Chapter 3

Instrument Transformers
Introduction Protective relays in ac power system are connected in the secondary circuits of Current Transformers and Potential Transformers. The design and use of these transformers are quite different from that of well - known Power Transformers. Both current transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs or VTs) come under the title Instrument Transformers. A Transformer intended to supply measuring instruments, meters, relays and other similar apparatus are called Instrument Transformers. 1. Current Transformers The current transformers are manufactured as per IS 2705 Part I, Part II, Part III and Part IV. Part I deals with general requirement of CT s, Part II deals with the specification of Metering CT s, Part III gives the specification of Protection CTs and Part IV gives the specification of special protection ( PS Class ) CTs. a) Definitions (1) A Current Transformer is defined as an instrument Transformer in which the secondary current, in the normal conditions of use is proportional to the primary current and differs in phase from it by an angle, which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections. (2) Primary Current : The primary current of the CT depends on the load on the circuit at which CTs is connected. The standard values are 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 2000A. The selection should be based on the load in the circuit. (3) Secondary Current : The standard values of rated secondary current shall be 1A and 5 A. For distribution application 5 A is the Standard Secondary Current. For sub station application 11 kV metering CT is having 5A secondary current. For 66 kV to 400 kV metering 1A secondary current is used. (4) Actual Transformation Ratio: The ratio of the actual primary current to the actual secondary current. (5) Rated Transformation Ratio: The ratio of the rated primary current to the rated secondary current. (6) Phase Displacement: The difference in phase between the primary and secondary current vectors, the direction of the vectors being so chosen that the angle is zero for a perfect transformer. The phase displacement is said to be positive when the secondary current vector leads the primary current vector. It is usually expressed in minutes. 50

(7) Saturation factor is defined as the ratio of current at which the core saturate to the normal rated current. (8) Instrument Security Factor (ISF): The ratio of the rated instrument security current to the rated primary current. (9) Rated Instrument Security Current: The value of the current assigned by the manufacturer, as the lowest r m s primary current at which the r m s value of the secondary current multiplied by the rated transformation ratio does not exceed 0.9 times the value of the primary current. (10) Accuracy Class: A designation assigned to a current transformer the errors of which remain within specified limits under prescribed conditions of use. (11) Burden: The impedance of the secondary circuit in ohms at a specified power factor. The burden is usually expressed as the apparent power in volt-amperes absorbed at a specified power-factor and at the rated secondary current. (12) Short time thermal current: The r m s value of the primary current which the current trans- former will withstand for a rated time with the secondary winding short-circuited without suffering harmful effect. The values of the rated time shall be 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 seconds (13) Rated Dynamic current: The peak value of the primary current which a current transformer will withstand, without being damaged electrically or mechanically by the resulting electromagnetic forces, the secondary winding being short-circuited. Normally this current should be more than 2.5 times short time thermal current. (14) Ratio and phase angle error: Ratio Error (Current Error) is the error which a transformer introduces into the measurement of a current arid which arises from the fact that the actual transformation ration is not equal to the rated transformation ratio. The current error expressed in percent is given by the formula. Current Error Percent = (KnIs Ip) x 100 Ip Where Kn Ip Is is the rated transformation ratio; is the actual primary current; and is the actual secondary current when Ip is flowing, under the conditions of measurement.

(15) Temperature Rise: The temperature rise of a current transformer winding when carrying a Primary current equal to the rated continuous thermal current, at a rated frequency and with rated burden shall not exceed 55C in winding and 45C in the oil.

