SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN TAMAN DESA KUALA LUMPUR

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK YEAR 2013

TITTLE: MATHEMATICAL DESIGNS BY APPLYING THE CONCEPT OF PROGRESSION

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Arithmetic progression
In mathematics, an arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms is constant. For instance, the sequence 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 is an arithmetic progression with common difference of 2. If the initial term of an arithmetic progression is and the common difference of successive members is d, then the nth term of the sequence ( ) is given by:

In general

A finite portion of an arithmetic progression is called a finite arithmetic progression and sometimes just called an arithmetic progression. The sum of a finite arithmetic progression is called an arithmetic series. The behavior of the arithmetic progression depends on the common difference d. If the common difference is:

Positive, the members (terms) will grow towards positive infinity. Negative, the members (terms) will grow towards negative infinity.

Sum This section is about Finite arithmetic series. For Infinite arithmetic series, see Infinite arithmetic series. Computation of the sum 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14. When the sequence is reversed and added to itself term by term, the resulting sequence has a single repeated value in it, equal to the sum of the first and last numbers (2 + 14 = 16). Thus 16 5 = 80 is twice the sum. The sum of the members of a finite arithmetic progression is called an arithmetic series. For example, consider the sum:

This sum can be found quickly by taking the number n of terms being added (here 5), multiplying by the sum of the first and last number in the progression (here 2 + 14 = 16), and dividing by 2:

In the case above, this gives:

This formula works for any real numbers

and

. For example:

Derivation To derive the above formula, begin by expressing the arithmetic series in two different ways:

Adding both sides of the two equations, all terms involving d cancel:

Dividing both sides by 2 produces a common form of the equation:

An alternate form results from re-inserting the substitution:

Furthurmore the mean value of the series can be calculated via:

In 499 AD Aryabhata, a prominent mathematician-astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy, gave this method in the Aryabhatiya (section 2.18).[1]

Product The product of the members of a finite arithmetic progression with an initial element a1, common differences d, and n elements in total is determined in a closed expression

where

denotes the rising factorial and

denotes the Gamma function. (Note is a negative integer or zero.)

however that the formula is not valid when

This is a generalization from the fact that the product of the progression is given by the factorial and that the product

for positive integers

and

is given by

Taking the example from above, the product of the terms of the arithmetic progression given by an = 3 + (n-1)(5) up to the 50th term is

Standard Deviation The standard deviation of any arithmetic progression can be calculated via:

Where is the number of terms in the progression, and between terms

is the common difference

Geometric progression

Diagram illustrating three basic geometric sequences of the pattern 1(rn-1) up to 6 iterations deep. The first block is a unit block and the dashed line represents the infinite sum of the sequence, a number that it will forever approach but never touch: respectively. , , and ,

In mathematics, a geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio. For example, the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, ... is a geometric progression with common ratio 3. Similarly 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, ... is a geometric sequence with common ratio 1/2. The sum of the terms of a geometric progression, or of an initial segment of a geometric progression, is known as a geometric series. Thus, the general form of a geometric sequence is

and that of a geometric series is

where r 0 is the common ratio and a is a scale factor, equal to the sequence's start value.

Elementary properties The n-th term of a geometric sequence with initial value a and common ratio r is given by

Such a geometric sequence also follows the recursive relation

for every integer

Generally, to check whether a given sequence is geometric, one simply checks whether successive entries in the sequence all have the same ratio. The common ratio of a geometric series may be negative, resulting in an alternating sequence, with numbers switching from positive to negative and back. For instance
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, ...

is a geometric sequence with common ratio 3. The behaviour of a geometric sequence depends on the value of the common ratio. If the common ratio is:

Positive, the terms will all be the same sign as the initial term. Negative, the terms will alternate between positive and negative. Greater than 1, there will be exponential growth towards positive or negative infinity (depending on the sign of the initial term). 1, the progression is a constant sequence. Between 1 and 1 but not zero, there will be exponential decay towards zero. 1, the progression is an alternating sequence Less than 1, for the absolute values there is exponential growth towards positive and negative infinity (due to the alternating sign).

Geometric sequences (with common ratio not equal to 1,1 or 0) show exponential growth or exponential decay, as opposed to the Linear growth (or decline) of an arithmetic progression such as 4, 15, 26, 37, 48, (with common difference 11). This result was taken by T.R. Malthus as the mathematical foundation of his Principle of Population. Note that the two kinds of progression are related: exponentiating each term of an arithmetic progression yields a geometric progression, while taking the logarithm of each term in a geometric progression with a positive common ratio yields an arithmetic progression. An interesting result of the definition of a geometric progression is that for any value of the common ratio, any three consecutive terms a, b and c will satisfy the following equation: where b is considered to be the geometric mean between a and c.

