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HIDAYAT a1-MUTAALLIMIN FI al-TrBB .

(script478 A.H./1085 A.D.)
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By

Abu Bakr Rabi" b. Ahmad al-Akhawaini al-Bokhari

facsimile edition from Mss, No. Pbrs.c. 37 of Bodleian Library, Oxford)

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Iraj Afshat, Mahmud Omidsalar Nader Mottalebi Kashani

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Tehran-2008

FOLIA MEDICA IRANICA

Series Published Under Direction of

IrajAfshar Gholam Reza Bonabi (m.d.l Mahmud Omidsalar

HIDAYAT AI.MUTAALLIMIN FI AI-TIBB

Commemotating the convening of the Society for Persian Codicology under the auspices of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Vienna,September2008/ Mehr, 1387)

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Codicological Observations on Bodleian Manuscript Pets. c. 37

c. 37 is the third oldest dated codex in Persian ianguage.It was BoclleianLibrary's manuscript Pers. deiighted to be copied on the first of A.rgo.t 1085 (end of the tabi" al-awwal 478 AH), and we are in the series ubi. to present a facsimile eclition of it to the scholady communiry as the hrst t'olume Folia Medicalranica. nameof Abu This codex has an interesdnghistory.The text was comPosedby a physicianby the al-Bokhai,whowtote it at the requestof his son who "vantedto use BakrRahl b.Ahnad at-Akhatyaini Minovi has estimatedthe date of its composition to have Prot-essor medicine. it as a textbook 6f of another phvsicianbv It came into the possession been sometimebefbre the year 9S1 (AH 370).1 (AH 682), and u'as till in his 1283 in Zaid at-kbih b. Abi Mohannad h. the name of Abu T.akb,Ahioltah manuscript establish in this hand in AbuTaleb's notes in the year 1317 (AH 117).Two possession of the manuscript's is part 682) (AH 1283 of 23"' these dates.Of these the eadier, dated July in which Abu I:aleb page, its t'irst on found is 717) (AH 1317 colophon F.661), and the later, dated Aba Unforrunately Taleb'snote on its author. of name the has ioecified the title of the book and Afshar was Professor page. of this contents original o'r,er the pog. orr. of the codex has been glued of it at the examination physical careful his during the frrst to discover this fearure oi the m^n rscript of authenticity the questionable of rumor baseless BodlieanLibrarv last year.This discoveryputs the the however, with; tampered has been the codex to rest. There is no doubt that the manuscript alteration dates from rhe man who owned it in 1283 AD and has no beadng on the date of its of Professor copying or its authenticity. One hopes that the Bodleian Library vrould take adv^rrtage nature of the the determine and try Afrn^ti.t important discovery, and using availabletechnologies, note' Abu by TAleb's has been covered original *B. writing on Pageone of the codex that that ot it ^uy, Abu Talebcollated his manuscript with another copy of the text and wrote a vast number of marginal corrections in it. By the beginning of the 16'ncenrury AD, the manuscript had of yet another doctor bv the name of Itttfollah,who also added marginal ccrmeinr<rthe possession notes of his own on pages 276 and222.The note on page222 is dated 1500 (AH 906).1-o1follahhas lines 10 and 11 of page91, another featureof the codex that also stampeditwitkLtris s.at betw'een has been discoveredfor the flrst time by ProfessorAfshar. Foliowing these two doctors, Bodleian pe6. c.i7 came to be owned by the learnedQajar prince,Farharl Miqa (1819- 1888)who during his Sometime aftet ittn.lbiraqin 1S80(AH 12911.2 seconcl governorshipof the Stateo{ Farrpurchased the prinie's death the manuscript was inherited by one of his descendantswho has the family name: Farhad, and he eventually offered it for sale to Iran's National Ubrary in1'939. The great Iraruan ProfessorBayani,urho was at the time servingat the National Librarl', has reportcd his codicologist, here.3 encounter with the manuscript'sowner, which I translate

Seehis essayin appendix2 of the Persianintroductionto the presentvolume. As ProfessorAfshar has pointed out in his Persianintroductionto the presentvolume, Prince FarhadMirza was twice appointed ro the govemorshipof Fars.The first time in 125? (1841 AD), when he was only twenty-threeyears old, and the secondtime tn I 293 fl 876 AD). 3 (1329 [1950])12:503 - 505 and later reprintedin Nameh-ye This accountwas originally publishedin the joumal Yaghma -5 o f. essorAfshartellsme t ir o n Bahatuestdn3(2002-2003)2:50 10 2 . I ' v e u s e d t h e t e x t o f B a h ? r e s t ? n ' s r e p r i n t i n t h i s t r a n s l aP that Professor Qazvini had also seenthe codex at about the sametime.