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(16) Insulation Level Nominal system Voltage KV 11 33 66 110 220 400 Highest Equipment Voltage KV 12 36 72 145 245 420 One Minute power Frequency withstand Voltage KV 28 70 140 275/230 460/395 630 Impulse withstand Voltage KVP 75 170 325 650/550 1050/950 1425

2. Factors affecting the design of CTs The following are the major factors which influences the design of a Current Transformer: a. System Voltage and frequency b. Current Ratio c. Number of cores d. Burden, accuracy class, Instrument Security Factor, Accuracy Limit Factor, Knee Point Voltage, Secondary winding resistance, Composite Error and Secondary limiting voltage. e. Short time current rating f. Temperature rise limits g. Rated Insulation levels h. Atmospheric pollution levels. a) Design Considerations: For a current transformer the flux density in the core varying with its primary current, therefore the eddy current loss and hysteresis loss also varying with its primary current. The primary current is not controlled by the secondary circuit conditions. The secondary circuit of a CT should not be kept open when the primary is charged. No fuses should be installed in the secondary circuit of C T s. The ammeters, watt meters, energy meters and relays are connected across the secondary terminals of the CT. b) Constructional Aspects: The CT cores are manufactured with Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Silicon Steel ( CRGO ) or Mumetal (Nickel alloy). These are laminated silicon steel sheets having a thickness of 0.3 m and are wound spirally to form the round core. The secondary windings are having large number of turns and are wound over the insulated ring core. Normally double cotton covered copper conductor (d.c.c) are used for oil immersed CTs and enamelled copper conductor for dry type C Ts. The copper conductor primary winding passes through the secondary wound ring core. Normally three to five secondary cores are provided for EHV class C Ts for different applications. 52

c) Errors of C Ts: A part of the primary ampere - turn is utilised for exciting the core. The exciting current is having two components known as magnetising component and Iron loss Component. The current ratio error is proportional to Iron loss Component and phase angle error is proportional to Magnetising Component. Similarly errors will vary with value of burden and power factor of Burden. Finally it can be concluded that the errors of a Current Transformer is not a constant value under all conditions of load and it can be changed with primary current, value of burden and power factor of the burden. 3. Measuring Current Transformer IS 2705 Part II covers specific requirements for measuring Current Transformers used in measuring such as indicating instruments, integrating meters and similar equipments. a) Accuracy class for measuring Current Transformer : It shall be designated by the highest permissible percentage current error at rated current for the accuracy class concerned. The standard accuracy class shall be 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5. 0.1 and 0.2 class C Ts are used for Laboratory application. For LT metering, HT metering and EHT metering 0.5 class C Ts are used in KSEB. Class 1.0 C Ts were used in 66 kV and 110 kV sub stations. For 220 kV and 400 kV sub station metering 0.5 class C Ts are using. b) Burden: The standard values of rated burden used in KSEB are 15 VA, 30 VA and 60 VA and 100 VA. For distribution metering 15 VA is the standard VA rating of measuring CTs. For 110 kV and 66 kV sub station metering normally 30 VA C Ts are used. For 11 KV sub station metering 15 VA C Ts are used. For 220 kV and 400 kV sub stations 60 VA and 100 VA Burdens are normally used. c) Instrument Security Factor: The purpose of specifying the instrument security factor is to protect the meters under heavy fault condition. This is achieved by saturating the metering core at heavy fault currents. Normally the maximum value is 5. If ISF is 5 then the maximum value of secondary current coming at any value of primary current is less than 4.5 A for a CT with 1A rated secondary current. The measuring current Transformers are characterised by Accuracy Class, Burden, and Instrument security factor. 4. Protective Current Transformers IS 2705 Part III gives the specific requirements and tests for protective Current Transformers used with electrical protective devices.

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Protective Current Transformers are characterised by Accuracy Class, composite error, Accuracy limit factor, secondary limiting voltage, Exciting current at SLV, secondary winding resistance and Burden. The protective Current Transformers are marked as 30 / 5P10, where 30 indicate out put in VA, 5P indicates accuracy class, 5 indicates composite error and 10 ALF. (1) Accuracy class: The accuracy class shall be designated by the highest permissible percentage composite error at the rated accuracy limit primary current prescribed for the accuracy class concerned followed by the letter P (meaning protection). The standard accuracy classes for protective current Transformers shall be 5P,10P, and 15 P. (2) Composite Error: Under steady state conditions, the rms value of the difference, integrated over one cycle, between (a) (b) the instantaneous value of the primary current, and the product of the rated transformation ratio and the instantaneous value of the secondary current.

