Problem Set #1 - Review of Physical Chemistry and High School Chemistry.

September 7, 2010 Name_____________________________Student ID#_________________________ CHE 208F Problem set # 1 Review of Physical Chemistry and High School Chemistry. Questions Mass, molar mass, weight, density, concentration, significant digits 1) How many moles (we will use g-mol in this course unless otherwise specified) of carbon atoms (C) and hydrogen atoms (H) you have in 1.000 (US) gallon of gasoline at room temperature and pressure? Use hexane (C6H14) as a surrogate for gasoline. Assume that the density of gasoline is 0.70 g/ml. Ans. 1.8*102 moles of C, 4.3*102 moles of H 2) What is the density of an aqueous suspension containing 5.01 wt% of titania (TiO2)?. Assume that the density of water is 1.00 g/ml and the density of titania is 4.01g/cm3. Justify the number of significant digits in your answer. Ans. 1.04 g/ml 3) What is the density of an aqueous suspension containing 5.01 % (w/v) of titania (TiO2)?. Assume that the density of water is 1.0 g/ml and the density of titania is 4g/cm3. Ans. 1.0g/ml 4) A solution of 0.90% (w/v) of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water is called an isotonic solution (find the meaning of isotonic solution in medical applications). Calculate the density of this solution assuming that the density of pure water is 1.00 g/ml, the density of pure NaCl is 2.17g/ml, and that the volume of the solution is equal to the volume of water plus the volume of the solution. Discuss if this last assumption is reasonable or not. Calculate the concentration of this isotonic solution in molar (mol/L) units. Ans. Density = 1.005 g/ml , [NaCl] = 0.15 M , 5) In the recipe for a chemical reaction you require to prepare 100 ml of a 1M (molar) solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl). You found in the lab a container with 35 wt% HCl solution in water. The density of that solution is 1.18 g/ml. Describe the procedure that you will use (including volumes of acid and distilled water necessary) to prepare this solution. Take into consideration that your supervisor will also be looking for proper safety procedures. Ans. 8.84 mL of 35 wt% acid and then deionized water to complete to 100 mL. For proper handling procedures look at the MSDS of HCl. 6) Recalculate the volumes of question 5 if instead of a 1 M HCl solution you want to prepare a solution of pH=1. Remember pH = -log[H+], where [H+] is the molar concentration of H+ ions. Assume that HCl completely dissociates in water, such that HCl = H+ + Cl-. Also, assume that the water is distilled and deionized ( no impurities that can affect this dissociation). Ans. 0.88 mL of 35 wt% acid and then deionized water to complete 100 mL

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Problem Set #1 - Review of Physical Chemistry and High School Chemistry. September 7, 2010 Pressure, temperature, ideal gas. 7) Calculate the density of natural gas, in g/L, at 0.25 psig (gauge or manometric pressure) at 25C. Assume that methane (CH4) is a surrogate for natural gas, and that at this low pressure it behaves as an ideal gas. Ans. 0.665 g/L 8) Determine the SCFM (standard cubic feet per minute) of natural gas (assume methane) if its mass flowrate is 1000 kg/hr. It is always a good idea to check what people mean by standard conditions. For natural gas in North America this means 60F and 1 atm (101.325 kPa) of pressure. Note that I did not give you the pressure and temperature of the gas line; would this pressure and temperature change your answer?, explain. Ans. 8.7*102 SCFM 9) Suppose that your CO2 emissions, after driving the car for 20 minutes in the city, are about 1 kg. What is the volume occupied by that 1kg of carbon dioxide? Standard conditions (IUPAC): 273.15K, 1 atm Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP): 298K, 1atm **** Mass into moles, then ideal gas law: PV=nRT Ans. 5.6*102 L 10) In gases at low pressures, the %v/v of a particular gas in a mixture is equivalent to its mol% (mol of solute/100 moles of the mixture). For most calculations we simplify the composition of air as 21%v/v O2 , 79%v/v N2. Calculate how many cubic meters of air you need (assume T=25C, P=1 atm) to get 1 kg of oxygen. Ans. 3.6 m3 11) Remember Daltons law => the partial pressure of a gas = mole fraction in the gas phase* Total pressure (Pi =yiP). Also remember that total pressure is P =Pi . If you have 1 gram of water vapor in 1 cubic meter of air at a total pressure of 1 atm, and at 25C, determine: (a) the mole fraction of the water in the air (ywater), (b) the percentage volume of water in air, (c) the partial pressure of water. Ans. (a) 1.4E-3 (alternative notation for 1.4*10-3), (b) 0.14% , (c) 1.4E-3 bar 12) The air that we inhale contains, in average, 0.04%v/v of CO2 and the air that we exhale contains close to 5% CO2 v/v in average (it depends on the physical activity). Every time we take a breath (normal breathing) we exchange about 500 ml of air. Most people take about 20 breaths per minute. Calculate our average CO2 emissions per day. If you need to, you can neglect the amount of CO2 that we inhale from the air. Remember that the air we exhale is at 37C and approximately 1 atm. Assume ideal gas in your calculations. Ans. 1.2 kg

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Problem Set #1 - Review of Physical Chemistry and High School Chemistry. September 7, 2010