Tlte Pitifwl .ftory of Ane of tbe Finut PersianManasciptt In the year 1318 119391when I had the honor of serving; at the NationalLibrary, a manuscript was off-ered to me for sale.After a brief study I tealizedthat I u'as holding in mv hands a most important b<iok,the unique copy of a work that was at leastnine hundred yearsold and had survived the ravages of Mongol and Tartar attacks. The manuscriptwas a copy of Hidayat alttttrtdal/itnlnf al-rebb, composed by Aba BakrI\tbl b.Abnad al Akhaa.,aini of Bukhara. I askedthe sellerto name his price. He oftered it for on'ethousandtandns.4 i did not argueabout the price and told him that I will inform him if the National Library wi.ll purchase the manuscript bv the next day.The seller left the manuscript with me ancl left my office. I immediately -.,'r, ,o Mr. L[er'a4who was at that time the minister of culture,showedhim the manuscript,and told him of my understanding of its importance. The minister ordered me to purchase the coclex without hesitation,and especially stressed that the codexmust under no circumstances be given back to its owner. Overjoyed,I returned to the library and kept the manuscriptat my office. The seller rerurneclthe next day and askedabout the library's decision.I said: "The Library rs prepared to purchase)'out manuscript." He said: "I am."villing to sell it, however, I wi-ll not part with it for less than two thousand lumdns."Although he had doubled his price, I did no refuse, but told him that I witl grve him the libraty's decision [about the new pricel on the next day. He leti and I informed the minister of this development. The minister told me to purchasethe codex ar any pnce. The next dav.the sellerreturnedand rvewent through the movesof crrr previous meeringexceptthis time his askingprice had been raisedto three thousandtumdns. Once again,I told him that I haveto get authorizarionfor the new price, and once againthe minister told me to purchasethe volume. ()n the fourth day,when the sellercame to the library and I told him that we are ready to purchasehis manuscript, he told me that he has changed his mind and no longer wishes to part with it. I immediatelydeducedthat one of my colleagues who was awareof the situationhas made the seller greedy I told him: "I'm sorry to haveto inform you that I've beenorderedby the Ministry of Culrure not to return the book to you, but am also authorizedto purchase it for any price that you demand." Llpon hearingthis, he left for the Nlinistry of Culrurein a stateof agitation,and shortly afterwarcls I rcceiveda telephone-call from the ministerwho told me: "I have.been told of the situation.You are not allowed to return the manuscript because it is a fine specimenof our nation's antiquitiesand belongsto the people of Iran. Naturally,you are authorizedto purchaseit on behalf of the lVlinrstry at any price that the sellersdemands." I don't know u'hat transpiredbetweenthe minister and the sellet,but whatever it was, the seller dicl not show up in the following daysand I grew certain that the codex had for practicalpurposes come into the possession of the National Library. \What'smore, I knew ni; matter what his asking price rvould be, the got'ernmentwill pav it. Thus, I spent several daysstudl,ingthe manuscript.I took several pagesof notes,had a numbet of phntographsof its pagesmade and was looking fbru,ar{ to the conclusion of the transaction so that I may study it more carefully anci introduce it to thc scholastic communitv as it is customarywith such thing.s. and I was no longer concernedrvith the fate Exacdy one month after theseeventshad tranSpired, of that manuscript,mv telephonerang.It was the minister,rvho told me in a agitateci ronc: "They are driving me to despair.Give the manuscript back to its owner." I cannot describehorv I felt afrer heating these rvords. I was still in shock when the rnanuscript'sowner enrered rnt' office and confidently stretchedollt his hand in order to receivehis property.I gavc him the manuscript,but I remembervety v'ell that the codex felt hear,ry in mv shakinghands.He startedto leavemy oif-ice^.,.1 I staredbchind him with great anxiety, like a fatherwho q/atches his onlv son embark upon a journev from rx,'hich he knows he rvill never return. Ibllon"'ingthis event I decicled to follow up the a{fair,and having securecl rhe servicesof a g<_rbetween, sent set'eral messagesto the manuscript's owner and triecl to persuaclehim to be
a It is dillicult to givc a dollar equivalent ofthis amountbecause I don't know rherateolexchangebetween the persian ..il"*y and dollars in I 940 HoweveL an amount betweenthree to tlve thousanddollars at the I 940's value of dollars does not seerrr
unreasonable.