Geometric series
Computation of the sum 2 + 10 + 50 + 250. The sequence is multiplied term by term by 5, and then subtracted from the original sequence. Two terms remain: the first term, a, and the term one beyond the last, or arm. The desired result, 312, is found by subtracting these two terms and dividing by 1 5. A geometric series is the sum of the numbers in a geometric progression. For example:

Letting a be the first term (here 2), m be the number of terms (here 4), and r be the constant that each term is multiplied by to get the next term (here 5), the sum is given by:

In the example above, this gives:

The formula works for any real numbers a and r (except r = 1, which results in a division by zero). For example:

Derivation To derive this formula, first write a general geometric series as:

We can find a simpler formula for this sum by multiplying both sides of the above equation by 1 r, and we'll see that

since all the other terms cancel. If r 1, we can rearrange the above to get the convenient formula for a geometric series that computes the sum of n+1 terms:

Related formulas

If one were to begin the sum not from k=0, but from a higher term, say m, then

Differentiating this formula with respect to r allows us to arrive at formulae for sums of the form

For example:

For a geometric series containing only even powers of r multiply by 1 r2 :

Then

Equivalently, take r2 as the common ratio and use the standard formulation. For a series with only odd powers of r

and

Infinite geometric series

An infinite geometric series is an infinite series whose successive terms have a common ratio. Such a series converges if and only if the absolute value of the common ratio is less than one ( | r | < 1 ). Its value can then be computed from the finite sum formulae

Since:

Then:

For a series containing only even powers of

and for odd powers only,

In cases where the sum does not start at k = 0,

The formulae given above are valid only for | r | < 1. The latter formula is valid in every Banach algebra, as long as the norm of r is less than one, and also in the field of p-adic numbers if | r |p < 1. As in the case for a finite sum, we can differentiate to calculate formulae for related sums. For example,

This formula only works for | r | < 1 as well. From this, it follows that, for | r | < 1,

Also, the infinite series 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + is an elementary example of a series that converges absolutely. It is a geometric series whose first term is 1/2 and whose common ratio is 1/2, so its sum is

The inverse of the above series is 1/2 1/4 + 1/8 1/16 + is a simple example of an alternating series that converges absolutely. It is a geometric series whose first term is 1/2 and whose common ratio is 1/2, so its sum is

Complex numbers

The summation formula for geometric series remains valid even when the common ratio is a complex number. In this case the condition that the absolute value of r be less than 1 becomes that the modulus of r be less than 1. It is possible to calculate the sums of some non-obvious geometric series. For example, consider the proposition

The proof of this comes from the fact that

which is a consequence of Euler's formula. Substituting this into the original series gives

This is the difference of two geometric series, and so it is a straightforward application of the formula for infinite geometric series that completes the proof.

ProductTILLCAN
The product of a geometric progression is the product of all terms. If all terms are positive, then it can be quickly computed by taking the geometric mean of the progression's first and last term, and raising that mean to the power given by the number of terms. (This is very similar to the formula for the sum of terms of an arithmetic sequence: take the arithmetic mean of the first and last term and multiply with the number of terms.)

(if Proof:

).

Let the product be represented by P:

.

Now, carrying out the multiplications, we conclude that

.

Applying the sum of arithmetic series, the expression will yield

. .

We raise both sides to the second power:

.

Consequently
and

PART A
OBSERVE THE PATTERN IN THE FOLLOWING GEOMETRICAL DESIGN. WRRITE YOUR OBSERVATION. EXPRESS THE GIVEN DESIGNS IN TERM OF NUMBER. WHAT IF YOU CONTINUE TO DRAW THE NEXT SHAPE ? GENERATE THE TERM. WHAT IS YOUR CONCLUSION? (CLUE: INVOLVE AND ALSO S )

QUESTION 1

BASED ON THE GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ABOVE I FOUND OUT THAT =1 , =3 , =5 AND OTHERS TERM. THE COMMON DIFFERENT( d ) BETWEEN 2 CONSECUTIVE TERMS.(a) IS THE FIRST TERM OF AP.

d = - d = 3-1 d =2

a= 1

T(n) is the general formula of each term

= a+(n-1)d = 1+2n-2 = 2n-1

By using this formula we can determine the total number of each term without drawing out and wasting a lot of time.For example if I wan to calculate the Term 200,I can just apply the formula above:

= 1+(200-1)2 = 1+398 =399

Without drawing out I can know that when at Term 200 has 399 of square box.
S(n) is the sum of n terms of an AP And the general formula of S(n) shows below:

( )

( (

) )

