Thermal Stress & Strain

Thermal stress & strain

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Thermal Stress & Strain

Thermal stress & strain

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Thermal Stress & Strain

Thermal stress and strain are caused by temperature change. Materials expand at temperature increase and contract at temperature decrease. Restricting thermal strain cause thermal stress. Thermal stress / strain are shown at left 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Wall (bending stress) Moment frame (bending stress) Braced frame (axial stress) Fixed-end arch (bending stress) Pin supported arch (bending stress) Three-hinge arch (no stress)

The three-hinge arch is free to deform without stress (important advantage!)

Thermal stress & strain

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Three-hinge arch
Many 19th century rail stations have three-hinge arches to avoid thermal stress and stress due to settlement. The hinges also facilitate transport.

Hinges

Thermal stress & strain

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Three-hinge arch
Grimshaws Waterloo Station, London,
has three-hinge arches to avoid thermal stress and settlement stress. The asymmetrical form due to planning constrains required to brace arches against buckling by trusses located: Outside to prevent upward buckling Inside to prevent downward buckling.

Hinges
Thermal stress & strain Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 5

Thermal strain
1 2 Bar of initial length L Thermal strain L due to heat, computed as:

L = t L
where = Coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/oF) t = temperature increase (+) / decrease (-) L = initial length

Thermal stress & strain

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Elastic Modulus E

Material Aluminum Steel Concrete Masonry Wood Glass Plastics US (10-6 in/in/o F) 13 6.5 6 4 1.7 2.5 44 68 - 80 E-Modulus US (10 6 psi) 10 29 34 13 1.2 2.2 9.6 0.3 0.4 SI (10-6 m/m/o C) 24 11.7 11 7 3.5 - 4.5 80 122 - 144 E-Modulus SI (10 6 Pa) 69 200 20 28 7 21 8 15 66 2 2.8

Thermal stress & strain

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Thermal Stress
3. 4. 5. 6. Bar of initial length L Elongation L due to heat Hot bar reduced to initial length by load P Thermal stress in restrained bar

L = t L L/L = t = L/L = t E=f/ f=E

f = t E
where f = thermal stress = thermal coefficient t = temperature change E = elastic modulus
Thermal stress & strain Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 8

Curtain wall
Assume: Aluminum curtain wall Fa = 10 ksi t = 100 o F (summer vs. winter temperature) 2 story mullion, L = 30 x 12 L = 360 = 13 x 10-6 in/in/o F E = 10 x 10 6 psi Expansion joint L = t L L = 13 x 10-6 x 100o x 360 Use expansion joint Assume: Designer forgets expansion joint Thermal stress: f = t E f = 13x10-6x100x10x106 = 13,000 psi f = 13,000 psi / 1000

L = 0.47 0.5 > 0.47, ok

f = 13 ksi 13 > 10, NOT ok

Note: 10 6 and 10-6 cancel out and can be ignored

Thermal stress & strain Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 9

Masonry expansion joint

Space masonry expansion joint @ Assume: Masonry Temperature change Joint spacing L=100 x 12 Thermal coefficient E-modulus Thermal expansion L = t L L = 4x10-6/oFx70ox1200 Use 3/8 expansion joint L = 100 Fa = 300 psi t = 70o F L = 1200 = 4x10-6/oF E = 1.5x106 psi

L = 0.34 0.375 > 0.34

Check thermal stress without expansion joint f = t E f = 420psi f = 4x10-6x70ox1.5x106 420 > 300, NOT ok
3 4 Silicon joint

1 2 3 4

Building axon Expansion joint in wall Expansion joint at wall intersection Expansion joint detail
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Thermal stress & strain

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Bridge expansion joints

Bridges require expansion joints (roller or rocker) Assume Concrete bridge Span L = 310 x 12 Temperature change Thermal coefficient E-modulus Thermal strain L = t L L = 6x10-6x90ox3720 Provide 2 joint Thermal stress without joint f = t E f = 6x10-6x90ox3x10 6 psi Too much stress without load

L =3,720 t = 90o F = 6x10-6/oF E = 3x10 6 psi

L = 2 2.5 > 2

f = 1,620 psi

Thermal stress & strain

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

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Girder strain
IIT Building Chicago Architect: Mies Van der Rohe Roof girders are exposed to temperature change (cold winter / hot summer) Assume Steel girders Span L= 120 x 12 Temperature change Thermal coefficient E-modulus

L =1,440 t = 107o = 6.5x10-6/oF E = 29x106 psi

Girder strain L = 6.5x10-6x107ox1440 L = 1 Note: girder elongation induces bending stress and deflection in columns
Thermal stress & strain Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 12

Thermal stress & strain

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

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