Reactions, reaction balance and stoichiometric calculations. 13) Write and balance the reaction of complete combustion of methane (CH4). Remember that in complete combustion all the carbon of the fuel is transformed into CO2 and all the hydrogen into water (H2O) Ans. CH4 + 2O2 => CO2 + 2H2O 14) How much oxygen (kg) do you need to completely burn 1kg of methane? How much water and carbon dioxide you produce (in kg)? Does the total mass change in the process? Ans. 4kg of O2, 2.75kg CO2 , 2.25 kg H2O 15) How much oxygen (kg) do you need if you want to ensure that after completely burning 1 kg of methane you are left with a 10% excess oxygen. Remember, for the excess reagent: %excess
Ans. 4.4 kg O2

moles fed moles stoichimetric moles stoichiometric

100%

16) If, for question 14, you get the oxygen from the air, how much nitrogen comes with the oxygen? how much nitrogen leaves with the carbon dioxide and the water? Ans. 1.3E+1 kg , 1.3E+1 kg 17) Now lets talk about a burner, much like a gas burner of a stove, but in this case the burner is encased, and you inject air and natural gas (methane), and the combustion products come out at the other end of the enclosure. See the schematic below: S1 Burner S2 S3

Where S1 is stream 1=> methane, feed at 1kg/hr. S2 is stream 2 => air, fed at 25C and 1 atm (it comes from an air blower). S3 is stream 3=> reaction products. These burners are very common in industry because they provide hot gases that heat different part of the processes, or they are used to dry the product, or to produce electricity (if the burner is s turbine) or steam. Assume that you use 10% excess of oxygen. Calculate: a) the mass of oxygen that enters in S2 in kg/hr; b) the total mass of air (oxygen + nitrogen) that enters in S2; c) the flowrate of air that enters in S2 in m3/hr; d) The composition, in molar basis, of the gases that come out in S3. To solve this problem you will make use of a stream table that will be introduced in class. Ans. (a) 4.4 kg/hr O2 (b) 18.9 kg/hr air (c) 16 m3/hr (d) 8.7% CO2
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Problem Set #1 - Review of Physical Chemistry and High School Chemistry. September 7, 2010 18) Now, lets review the concept of reaction conversion, or % conversion: Remember, for a given reagent: %conversion
moles reacted 100% moles fed

There are several reasons why a reaction does not always go to completion (100% conversions). For example, there is not enough time to complete the reaction, or the reaction is reversible (review this concept), or there is not enough of the other reagents to complete the reaction, or there are side reactions that consume the reagent (review the concept of parallel reactions, and selectivity). The conversion can be calculated for limiting or excess reagents, but is typically reported for the limiting reagent. Considering this concept, recalculate the composition of S3 of question 17 if the conversion of methane is only 50%. Ans. 4.4% CO2 Estate of the matter, phase transitions, energy, and thermochemistry 19) Sketch the Pressure-temperature phase diagram for a pure substance and identify: the regions of solid, liquid and gas. The triple point. The critical point. The processes of sublimation, evaporation, melting, fusion, condensation, vapour deposition. 20) What is the vapor pressure of a liquid? 21) What is the normal boiling point? The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid = 1 atm 22) What does the Calusius-Clapeyron equation predict? 23) What is the Antoine equation? 24) What are standard temperature and pressure conditions (STP)? What are standard ambient temperature and pressure conditions (SATP)? 25) What is latent heat? 26) What is sensible heat? 27) What is specific heat? 28) If the heat is positive, is that heat adsorbed or released by the system? 29) How do you write the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system? 30) What is the difference between heat, work and internal energy? 31) How do you calculate the specific enthalpy of water vapour at 1atm and 200C using as a reference liquid water at 0.01C and 0.0061bar. 32) What is the difference between internal energy and enthalpy? 33) For liquids, solids and gases, what is the difference between Cv and Cp? 34) What is the heat of vaporization?
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Problem Set #1 - Review of Physical Chemistry and High School Chemistry. September 7, 2010 35) What does Hesss law predict? 36) What is the standard enthalpy of formation? 37) How do you calculate the standard heat of reaction? 38) How do you calculate the heat of reaction at different temperature and pressure? Phase and reaction equilibrium 39) What is the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture? 40) What is an ideal solution? 41) Write the equation for Roults law for liquid-vapour equilibrium in ideal solutions, explain each term of the equation. 42) Write the equation for Henrys law, explain each term of the equation, and in what conditions is this equation used. 43) Consider water contaminated with 300 ppm of ammonia that is in equilibrium with its vapour phase. What equations would you use to describe the liquid-vapour equilibrium in this mixture? 44) How do you define a partition constant for a substance that partitions between two liquids (e.g. oil and water)? 45) What is the solubility product of a substance? 46) What is a reversible reaction? 47) Consider the reversible reaction N2(g) + H2(g) = NH3(g). Write the appropriate expression for the equilibrium constant, in terms of partial pressures, for the balanced reaction. 48) For the reaction of the question above, determine the equilibrium constant at SATP conditions 49) Determine how you would calculate that equilibrium constant at different temperature 50) Does that equilibrium constant change with pressure?

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