This is generally expressed as a percentage of the r m s value of the primary current according to the expression given below Composite error = Where Ip T Kn Ip Is = = = = = the r m s value of primary current duration of one cycle rated transformation ratio the instantaneous value of the primary current the instantaneous value of the secondary current 100 Ip 1 (Kn is - ip) dt T

5. Measurement of Composite Error Direct test: The rated accuracy limit primary current is passed through the primary winding of the CT under the test, with the secondary winding connected to a burden of magnitude equal to the rated burden, a power factor between 0.8 lagging and unity. A ratio meter and standard C T are used for measurement. The composite error of standard CT is negligible. The ratio meter gives the value of composite error. Limitation of Direct test: For carrying out direct test the primary current source should be capable of supplying 10 times or 20 times rated current and the equipments and windings will over heat if the duration exceeds 30 seconds. Therefore indirect method is adopted for measuring composite error. Indirect Method: In this method exciting current is measured at secondary limiting voltage and the Composite Error is calculated by the formula given below Composite Error % = Exciting Current at SLV x 100 54

Rated secondary current x ALF Secondary limiting voltage ( SLV ): The product (in volt) of accuracy limit factor, the rated secondary current (in Ampere) and the vectorial sum (in ohm) of the rated burden and the impedance of the secondary winding. Exciting Current at SLV: The r m s value of the current drawn by the secondary winding of a current transformer when sinusoidal voltage of rated frequency is applied to the secondary terminals, the primary and any other windings being open circuited. Accuracy limit Factor: (ALF) : The ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary current to the rated primary current. Rated Accuracy limit Factor: The value of the ALF for which the accuracy requirements are met at rated burden. The standard ALF shall be 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30. Rated Burden: Burden for protective current transformer is to be specified. Normally 30 VA, 60 VA, and 100 VA are used. Resistance of secondary winding 75oC: Resistance of the secondary winding of the protection CT is to be given in the test report by the manufacturer. This is required for calculating composite error by indirect method. 6. Protective Current Transformer for Special Purpose Application (PS-Class C Ts): IS 2705 Part IV covers the requirements of protective Current Transformers for special purpose applications. The required special characteristics of the current transformers cannot be expressed in the terms used for Class 5P, 10P and 15P protective current transformers for special purpose application shall be designated as Class PS. PS class current transformers should be so designed that balance is maintained within the protective system when maximum through-fault current is flowing through the primary winding of the CT used for this system. That is stability of the protection should be assured, whether in the transient or in the steady state, up to the maximum through-fault current which can be passed in service through their primary winding. PS class C Ts are used for biased differential protection, restricted earth fault protection and distance measuring protection where the required characteristics of the CT cannot be conveniently expressed in terms of Accuracy class, accuracy limit factor and rated burden. 7. Low-reactance Current Transformer Current transformers having low or negligible leakage flux are of low-reactance type. In this type the secondary windings are uniformly distributed around the magnetic core and having a centrally located primary winding or uniformly distributed primary windings. The performance of low-reactance C Ts shall be specified in terms of the following characteristics. a. Rated Primary Current b. Turns Ratio 55 c. Knee-point Voltage

d. Exciting current at the knee-point Voltage e. Resistance of the secondary winding, corrected to 75oC 8. Limits of Errors: 1) 2) 3) 4) The error in turns ratio shall not exceed + 0.25 percent The knee-point voltage shall not be less than the specified value. The exciting current shall not be greater than the specified value. The resistance of secondary winding shall not be greater than the specified value.

