles. It supports the Soyuz and
Proton launch vehicles and plays an essential role in the deployment and
operation of the International Space Station.
http://www.roscosmos.ru
missions
High-performing personnel are key to International Space Station (ISS)
mission success. International crewmembers and ground controllers
who support assembly, logistics, and long-duration missions have highly
specialized skills and training. They also utilize procedures and tools
developed especially for the ISS.
The experience gained from the ISS Program has improved the
interaction between the flight crews and ground-team members and
has made missions safer and more effective. Moreover, working with
teams from many countries and cultures on the ground and in space has
provided (and continues to provide) innovative solutions to critical
operational challenges.
International Space Station Guide International Space Station Guide
Missions Missions
ISS Expeditions and Crews 76 77 Expedition Crews
Expedition 7 Expedition 14
International Space Station Guide International Space Station Guide
Missions Missions
STS Missions and Crews 78 79 STS Missions and Crews
STS-96 STS-92
STS-102 STS-108
STS-101 STS-97
STS-100 STS-110
STS Missions and Crews (continued from page 79) Shuttle ISS Missions
STS-112 Atlantis STS-114 Discovery
Mission Patch Crew Shuttle Flight/
Jeffrey Ashby, U.S. Eileen Collins, U.S.
ISS Sequence No. Launched Landed Docked
Sandra Magnus, U.S. James Kelly, U.S.
Pamela Melroy, U.S. Soichi Noguchi, Japan (JAXA)
STS-88/2A 12/04/98 12/15/98 6 d, 20 h, 38 m
Piers Sellers, U.S. Stephen Robinson, U.S.
STS-112 David Wolf, U.S. Andrew Thomas, U.S.
Fyodor Yurchikhin, Russia Wendy Lawrence, U.S. STS-96/2A.1 05/27/99 06/06/99 5 d, 18 h, 17 m
(Roscosmos) Charles Camarda, U.S.
Launched: Oct. 7, 2002 Launched: July 26, 2005 STS-101/2A.2a 05/19/00 05/29/00 5 d, 18 h, 32 m
Returned: Oct. 18, 2002 Returned: Aug. 9, 2005
STS-106/2A.2b 09/08/00 09/19/00 7 d, 21 h, 54 m
STS-113 Endeavour STS-121 Discovery
STS-113
John Herrington, U.S. Steven Lindsey, U.S.
STS-92/3A 10/11/00 10/24/00 6 d, 21 h, 24 m
Paul Lockhart, U.S. Mark Kelly, U.S.
Michael Lopez-Alegria, U.S. Michael Fossum, U.S.
James Wetherbee, U.S. Piers Sellers, U.S. STS-97/4A 11/30/00 12/11/00 6 d, 23 h, 13 m
Kenneth Bowersox, U.S., up* Lisa Nowak, U.S.
Nikolai Budarin, Russia Stephenie Wilson, U.S. STS-98/5A 02/07/01 02/20/01 6 d, 21 h, 15 m
(Roscosmos), up* Thomas Reiter, Germany
STS-114 Donald Pettit, U.S., up* (ESA), up*
STS-102/5A.1 03/08/01 03/21/01 8 d, 21 h, 54 m
Valery Korzun, Russia Launched: July 4, 2006
(Roscosmos), down* Returned: July 17, 2006
Sergei Treschev, Russia STS-100/6A 04/19/01 05/01/01 8 d, 3 h, 35 m
(Roscosmos), down* STS-115 Atlantis
Peggy Whitson, U.S., down* STS-104/7A 07/12/01 07/24/01 8 d, 1 h, 46 m
Brent Jett, U.S.
Launched: Nov. 23, 2002
Christopher Ferguson, U.S.
STS-121 Returned: Dec. 7, 2002
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper, U.S. STS-105/7A.1 08/10/01 08/22/01 7 d, 20 h, 10 m
Joseph Tanner, U.S.
Daniel Burbank, U.S.
STS-108/UF-1* 12/05/01 12/17/01 7 d, 21 h, 25 m
Steven MacLean, Canada (CSA)
Scheduled to launch: Aug. 2006
Scheduled to return: Sept. 2006 STS-110/8A 04/08/02 04/19/02 7 d, 2 h, 26 m
STS-115
STS-111/UF-2* 06/05/02 06/19/02 7 d, 22 h, 7 m
* “Up” means that the crewmember launched
on this flight; “down” means that the crew- STS-112/9A 10/07/02 10/18/02 6 d, 21 h, 56 m
member returned on this flight.
