Seminario

Outline Basic Denitions The Equation of State Entropy and Adiabatic Processes Wiens Theorem Chemical Potential of Therm
Thermodynamics of Radiation
C esar Arroyo C.1
1 Instituto de F sica Universidad de Antioquia
September 4, 2013
Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation
Universidad de Antioquia
Outline of Topics
1 Basic Denitions 2 The Equation of State 3 Entropy and Adiabatic Processes 4 Wiens Theorem 5 Chemical Potential of Thermal Radiation 6 Matter-Antimatter in Equilibrium with Thermal Radiation: The
State of Zero Chemical Potential

7 References
Basic Denitions
Radiance: I [W sr 1 m2 ]
Basic Denitions
Radiance: I [W sr 1 m2 ] Intensity: I [W m2 ]
Basic Denitions
Radiance: I [W sr 1 m2 ] Intensity: I [W m2 ] Energy Density: u [J m3 ]
Basic Denitions
It can also be dened spectral quantities, which corresponds to a given of the quantities above in a range of frequencies + d Spectral radiance: I ( ) [W sr 1 m2 Hz 1 ] Spectral intensiy: I ( ) [W m2 Hz 1 ] Spectral energy density: u ( ) [J m3 Hz 1 ]
A Simple Relation and Observation
There is a simple relation between the spectral radiance and the energy density for radiation propagating at c. u ( ) = 4 I ( ) c
Gustav Kirchho noted that thermal radiation in equilibrium with several substances should not change with the introduction or removal of a substance. So, I ( ) and u ( ) must be only functions of temperature.
Spectral Absorptivity and Emissivity
The spectral absorptivity ak (T , ) is dened as the fraction of thermal radiance absorbed by the body k in the frequency range and d . Emissivity is dened analogous and taking into account the fraction of thermal radiance emitted by body k
Kirchhos Law
This law establishes that at thermal equilibrium, as the thermal radiance I (T , ) is independent of the substances with which it is in equilibrium, the ratio Ik (T , )/ak (T , ) is independent of the substance k , where the subscript k indicates the spectral radiance for body k . For a black body, ak (T , ) = 1. In thermal equilibrium, the radiation absorbed in a solid angle d must be equal the radiation emitted in the same solid angle. Kirchhos Law is stated equivalently as emmisivity ek = absorptivity ak
Plancks Formula
At the end of the XIX century, scientists met the challenge of determining the function form of I (T , ) or u (T , ). Deductions based on the laws of physics known at that time failed for the prediction of u (T , ) and predicted innite values when integrated over all frequencies. This problem was solved by Max Planck which by introducing the quantum hypothesis deduce the next formula for u (T , ) u (T , ) = d 8 h 3 3 h / k BT 1 c e
The Equation of State
Because electromagnetic radiation imparts momentum and energy to matter, it must be that radiation carries momentum and energy. Considering a box lled with photons and considering the momentum imparted to a unit of area of the wall per second, it can be shown heuristically that p ( ) = u ( ) 3
This result is true also for p and u , p = u /3
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Because energy density depends only on temperature, then in a volume V is true that U = Vu (T ) Assigning to the change of entropy a value of de S = dQ dU + pdV = T T
because of the ow of heat, we can now use Helmholtz equation U V = T2

T
p T
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Using this formula we can prove that u (T ) = T 4 in this formula is a constant and = 7.56 1016 Jm3 K 4 . In terms of the intensity I = c 4 T 4 = T 4
where = 5.67 108 Wm2 K 4 is called the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. With this results we can write p (T ) =
T 4 3
Entropy and Adiabatic Processes

Considering the dierential of entropy, U as a function only of T and V, and using the formulas for p and U obtained in the preceding sections it can be shown that 4 S = VT 3 3 As in adiabatic processes the entropy remains constant, it follows for the preceding equations that VT 3 = constant This can be used for example to obtain ratios of the volume of the universe in an early stage when the temperature of thermal radiation lling the universe was greater than today. Currently the universe is lled with thermal radiation at a temperature 2.7K
Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation Universidad de Antioquia
Wiens Theorem
Wilhelm Wien considered the microscopic implications of an adiabatic expansion and how the frequency of radiation changed when the temperature changed due to the expansion. He obtained then a relation between u (T , ) and T and u (T , ) = T 3 T
3
This expression is known as Wiens theorem. For a given T as u (T , )/T 3 is a function of (/T ), it happens that u (T , ) reach a maximum at a particular ratio T max
= C1
Wiens Theorem
Changing variables from to , it can be proved the Weins displacemente law, which tells how the maximum of emission changes with T T max = 2.8979 103 mK
Chemical Potential of Thermal Radiation
As in adiabatic expansions energy density does not change, thermal radiation must be provided, this is the exchange of heat is indistinct from the exchange of thermal radiation. We can write for this dU = dQ pdV = TdS pdV As compared with Gibbs equation there is a missing term of k dNk . Because Nk is changing it must be that k = 0 This states of potential zero corresponds to pk or Nk as functions of temperature only.
Matter-Antimatter in Equilibrium with Thermal Radiation: The State of Zero Chemical Potential
This continues within some slides from the book.
Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics. D. Kondepudi Theory of Heat Radiation. M. Planck Radiative Processes in High Energy Astrophysics. G. Ghisellini

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Outline Basic Denitions The Equation of State Entropy and Adiabatic Processes Wiens Theorem Chemical Potential of Therm

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

State of Zero Chemical Potential

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

A Simple Relation and Observation

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Spectral Absorptivity and Emissivity

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

The Equation of State

This result is true also for p and u , p = u /3

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

because of the ow of heat, we can now use Helmholtz equation U V = T2

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Entropy and Adiabatic Processes

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Chemical Potential of Thermal Radiation

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

This continues within some slides from the book.

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

Arroyo C. Thermodynamics of Radiation

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