Methods of Measuring Turns Ratio error: Ratio and phase angle error of metering CT and 5P class C Ts are measured by comparing the ratios with a standard CT and Ratio meter. At the time of measurement Rate burden should be connected across the CT under test. But for a PS class CT no rated burden is connected across the CT while testing. A resistance of 10 ohm is connected first and current ratio errors at rated current is measured. Again repeat the current ratio error measurement with 3 ohm resistance. The Turns Ratio Error = E10 E3 Rt ( E 10 E3 ) ( 3 + R t) - E3 7 = Corrected ratio error at 10 ohm burden (Ratio error measured + Error of standard CT) = Corrected ratio error at 3 ohm burden = Resistance of secondary winding at 75oC

This Turns Ratio error should be less than + 0.25 %. Method of measuring knee-point Voltage: A sinusoidal voltage at rated frequency equal to the specified knee-point voltage shall be applied to the secondary terminals, all other windings being open-circuited and the exciting current measured. The voltage shall then be increased by 10 percent and the exciting current shall not increase by more than 50 percent.

voltage

Exciting Current
Fig. 1. Excitation Curve

Exciting Current: The excitation current shall be taken at least up to the knee-point voltage and slightly more than up to 100% increase in exciting current. A graph is to be plotted as shown in fig. 1. 56

9. High Reactance Current Transformer: Current Transformers having a large amount of leakage flux are of high reactance type. A wound primary current transformer, or one in which the primary or secondary winding, or both are concentrated to over only a part of the magnetic core is considered to be a high reactance transformer. The performance of high reactance CT shall be established by direct test in accordance with Part III of IS-2705. Specification of CTS used in 110 kV System Transformer Rapid primary current As required Rated secondary current 1A Rated continuous thermal 120 % current Rated dynamic current 125 KAp Short time thermal 25 KA for 3 sec current 50 KA for 1 sec Feeder As required 1A 120% 125 Kap 25 KA for 3 sec 50 KA for 1 sec Neutral CT As required 1A -

Specification of Core for 110 kV Feeder CT Core I Main protection PS 600 V 100 m A 4.5 ohm Core II Back up protection 5P 10 60 VA Core III Metering 1.0 30 VA -

Class of accuracy Burden Minimum KPV Maximum Exciting current at KPV Resistance at 75oC

Specification of core for 110 kV Transformer CT Core I Differential PS 600 V 100 mA 4.5 ohm Core II Back up 5P 10 60 VA Core III Metering 1.0 30 VA Core IV REF PS 600 V 100 mA 4.5 ohm

Class of accuracy Burden Min. knee-point voltage Max. Exciting current Resistance at 75oC

Specification of 110 kV Neutral CT Core Class of accuracy Minimum KPV 57 PS 600 V

Maximum Exciting Current at KPV Maximum secondary resistance 10. Types of Current Transformer:

100 mA 4.5 ohm

Basically there are two types namely Dry type and Oil Filled type. (i) Dry type: This type of C Ts are used up to 11 kV. For 11 kV resin cast C Ts, the active parts are completely embedded in epoxy resin by using vacuum moulding technique. After moulding the resin is hardened by polymerisation. (ii) Oil immersed CTs: A CT which requires the transformer oil for insulation and cooling. Based on the arrangement of windings and core C Ts are classified in to different types. (a) Wound Primary Type: In this type, more than one full turn of primary winding is wound on the core. (b) Bar Type: The primary consists of a straight bar extending through the core and secondary windings. This type is capable of withstanding the stress of heavy over current. (c) Ring Type or (Window Type): This has no primary winding at all, but has an insulated hole through the core and the secondary winding, through which the conductor in the equipment can be placed. C Ts used in 11 kV Bus Ducts of generators and C Ts used for LT metering are examples of ring type C Ts. (d) Bushing Type C Ts (BCT): This type is designed with a secondary winding on a circular core to fit on the mounting flange of a bushing of Power Transformer. Most of the bushing type C Ts are used for protection purposes. (e) Split Core Type: These are identical to window type, the cores of which can be split into two halves for inserting any current carrying cable. These are used in clip-on ammeters and tong-testers. (f) Post Type C Ts: In this type primary conductor is at high potential with respect to earth. The unit is insulated by porcelain column filled with oil. The secondary is identical to ring type C Ts. This type are used for 66 kV, 110 kV, 220 kV and 400 kV voltages. 11. Construction of EHV Current Transformers There are two types, Dead Tank type and Live Tank type. (1) Dead Tank Type: In this type construction of primary winding can be either Hair pin type or Eye-Bolt type. Fig. 2. shows the sectional view of two types. In dead tank type design major insulation is applied on the primary windings. The primary winding is insulated with paper taping with intermediate conducting Aluminium foils to form a condenser. The condenser construction gives a good stress distribution and regulates the voltage stresses both radially and axially. The assembled primary with its core and secondary winding is supported in the bottom tank. The ends of the primary are brought into the terminal chamber at the top through the porcelain insulator column. The bottom tank, porcelain column and top chamber are filled with Transformer oil and sealed hermetically with nitrogen cushion at the top. The dead tank type is also known as conventional type. 58