* “UF” means utilization flight; “LF” means logistics flight; “ULF” means utilization and logistics flight.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• T he ISS effort involves more than • Includingthe launch of the first • As of August 2006:
100,000 people in space agencies, module—Zarya at 1:40 a.m. e.s.t.
at 500 contractor facilities, and in on November 20, 1998—there • Spacewalks (EVAs): 69 (28 Shuttle-
37 U.S. states. That’s almost half of have been 55 launches to the ISS based, 41 ISS-based) totaling
the entire population of the U.S. state (37 Russian flights and 18 U.S./ 410 hours.
of North Dakota. Shuttle flights).
• Building the ISS in space has been
• As of June 2006, the number of • The 38 Russian flights include 3 compared to changing a spark plug
crewmembers and visitors who have modules (Zarya, Zvezda, and Pirs), or hanging a shelf while wearing roller
traveled to the ISS included 116 different 13 Soyuz crew vehicles, and 22 skates and two pairs of ski gloves with
people representing 10 countries. Progress resupply ships. all your tools, screws, and materials teth-
ered to your body so they don’t drop.
• Living and working on the ISS is • At Assembly Complete, 80 space
like building one room of a house, flights will have been scheduled to
moving in a family of three, and asking take place using five different types
them to finish building the house while of launch vehicles.
working full time from home.
International Space Station Guide International Space Station Guide
Interesting Facts Interesting Facts
Physical Parameters 88 89 Physical Dimensions
Physical Parameters a conventional three-bedroom house. • At Assembly Complete, the ISS will • At Assembly Complete, a maximum Meals Environmental Control
There are 9 research racks on board plus measure 110 m (361 ft) end to end. That’s 110 kW of power, including 30 kW
Mass 16 system racks and 10 stowage racks. equivalent to the length of a U.S. football of long-term average power for • Crews have eaten about 23,000 meals • ISS systems recycle about 6.4 kg (14 lb)
field, including the end zones. applications, is/will be available. and 20,000 snacks, which equals 18,150 or 6.42 L (1.7 gal) of crew-expelled air
• The mass of the ISS currently is 186,000 • At Assembly Complete, more than kg (40,000 lb) of food. Approximately each day. 2.7 kg (6 lb) of that comes from
kg (410,000 lb) (equivalent to about 120 telephone-booth-size rack facilities Electrical Power Thermal Control 3,630 kg (4 tons) of supplies are the U.S. segment. The processed water
132 automobiles). will be installed in the ISS for operat- required to support a crew of three for is then used for technical or drinking
ing the spacecraft systems and research • The solar array surface area currently on • Currently, there are 21 honeycombed about 6 months. purposes.
• At Assembly Complete, the ISS will be experiments. orbit is 892 m2 (9,600 ft2), which is large aluminum radiator panels, each mea-
about four times as large as the Russian enough to cover 75% of the U.S. House suring 1.8 m x 3 m (6 ft x 10 ft), for a • Based on input from ISS crew members, • The ISS travels an equivalent distance to
space station Mir and about five times • When completely assembled, the ISS of Representatives Chamber (42 m x 28 total of 156 m2 (1,680 ft2) of ammonia- the most popular on-orbit foods are the Moon and back in about a day. That’s
as large as the U.S. Skylab. will have an internal pressurized volume m = 1,176 m2) (139 ft x 93 ft = 12,927 ft2). tubing-filled heat exchange area. shrimp cocktail, tortillas, barbecue equivalent to crossing the North American
of 935 m3 (33,023 ft3 ), or about 1.5 Boeing beef brisket, breakfast sausage links, continent about 135 times every day.
• At Assembly Complete, the ISS will 747s, and will be larger than a five-bed- • At Assembly Complete, 12.9 km (8 mi) • At Assembly Complete, there will be chicken fajitas, vegetable quiche,
have a mass of almost 419,600 kg room house. of wire will connect the electrical power 42 honeycombed aluminum radiator macaroni and cheese, candy-coated Data Management
(925,000 lb). That’s the equivalent of system. panels, each measuring 1.8 m x 3 m chocolates, and cherry blueberry
more than 330 automobiles. Physical Dimensions (6 ft x 10 ft), for a total area of 312 m2 cobbler. The favorite beverage to • Fifty-two computers will control the
• Currently, 26 kW of power is generated. (3,360 ft2) of ammonia-tubing-filled wash it all down? Lemonade. systems on the ISS.
• The entire 16.4-m (55-ft) robot arm • The ISS solar array surface will be heat exchange area.
assembly will be able to lift 99,790 kg large enough to cover the U.S. Senate • At Assembly Complete, the solar array Crew Hours • The data transmission rate is 150 Mb
(220,000 lb), which is the mass of a Chamber more than three times over at surface area is 2,500 m2 (27,000 ft2), an Module Berthing per second downlink with simultan-
Space Shuttle orbiter. Assembly Complete. acre of solar panels. • While a year of Space Shuttle oper- eous uplink.
