Griffiththeoryofbrittle fracture:

Observedfracturestrengthisalwayslowerthantheoreticalcohesivestrength. Griffithexplainedthatthediscrepancyisduetotheinherentdefectsinbrittle materialsleadingtostressconcentrationimplieslowerthefracturestrengthof thematerials. Crackpropagationcriterion: Considerathroughthicknesscrackoflength2a, subjectedtoauniformtensilestress,atinfinity. Crackpropagationoccurswhenthereleasedelastic strainenergyisatleastequaltotheenergyrequiredto generatenewcracksurface.

Thestressrequiredtocreatethenewcracksurfaceisgivenasfollows:

Inplanestraincondition,theequationbecomes:

ModifiedGriffithequation
TheGriffithequationisstronglydependentonthecracksizea,and satisfiesonlyideallybrittlematerialslikeglass. However,metalsarenotideallybrittleandnormallyfailwithcertain amountsofplasticdeformation,thefracturestressisincreaseddueto bluntingofthecracktip. IrwinandOrowansuggestedGriffithsequationcanbeappliedtobrittle materialsundergoneplasticdeformationbeforefracturebyincludingthe plasticwork,p,intothetotalelasticsurfaceenergyrequiredtoextend thecrackwall,givingthemodifiedGriffithsequationasfollows:

Stressintensityfactor
InmodeIfailureandplanestraincondition,therelationship betweenGICanKICcanbeshownbyanexpressionasfollows:

WhereKIC isthecriticalstressintensityfactor ilure

Crack deformation mode. Fracture modes

` StressintensityfactorKICcanbedescribedasfracturetoughness ofmaterials(materialresistancetocrackpropagation)underconditionsof: 1)brittlefracture 2)inthepresenceofasharpcrack 3)undercriticaltensileloading

Where ` KIC isthecriticalstressintensityfactorforplanestrainconditionin modefailure. ` ac isthecriticalcracklengthinaninfiniteplate ` app istheappliedstress ` isaparameterdependentonspecimenandcrackgeometry

Kvaluesofvariouscrackgeometries:

Determinationoffracture toughness
FracturetoughnessofmaterialcanbedeterminedaccordingtoLEFM analysis 1)KICfracturetoughness: workswellforveryhighstrengthmaterials. exhibitingbrittlefracture 2) CracktipopeningdisplacementCTOD: Usedforlowerstrengthmaterials(o<1400MPa),exhibitingsmall amountofplasticdeformationbeforefailure. 3)Jintegral(JIC): Usedforlowerstrengthmaterials,exhibitingsmallamountofplastic deformationbeforefailure. 4) Rcurve: Theresistancetofractureofamaterialduringslowandstablecrack propagation

KICfracturetoughness
` KIC fracturetoughnessofmaterialisobtainedbydeterminingtheabilityof materialtowithstandtheloadinthepresenceofasharpcrackbefore failure. ` Fracturetoughnessisrequiredinthesystemofhighstrengthandlight weight,i.e.,highstrengthsteels,titaniumandaluminiumalloys.

Fracture toughness How long the existing crack will grow until the specimen fails

Flaw geometry and design of cylindrical pressure vessel

Ductiletobrittletransition behaviour
BCCstructuremetalsexperienceductiletobrittletransitionbehaviour whensubjectedtodecreasingtemperature,resultingfromastrongyield stressdependentontemperature.

BCCmetalspossesslimitedslipsystemsavailableatlowtemperature, minimisingtheplasticdeformationduringthefractureprocess. Increasingtemperatureallowsmoreslipsystemstooperate,yielding generalplasticdeformationtooccurpriortofailure.

Theoryoftheductiletobrittletransition:
Thecriterionforamaterialtochangeitsfracturebehaviourfromductile tobrittlemodeiswhentheyieldstressattheobservedtemperatureis largerthanthestressnecessaryforthegrowthofthemicrocrackindicated intheGriffiththeory.

Cottrellstudiedtheroleofparameters,whichinfluencetheductileto brittletransitionasfollows;

iisthelatticeresistancetodislocationmovement kisaparameterrelatedtothereleaseofdislocationintoapileup Disthegraindiameter(associatedwithsliplength). Gistheshearmodulus isaconstantdependingonthestresssystem.