59

Fig. 3. Live Tank Type CT (2) Live tank type (Inverted CT): - In Live tank type, the major insulation is applied on the secondary winding and core which are placed in a steel tank mounted on the top of the 60

porcelain column. The top tank will be at live potential. The secondary leads are brought down to the secondary terminal box in the base. Fig. 3. shows the construction of an inverted type CT. The use of oil impregnated paper insulation, associated with oil filling, allows a smaller external porcelain insulator and a smaller top housing. These factors, together with the elimination of the task of winding paper on to a hair pin or eye bolt shaped primary, play a major part in the reduction of overall costs. Therefore the modern inverted type C Ts are slim in size and the cost is less compared to Dead tank type C Ts. (3) Drying Processes of EHV C Ts: At the time of manufacturing the process of drying, degassing (the process of removing air from the insulation) and oil impregnation of the insulating paper is of great importance for the electrical quality and reliability of Instrument Transformer in service. The internal body of the instrument transformer is subjected to heat and vacuum cycle in a drying chamber to extract the moisture accumulated in the paper during storing and handling. For this purpose, special drying ovens are available and the drying process is checked continuously by measurements taken. The drying period depends on the voltage class. At the end of the drying, the insulation is impregnated by oil under vacuum to avoid partial discharges by trapped gas bubbles. The elimination of water and oxygen during drying process prevents ageing of oil paper dielectric. (4) Hermetic Sealing: Hermetic sealing is the process of admitting dry Nitrogen gas at the top of the oil inside the current transformer and mechanically seal or close the complete CT insulation system. Nitrogen does not affect the properties of oil and paper. When the oil expands or contracts due to temperature variations, the Nitrogen gas in the expansion chamber undergoes change in pressure. Nitrogen pressure between 0.10 to 0.30 kg/cm 2 will be maintained at the top, above oil level. The gas pressure should be less than 0.5 kg/cm 2 at 75oC. A pressure relief vent is provided to prevent abnormal pressure rise inside the CT. If the internal pressure increases abnormally, the diaphragm bursts and the oil will leak out thus reducing the risk of explosion. 12. Precommissioning Tests of C Ts: (1) Insulation Resistance Tests: a) Primary to Earth using a 2.5 kV/or 5 kV Megger b) Primary to secondaries (All cores shorted) c) Between secondaries use 500 V or 1000 V Megger (2) Polarity Test: At the instant P1 is positive, S1 must also be positive. A moving coil ammeter of a low range may be connected to the secondary of the CT with S1 to the positive terminal and S2 to the negative terminal. A low voltage d. c. (1.5 volt from a dry cell) shall be connected to the primary through a push switch with P1 positive and P2 negative. On momentarily closing the push switch, the ammeter must give a positive kick, if the polarity is correct and on opening the push switch a negative kick will be seen on the ammeter. After this test core should be demagnetised. (3) Checking Magnetization Current KPV test : After carrying out the polarity test CT cores should be demagnetised. This can be done along with KPV test. Never check the 61

