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Calque - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Calque
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In linguistics, a calque /klk/ or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation. Used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. "Calque" is a loanword from a French noun, and derives from the verb "calquer" ("to trace", "to copy").[1] "Loanword" is a calque of the German "Lehnwort ", just as "loan translation" is of "Lehnbersetzung".[2] Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword, since in some cases a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the language proposed to be borrowing, or the calque contains less obvious imagery. Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching.[3] While calquing includes (semantic) translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i.e. retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word or morpheme in the target language).

Contents
1 Examples 1.1 "Skyscraper" 1.2 "Translation" 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links

Examples
Main article: List of calques The common English phrase "flea market" is a phrase calque that literally translates the French "march aux puces" ("market of fleas").[4] The German word "Flohmarkt" also corresponds. Another example is "bienvenue" ("welcome"), in Canadian French sometimes used for "You're welcome" in response to "Thank you", instead of the standard-French "Je vous en prie" ("I beg of you") or "avec plaisir" ("with pleasure").

"Skyscraper"
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An example in the opposite direction, from English to French, shows how a compound word may be calqued by first breaking it down into its component roots. The French "gratte-ciel" is a word-coinage inspired by the English "skyscraper" "gratter" means "to scrape", and "ciel" means "sky". Many languages have constructed their own calques: Azerbaijani: "gydln" ("sky-piercer") Afrikaans: "wolkekrabber" ("clouds-scraper") Arabic: "( " nia sub, "cloudsrammer") Armenian: "" (yerg-n-a-ker, "skyscratcher") Bengali: "aakash jharhu " ("skysweeper") Bosnian: "neboder" (neboder, "sky-ripper") Bulgarian: "" (nebostrga, "skyscraper") Catalan: "gratacels" ("scrapes-skies") Chinese: "" (mtin dlu, "skyscraping big building") Croatian: "neboder" ("sky-ripper"; from "derati nebo", "to rip the sky") Czech and Slovak: "mrakodrap" ("cloudscraper") Danish: "skyskraber" ("cloud-scraper") Dutch: "wolkenkrabber" ("clouds-scraper") Estonian: "pilvelhkuja" ("cloud-breaker") Finnish: "pilvenpiirtj" ("cloud-sketcher") French: "gratte-ciel" ("scrapes-sky") German: "Wolkenkratzer" ("cloud-scraper") Greek: " " (uranoxstis, "skyscraper") Hebrew: "( " gored s'khakim, "scraper of skies") Hungarian: "felhkarcol" ("cloud-scraper") Icelandic: "skjakljfur" ("cloud-splitter") Indonesian and Malay: "pencakar langit " ("scraper-sky") Italian: "grattacielo" ("scrapes-sky") Japanese: "" (matenrou, "sky-scraping tower") Latvian: "debesskrpis" ("sky-scraper") Lithuanian: "dangoraiis" ("sky-scraper") Macedonian: "" (oblakoder, "cloudscraper") Norwegian: "skyskraper" ("cloud-scraper") Persian: "( "smnkhrsh, "skyscraper") Polish: "drapacz chmur" ("cloud-scraper") Portuguese: "arranha-cu" ("scrapes-sky") Romanian: "zgrie-nori" ("scrapes-clouds") Russian: "" (neboskrb, "sky-scraper") Serbian: "" (neboder, "sky-ripper") Slovene: "nebotinik " ("sky-rubber,-toucher") Spanish: "rascacielos" ("scrapes-skies") Swedish: "skyskrapa" ("sky-scraper") Tamil: " " ("sky-reaching") Thai: " " ("sky-scraping building") Turkish: "gkdelen" ("sky-piercer") Ukrainian: "" (hmaroos, "cloudscratcher") Vietnamese: "nh chc tri" ("sky-poking building")

"Translation"
The word "translation", etymologically, means a "carrying across" or "bringing across": the Latin "translatio" derives from "transferre" ("trans", "across" + "ferre", "to bear").[5]

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Some European languages have calqued their words for the concept of "translation" on the kindred Latin "traducere" ("to lead across" or "to bring across", from "trans", "across" + "ducere", "to lead" or "to bring").[5] European languages of the Romance, Germanic and Slavic branches have calqued their terms for the concept of translation on these Latin models.[5] Romance languages: Aragonese: "traduccin" [6] Catalan: "traducci" [6] French: "traduction" [6] Italian: "traduzione" [6] Portuguese: "traduo" [6] Romanian: "traducere" [6] Spanish: "traduccin" [6] Germanic languages: Danish: "oversttelse" [7] English: "translation" Frisian: "oersetting" [7] German: "bersetzung" [7] Norwegian (NB): "oversettelse" [7] Norwegian (NN): "Omsetjing"
[7]

Slavic languages: Belarusian: "" [7] Bosanski: "prijevod" [6] Bulgarian: "" [6] Croatian: "prijevod" [6] Czech: "peklad" [7] Macedonian: "" [6] Polish: "przekad" [7] Russian: "" [6] Serbian: "" [6] Serbo-Croatian: "prevod" or "prijevod" [6] Slovak: "preklad" [7] Slovene: "prevod" [6] Ukrainian: ""[7]

Swedish: "versttning" [7]

See also
Anglicism Chinese-ordered English Chinese Pidgin English Cognate Gallicism Germanism Loanword Metatypy Semantic loan Translation Wasei-eigo

Notes
1. ^ calque. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000 (http://www.bartleby.com/61/32/C0043200.html) 2. ^ Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com (http://germanenglishwords.com/) 3. ^ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew (http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X. 4. ^ flea market. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000 (http://www.bartleby.com/61/77/F0177700.html)
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5. ^ a b c Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", The Polish Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, p. 83. 6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "leading across" or "putting across" 7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "putting across"

References
Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", The Polish Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, pp. 8387. Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com (http://germanenglishwords.com/) Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns" (http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf), Journal of Language Contact , Varia 2, 2009, pp. 4067. Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.

External links
EtymOnline (http://www.etymonline.com) Merriam Webster Online (http://www.merriamwebster.com/)

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