• To ensure a good seal, the Common ations (seven crew members, 11-day
Habitable Volume • A solar array’s wingspan of 73 m (240 • At Assembly Complete, there will be a Berthing Mechanism automatic missions, five flights per year) results • Currently, 2.8 million lines of software
ft) is longer than that of a Boeing 777, total of 262,400 solar cells. latches pull two modules together in 9,240 total crew hours, 1 year of ISS code on the ground will support 1.5
• The ISS has about 425 m3 (15,000 ft3) which is 65 m (212 ft). and tighten 16 connecting bolts with operations—26,280 total crew hours million lines of flight software code,
of habitable volume—more room than a force of 8,618 kg (19,000 lb) each. (three crew, 365 days)—is almost three which will double by Assembly
times that amount. Complete.
International Space Station Guide International Space Station Guide
Interesting Facts Interesting Facts
Research and Applications 90 91 Education/Crew Medical Care
• In the International Space Station’s U.S. ISS over 64 months of continuous • The ISS provides an excellent viewing Education • In-flight education downlinks (part weightless and is being studied to
segment alone, 1.5 million lines of flight research. Nine research racks are on platform for Earth; its range covers more of Education Payload Operations) see if it can slow the rate of bone
software code will run on 44 computers board. More than 7,700 kg (17,000 than 90% of the populated areas of the • Educational activities relating to the have linked crewmembers aboard the loss that occurs in space.
communicating via 100 data networks lb) of research equipment and facili- planet. Station crews have taken more ISS include student-developed experi- ISS with students around the world. The
transferring 400,000 signals (e.g., pres- ties have been brought to the ISS. than 200,000 images of Earth—almost a ments; educational demonstrations and students have studied the science activi- • Genetic techniques will soon be
sure or temperature measurements, valve third of the total number of images taken activities; and student participation in ties on the ISS and living and working in used to examine the microbial
positions, etc.). • Research topics have been diverse— from orbit by astronauts. classroom versions of ISS experiments, space in preparation for asking questions environment of the Space Station,
from protein crystal growth to NASA investigator experiments, and ISS of the crewmembers. Through broad- and culture studies will determine
• The ISS will manage 20 times as many physics to telemedicine. New • About 700,000 NASA digital pho- engineering activities. casts sponsored by Channel One and the the effect of the space environment
signals as the Space Shuttle. scientific results from early Space tographs of Earth are downloaded U.S. Department of Education, over 30 on the growth of microbes. This will
Station research, in fields from basic by scientists, educators, and the • From early 2000 through April 2006, million students have been able to watch allow better assessment of the risks
science to exploration research, are public each month from the “Gate- 24 unique types of educational programs the interviews. of pathogens to crewmembers on
Research and Applications being published every month. way to Astronaut Photography of involved 31.8 million students, and over long-duration missions.
Earth” (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov). 12,500 teachers participated in ISS- Crew Medical Care
• Expedition crews conduct science • Some 100 scientists, from as many insti- based education workshops. • Medical ultrasound will be used as
daily, across a wide variety of fields, tutions, have been principal investigators • In 2005, ISS astronauts took key • Information from biomedical research on a diagnostic tool should a crewmember
including human research, life sciences, on ISS research, either completed or photographs of the hurricane damage • In the EarthKAM experiment, nearly ISS is designed to develop countermea- be hurt, even if the rest of the crew has
physical sciences, and Earth observation, ongoing. NASA research has involved in Mississippi and Louisiana, as well 1,000 schools and 66,000 middle school sures to the negative effects of long- not been previously trained in how to
as well as education and technology lead investigators from the U.S., Belgium, as damage and recovery efforts from students have controlled a digital camera duration space flight on the human do a specific type of scan. The same
demonstrations (http://exploration. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the tsunami in Sri Lanka; documented on board the ISS to photograph features body so that future astronauts will be telemedicine techniques benefit patients
nasa.gov/programs/station). the Netherlands, and Spain. On some floods and droughts; and took detailed of Earth. The students have investigated able to explore more safely. For example, in rural areas and may eventually allow
experiments, these principal investigators photographs of cities around the world, a wide range of topics such as defores- ultrasound images taken on ambulances
• As of June 2006, 90 science investi- represent dozens of scientists who share from London to Jeddah to Irkutsk. tation, urbanization, volcanoes, river • Resistive exercise allows astronauts to be sent ahead to the hospital.
gations have been conducted on the data to maximize research. deltas, and pollution. to do weight training while they are
International Space Station Guide
Interesting Facts
Exploration 92
Systems developed for use on ISS may serve as the basis of future lunar outposts.