polarity after KPV test. The magnetisation current and knee point can be tested as explained in page-38. (4) Ratio Test: Test current may be passed through the primary winding and the current in the secondary shall be measured with an Ammeter and the CT ratio computed. Check the ratio with the name plate details of the CT. (5) Tan Delta and Capacitance Measurement (Dielectric dissipation factor Test): Dielectric dissipation factor is the tangent of the angle (delta), by which the phase difference between applied voltage and resulting current deviates from 90 degrees. Measurement of loss factor, commonly refers to as tan delta reveals the internal condition of the insulation. The current flowing through the insulation leads the voltage by some angle, which is less than 90 degrees. This small angle between pure capacitive current and actual current represented by delta is known as loss angle. Absolute value of tan delta has little significance. But the variation in tan delta with respect to time is very important. A stable value of tan is indicative of insulation stability and small increase is an indicative of normal ageing. This is an important test for ascertaining the healthiness of the primary insulation (condenser) of the CT. Tan delta value can be measured with Scherings Bridge. For a new CT the value should be less than 0.5 %. Ageing, loss of hermitic sealing, absorption of moisture, oil leak, etc are some of the main reasons for increasing the value of tan delta. When moisture is entered in the CT the paper insulation and oil will deteriorate and the increase in tan delta value will vary quickly with time. So periodic measurement (once in six months) of tan delta is essential for eliminating explosion of CTs. From experience it is found that the maximum permissible limit of tan value is in between 1.5 % to 2% for aged CTs. Tan delta value can be improved by proper overhauling of the C T. 11. Terminal Marking: Terminal marking of a 110 kV, 4 core C T with ratio 600 / 300 / 150 / 75 / 1-1-1-1A is shown in fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

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Maintenance of Current Transformers: Maintenance Schedule: a) i) ii) iii) iv) v) b) i) Monthly Inspection and cleaning of porcelain Measurement of insulation resistance Checking of oil level Checking of oil leak Check the tightness of Primary Terminal connection. Annually Testing dielectric dissipation factor (Tan delta) and compare the result with commissioning report. If its value is more than 2 investigate, reprocess or replace the CT Open the secondary terminal box and clean, check the tightness of connection. Check the Earthing of Star point of Secondary Winding, and Body Earthing Check the tightness of Secondary Terminal connections Painting should be carried out in every two Year.

ii) iii) iv) v)

******************

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TERMINAL MARKING OF A 4 CORE CT

600 / 300 / 150 / 75 / 1 1 1 1 A

Core I

Secondary Connection 1S1 1S4 1S2 1S4 1S2 1S4 1S3 1S4

Primary Connection P 1 C1 & P 2 C2 P 1 C1 & P 2 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2 P1 C1 & P2 C2 P 1 C1 & P 1 C1 C1 C2 C1 C2 P1 C1 & P2 C2 P 1 C1 & P 2 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2

Ratios 600 / 1 300 / 1 150 / 1 75/ 1 600 / 1 300 / 1 150 / 1 75 / 1 600 / 1 300 / 1 150 / 1 75 / 1

Rating (Burden) 60 VA 60 VA 60 VA 60 VA 30 VA 30 VA 30 VA 30 VA -

Accuracy Class 5 P 10 5 P 10 5 P 10 5 P 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 PS PS PS PS