By using this formula we can determine the sum of total number of the arithmetric progression. For example if we wan to paint a wall we can likely know that how many square we need to paint and estimate the cost needed. And we also can estimate the total number of materials needed. For example if I wan to calculate the S,I can just apply the formula above:
SUM OF FIRST 200 TERMS

= 40000

QUESTION 2

BASED ON THE GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ABOVE I KNOW THAT ONLY THE VERTICAL IS INCREASE BY 1 BUT THE HORINZONTAL IS REMAIN UNCHANGE.I HAD ALREADY USE DIFFERENT COLOUR TO SHOW THE CHANGES. I FOUND OUT THAT =2 , =3 , =4 AND OTHERS TERM. THE COMMON DIFFERENT( d ) BETWEEN 2 CONSECUTIVE TERMS.(a) IS THE FIRST TERM OF AP.

d = - d = 3-2 d =1

a= 2

T(n) is the general formula of each term

= a+(n-1)d = 2+n-1 = n+1

By using this formula we can determine the total number of each term without drawing out and wasting a lot of time.For example if I wan to calculate the Term 200,I can just apply the formula above:

= 2+(200-1)1 = 2+199 =201

By calculating and without drawing out I can know that when at Term 200 the vertical has increase to 201 only the horizontal remain unchanged.
S(n) is the sum of n terms of an AP And the general formula of S(n) shows below:

( ) n

( (

) )

By using this formula we can determine the sum of total number of the arithmetric progression. For example if I wan to calculate the S,I can just apply the formula above: n 20300
SUM OF FIRST 200 TERMS

BASED ON THE GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ABOVE I KNOW THAT ONLY THE BOTTOM PART IS INCREASING BY 2. IT JUST LIKE PYRAMID ONLY THE BOTTON IS INCREASE SO THAT IT CAN REACH MAXIMUM HEIGHT. BY USING PHYSICS CONCEPT, WE KNOW THAT THE LARGE THE SURFACE AREA THE SMALLER THE PRESSUE. I FOUND OUT THAT =3 , =5 , =7 AND OTHERS TERM. THE COMMON DIFFERENT( d ) BETWEEN 2 CONSECUTIVE TERMS.(a) IS THE FIRST TERM OF AP.

d = - d = 5-3 d =2

a= 3

T(n) is the general formula of each term

= a+(n-1)d = 3+2n-2 = 2n+1

By using this formula we can determine the total number of each term without drawing out and wasting a lot of time.For example if I wan to calculate the Term 200,I can just apply the formula above:

= 3+(200-1)2 = 3+398 =401

By calculating I can know that when at Term 200 the bottom of the pyramid has increase to 401.
S(n) is the sum of n terms of an AP And the general formula of S(n) shows below:

( )

( (

) )

By using this formula we can determine the sum of total number of the arithmetric progression. For example if I wan to calculate the S,I can just apply the formula above:
SUM OF FIRST 200 TERMS

39600

BASED ON THE GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ABOVE I KNOW THAT THE LENGTH OF THE SQUARE IS INCREASING BY 1. AND THE AREA OF THE SQUARE ALSO GRTTING BIGGER AND BIGGER I FOUND OUT THAT =1 , =2 , =3 AND OTHERS TERM. THE COMMON DIFFERENT( d ) BETWEEN 2 CONSECUTIVE TERMS.(a) IS THE FIRST TERM OF AP.

d = - d = 2-1 d =1

a= 1

T(n) is the general formula of each term

=
By using this formula we can determine the total number of each term without drawing out and wasting a lot of time.For example if I wan to calculate the Term 200,I can just apply the formula above:

= = 40000
By calculating and without drawing out I can know that when at Term 200 the square box has increase to 40000.
S(n) is the sum of n terms of an AP And the general formula of S(n) shows below:

( ) n

( (

) )

By using this formula we can determine the sum of total number of the arithmetric progression. For example if I wan to calculate the S,I can just apply the formula above: n 20100
SUM OF FIRST 200 TERMS

Make design of your choise using patterns on the following sheet.

Based on the gweometrical design

d = - d = 3-2 d =1

a= 2

T(n) is the general formula of each term

= a+(n-1)d

 = 2+n-1 = n+1
By using this formula we can determine the total number of each term without drawing out and wasting a lot of time.For example if I wan to calculate the Term 200,I can just apply the formula above:

= 2+(200-1)1 = 2+199 =201

By calculating and without drawing out I can know that when at Term 200 the vertical has increase to 201 only the horizontal remain unchanged.
S(n) is the sum of n terms of an AP And the general formula of S(n) shows below:

( ) n

( (

) )

By using this formula we can determine the sum of total number of the arithmetric progression. For example if I wan to calculate the S,I can just apply the formula above: n 20300
SUM OF FIRST 200 TERMS

What is your conclusion?