appendix
International Space Station Guide
Appendix
Image Sources 94
Acronym List
1P Progress flight DLR German Aerospace Center HTV H-II Transfer Vehicle [JAXA]
1S Soyuz flight DMS Data Management System IBMP Institute for Biomedical Problems
AC Assembly Complete DOS Long-Duration Orbital Station ICC Integrated Cargo Carrier
[Russian] ICS Internal Communications System
ACU Arm Control Unit
EADS European Aeronautic Defence
ARC Ames Research Center IEA Integrated Equipment Assembly
and Space Company
ARIS Active Rack Isolation System IRU In-flight Refill Unit
ECLSS Environmental Control and Life
ATCS Active Thermal Control System Support System ISPR International Standard Payload Rack
atm Atmospheres ECS Exercise Countermeasures System ISS International Space Station
ATV Automated Transfer Vehicle, ECU Electronics Control Unit ITA Integrated Truss Assembly
launched by Ariane [ESA] ITS Integrated Truss Structure
EDR European Drawer Rack
ATV-CC Automated Transfer Vehicle IV-CPDS Intravehicular Charged Particle
EDV Water Storage Container [Russian]
Control Centre Directional Spectrometer
EF Exposed Facility
BCA Battery Charging Assembly JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
EHS Environmental Health System
BCDU Battery Charge Discharge Unit JEM Japanese Experiment Module
ELC Express Logistics Carrier
BSA Battery Stowage Assembly JEM-ELM Japanese Experiment Module-
ELM Experiment Logistics Module
CBM Common Berthing Mechanism Experiment Logistics Module
EMU Extravehicular Mobility Unit
CC Control Center JEM-ELM-EF Japanese Experiment Module-
EPM European Physiology Module Experiment Logistics Module-
CCAA Common Cabin Air Assembly
EPS Electrical Power System Exposed Facility
CCC Contaminant Control Cartridge
JEM-ELM-ES Japanese Experiment Module-
ERA European Robotic Arm
CDRA Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly Experiment Logistics Module-
ESA European Space Agency Exposed Section
CETA Crew and Equipment Translation
Aid/Assembly ESTEC European Space Research and JEM-ELM-PS Japanese Experiment Module-
Technology Centre Experiment Logistics Module-
CEV Crew Exploration Vehicle
ETC European Transport Carrier Pressurized Section
CEVIS Cycle Ergometer with Vibration
Isolation System EVA Extravehicular Activity JEM-PM Japanese Experiment Module-
Pressurized Module
CHeCS Crew Health Care System ExPCA EXPRESS Carrier Avionics
JEM-RMS Japanese Experiment Module-
CMG Control Moment Gyroscope EXPRESS Expedite the Processing of
Remote Manipulator System
Experiments to the Space Station
CMRS Crew Medical Restraint System
JSC Johnson Space Center
FGB Functional Cargo Block
CMS Countermeasures System
kgf Kilogram Force
FRAM Flight Releasable Attachment
CNES Centre National D’Études Spatiales
Mechanism kN Kilonewton
[French space agency]
FRGF Flight Releasable Grapple Fixture KSC Kennedy Space Center
NASA wishes to acknowledge the use of COF Columbus Orbital Facility
FSA Roscosmos, Russian Federal lbf Pound Force
COL-CC Columbus Control Centre
images provided by: COTS Commercial Orbital
Space Agency LF Logistics Flight
FSL Fluid Science Laboratory LiOH Lithium Hydroxide
Transportation Services
GASMAP Gas Analyzer System for Metabolic LSS Life Support Subsystem
Canadian Space Agency CPDS Charged Particle Directional
Analysis Physiology
Spectrometer Mb Megabit
GB Gigabyte
European Space Agency CRPCM Canadian Remote Power MBS Mobile Base System
Controller Module GCM Gas Calibration Module
MBSU Main Bus Switching Unit
CSA Canadian Space Agency GCTC Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency MCC Mission Control Center
CTB Cargo Transfer Bag GN&C Guidance, Navigation, and Control
MDM Multiplexer-Demultiplexer
Roscosmos, the Russian Federal Space Agency CWC Contingency Water Container GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System
MELFI Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory
[Russian]
DC Docking Compartment; Freezer for ISS
Direct Current GPS Global Positioning System
MGBX Microgravity Science Glovebox
DCSU Direct Current Switching Unit GRC Glenn Research Center
MLE Middeck Locker Equivalent
DDCU DC-to-DC Converter Unit GSC Guiana Space Center
MLM Multipurpose Laboratory Module
DDT&E Design, Development, Test, HMS Health Maintenance System
MMOD Micrometeoroid/Orbital Debris
and Evaluation HRF Human Research Facility
(continued on page 96)
International Space Station Guide
Appendix
Acronym List and Definitions 96
Canada
www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/default.asp
ISS Partners:
Japan
www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html
Russian Federation
www.roscosmos.ru
NASA SP-2006-557
ISBN 0-9710327-2-6