Purpose Back Up Protection

II

2S1 2S4 2S2 2S4 2S2 2S4 2S3 2S4

Metering

III

3S1 3S4 3S2 3S4 3S2 3S4 3S3 3S4

Main Protection

IV

Specification same as Core III

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Voltage Transformers
Introduction Voltage Transformers used for measurement purposes may provide a signal to tariff metering equipment or they may be used to control equipment associated with a generator AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) and synchronising equipment. Such signals are required to have high accuracy, but Voltage Transformers used in protection schemes do not require such a high degree of accuracy. Usually these applications include under voltage, over voltage, voltage restrained protections and distance relay schemes. 1. Design Principles When there is a single-phase to earth fault on the system to which the Voltage Transformer is connected there is an increase in the voltage to earth of the sound phases which imposes an over voltage on the Voltage Transformers associated with those phases. The Voltage Transformers experience an increase in flux density in the core, with a resulting increase of magnetising current flowing in the primary winding. Both these could producing over heating, unless the Voltage Transformer is suitably designed. The magnitude and duration of the increased voltage depends on the method of system earthing and the type of protection against earth faults. The reluctance of the core should be low and the flux density is also low. (1) Rated Voltage Factor: It is the multiplying factor to the rated primary voltage to determine the maximum voltage at which the transformer shall comply with the relevant thermal requirements for a specified time and with relevant accuracy requirement. Voltage Factor (V.F) Upper limit of operation voltage Rated primary voltage This factor varies from 1.2 to 1.9. (2) Indian standard specifications : Voltage Transformers are manufactured according to IS-3156. Part I of IS 3156 covers the general requirements of Voltage Transformers Part II of IS-3156 covers special requirements and tests for Measuring Voltage Transformers. Part III of IS-3156 gives special requirements and tests for protection Voltage Transformers and Part IV of IS-3156 covers special requirements and tests of Capacitor Voltage Transformers. 2. Definitions (1) Voltage Transformer ( Potential Transformer ) : It is an instrument transformer in which the secondary voltage is substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase by an angle near to zero for an appropriate direction of connection. =

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(2) Earthed Voltage Transformer: A single phase Voltage Transformer with one end of its primary winding directly earthed, or a three phase Voltage Transformer with its star point of the primary winding directly earthed. (3) Residual Voltage of a Three phase system : The voltage which equals the vector sum of the three phase-to-earth voltages of a three phase system. (4) Rated Primary Voltage: The rated primary voltage of three phase transformers and of single phase transformers shall be one of the values of nominal system voltages. 11, 22, 33, 66, 110, 220 and 400 kV. The rated primary voltage of a single-phase transformer connected between one line of a three-phase system and earth shall be 1 times the corresponding value of nominal system voltage. 3 (5) Rated Secondary Voltage: The rated secondary voltage shall be either 110 V or 110 V 3 (6) Rated Out Put: The value of the apparent power ( in volt amperes at a specified power factor) which the transformer is intended to supply to the secondary circuit at the rated secondary voltage and with rated burden connected to it. It shall be one of the values given below: 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 and 500 VA. The rated out put of a three phase Voltage Transformer shall be the rated out put per phase. (7) Terminal Markings: The terminal markings shall identify a) The primary and secondary windings b) The winding sections Fig.1 shows the terminal markings of single phase and three phase Voltage Transformers with single secondary and double secondary windings. 3. Types of Voltage Transformers There are three types of Voltage Transformers namely; Conventional Electromagnetic type VTs, Cascade VTs and Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVTs). In the conventional type Voltage Transformers there are Dry type Voltage Transformers and oil immersed Voltage Transformers 66

Single phase PT with single secondary.

Single phase PT with two secondaries

3 phase PT with single secondary.

3 Phase PT with 2 secondaries Fig. 1 Terminal markings of PT.

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(1) Dry type Voltage Transformers: For 11 kV indoor applications dry type Voltage Transformers are used. The Primary, secondary / tertiary windings are encapsulated in epoxy resin. The core is exposed to the atmosphere and it is firmly clamped inside the panel. (2) Oil Filled Conventional Electromagnetic type Voltage Transformers : There Voltage Transformers are used in 66 kV and 110 kV system. These Voltage Transformers are oil filled, hermetically sealed, single phase, grounding type suitable for effectively earthed system. Core is made with CRGO steel and has a rectangular construction. The secondary and primary windings are of high quality enamelled copper wires wound concentrically around the core. The core-coil assembly is housed in the hollow porcelain insulator or in a steel tank depending up on the manufacturer. The line end of the primary is brought at the top and connected to the terminal provided on the expansion chamber. The other end of the primary winding is brought out through a small bushing and is connected to the lower base. The secondary leads are brought out through a terminal board, which is gasketted and bolted at the bottom of the lower base. Hermetic sealed construction is used in oil filled Voltage Transformers to ensure that the high quality of insulation achieved during manufacture is preserved during the service life of the Voltage Transformer. The method of hermetic sealing using Dry Nitrogen above oil is adopted. Fig. 2(a) shows a 110 kV conventional Voltage Transformer. (3) Electro-Magnetic Cascade Voltage Transformers: This type Voltage Transformers essentially consists of more than one core-coil assembly units stack one above the other, a lower base, a hollow porcelain and an expansion chamber. Fig. 2(b). shows the sectional details of a 220 kV cascade Voltage Transformer. The cascade winding arrangement is shown on the schematic diagram in Fig. 3. Each magnetic core having windings on two opposite limbs. The secondary winding S consists of a single winding on the last stage only (ref. fig.3. (a)). Coupling winding C connected in pairs between stages, provides low impedance circuits for the flow of the primary and secondary load currents, and ensure the distribution of the power frequency voltage between stages. When secondary winding is loaded, current flow in the coupling windings, preserving the balance of ampere-turns at each stage, thus reducing the leakage reactance between the primary and secondary windings to a minimum. The potential of cores and coupling windings are fixed at definite values by connecting them to selected points on the primary windings. Because the primary winding is in several stages, the insulation level of each stage need only be a fraction of the system insulation level, resulting in a very compact unit. Fig 3(b) Capacitor Voltage Transformer. (CVT) 68

S Secondary Winding Fig. 3 (a) Electro Magnetic Cascade Voltage Transformer

Fig. 2(a) Sectional Details of 220 kV Cascade Voltage Transformer Fig. 2(b) Conventional Type Voltage Transformer

69

70

4. Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT): Capacitor Voltage Transformer can be used as a coupling capacitor as well as Voltage Transformer. Fig. 3. (b) shows the schematic diagram of a Capacitor Voltage Transformer. A suitable number of capacitors are coupled in series between line and earth to form a capacitor divider. They are tapped at an intermediate voltage around 12 kV and they supply an electro-magnetic circuit, the inductive reactance of which balances the capacitive reactance of the coupler at rated frequency, giving a resonant circuit. The electro-magnetic circuit also transforms the intermediate voltage into a secondary voltage which for a standard transformer is 110 V and 110 V/ 3 V. The primary and intermediate voltage capacitors may be made of oil-impregnated paper and aluminium foil. They are contained in a porcelain insulator, hermetically sealed. The electromagnetic unit is housed in a sealed, oil filled metal container at the base of the assembly. The windings are built on to a high grade CRGO steel core and the paper insulation is vacuum dried and oil impregnated. The Capacitor Voltage Transformer is cheaper and it is high voltage surge resistant. The electromagnetic Voltage Transformers are capable of large out puts at a given accuracy and is therefore most suitable for tariff metering. 5. Pre-commissioning Tests: (1) Insulation tests: Insulation resistance of the secondaries shall be tested with a megger of rating not above 500 V. (2) Polarity test: Test is similar to that of CTs (3) Ratio test: The ratio test can be done by the measurement of primary and secondary voltages or comparing the secondary voltage with that of a VT of the same ratio, with the primaries of the V Ts connected in parallel. (4) Phase sequence: Phase sequence may be checked by phase rotation meter. In case of an open delta connection (V-V connection ), the voltage across the open delta terminals should be measured and it must be below five volt with the rated burden when the primary is connected to balanced voltage.

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(5) Earthing: Proper earthing shall be provided for primary neutral terminal of the Voltage Transformer. Voltage Transformer should not be charged with out neutral earthing. Maintenance of Potential Transformer / Capacitor Voltage Transformer Maintenance Schedule: a) i) ii) iii) iv) b) i) ii) iii) iv) Monthly Inspection and cleaning of porcelain Measurement of insulation resistance Checking of oil level Checking of oil leak Annually Check the secondary fuses and connections Open the secondary terminal box and clean, check the tightness of connection. Check the earthing of primary terminal. Painting should be carried out in every two year

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