considerate, don't let such a fine manuscriptto leavethe countrv for saleabroad,anclagreeto sell it to ciur library at a fak price. The owner assuredme that shoulelhe clecideto sell the manuscripthe will sell it to the National Library rather than taking it abroad for sale.For three yearsafier these eventsI was certain that the codex remainedwith its owner. But unfortunately the temptation that had beenplantedin his heart by that evil man finallv bore its fruit and made him greedv.I{nowing ali of this, my only consolationwas that since I was put in chargeof all legal exports of manuscripts form the country, I was faidy certain that the codex cannot leaveIran without my written permission. But unfortunately rwo yearsago I heard that it had been smuggledout of the counry to London. Later I was very sorry to hear that it had been sold there.I [could do nothing but tol curse rhe evil t-lendwho by his machinationspersuadedthe codex'sowner to sell it abroad, thus depriving his country from such a peedessjewel. I don't blame the manuscript'sowner-who although from a scholarly family of bibliophiies, was a simpieminded youth with no interestin such treasures. I blame the personwho guided him behind the scenes, and vronderhow is it possiblefor a decentIranian to commit such treacherous inhumanity and allow one of the finest of his country's cultural relics to leavethe country and to even help in facilitatingthe process?s This is how the manuscriptleft its country of origin. I don't (now whether the BodleianUbrary purchased it from the original owner or it changedhands before coming to resr at the Bodieian.Be that as it may,it is the scholadycommunity'sgood fortune that insteadof disappearing into some private collector'svault, this manuscript fcrunda home at the Bodleian,which makes it ar.ailable tcr scholars. Codicrt/ogica/ Notes Thetextof Bodleian's Perc.c.37 iscopied on32(t tbliosof beigepaper.Thefoiiosmeasure 32.3b1. 21.5 centimeters,and the written space6 is about 21.0 by 12.5 centimeters.The written spaceis slighdysmalleron the folios that contain the tableof conrentsand measures 20.5 or 19.5by 13 or 14 centimeters. There are nineteenlines of text per pagethroughout the codex except for a newer folio (pp. 519 - 20), which is written in twenty lines.All folios must have had catchrvords (rekabeb) on the lowcr left side,althoughthesehave frequendybeencut off either during repairsor asa resulrof wear and tear.Generallythe catchwordsare not in the hand of the original scribeand seemto havebeen addedby iater owners.The manuscriptlacksfoliation, but paginations are insertedby prince Farhad Mirzi who has also written these numbers on the margin of the table of .o.rt..rr, fcrr easeof reference. The prince has made a small error in pagrnating in that he has numbered the page that follov's page329 as pagenumber 340 insteadof 330.In view of the simi.lariries of the form oi these numerals in Persian( lrrand lYts5p661iveiy) this is an understandable error, however,it may mislead those v"'hoexaminethe codex into believingthat the manuscripthas 661 pages,when in realitythe number of its pagesare only 650. There are rwo flyleaves, which are fashionedfrom a nev/erpaper that is of a darker color than the original paper of the text. One of theseis at the beginningof the codex anil the other is at the encl of it. Farhad Mirza has inscribed three bibliographic notes on the recto sicleof the flyleaf at the beginningof the volume. In the {irst of thesehe hasindicatedthe date of the manuscript's purchase in numerals as the year 1,297AH (1880 AD), and has then subuacted the year i.r *ii.f, tn" manuscriptwas copied,namely the year478 AH (1086AD) from the year of its acquisitionand has computed the ageof the codex to be 819 vears. In his secondnore on this leaf,he has identified the text and its author,and haspointed out that the authorwas a studentof Razi (Latin: Rhazes or Rasis). In the third note he has observedthar Razi died in 311 AFI.(d.924AD). There is also an Enslish note probablyin pencil by one of the BodleianLibrary'sstaff which reads,i'Ms. pers.c. 37." on iire flyl"af at the end of the volume the prince has once again computed the age of the manuscript by subttactingthe date of its copying from the date in which he was writing"his note, narnely th. y.u, 1298(1881AD), and haswritten: "It is 820 yearssinceit was copied." Sincethis second note is dated
5 6 Yaghma, volunre3, 1329,no.503,pp.505- l2 | haveusedthe terminology employedby N. R. Ker in his Medre val Manwcripts in British Librarier, (Oxford, 1969),pp.vii - xii as fbr as possible.

a yeat aftet the note that he inscribed on the flyleaf at the beginning of the codex, and .judgng from the prince'sother marginal notes in the volume (e.g., pp. 33,434),we may deduce that he flmshed read.ing the book a year afterhe purchased it. All of the folios of this manuscripthave,been extencled by gluing new paper on their margns in order to mend their marginal*.u. ^.td tear.This new paper lJ iigdy a*ker than the original paper and measures approximatelyfive centimetersfrom. the top, nrr.?.rrrimeters from the bottom, and about two centimeters from the fore and back edges or air. folios. we know these 'effected repairs were when the manuscript came into the possession of prince Farhad Mirzd,who had a binder in Shirazrestorethe forios and tebind the volume in leatherin 1gg0. A striking feature,of thiS manuscriptis that the leaf ;*;t;; pages519 and 520arewritten is not original to the volume and must haie been appendedto it some'dfi. "f"r;;.lj"* *r, .opr.a.

theoriginal paper, ancr is transcribedin a different hanJ. This r"lo Ir important form , codicologicalpoint of vie*,,, anclrve shalldiscuss it in greaterdetail later. The name of the manuscript's copyistis not known, but he appearsto have been a Shiite because he endsthe text with a formula ttrat iruises the prophet Mohammad and his ,,goodand pure,,family without mentioning the prophet's companions (p.661).Although not conclusive,this strategyrs common to shiire scribes' The text is written in an archaic form or naskb scipt,which shows influencesfrom what has been called "Eastern" or "KhorasanianKu{ic.,, The ..du. t u, ."..rrruy vocalized and dotted the words of his text. only the text of th..,.-., folio (i.e.,pp. 519 520)is not vocalizedand is carelessly dotted. The manuscript has been compared with and corrected againsteither-an accurate copy of the work (noskbeh-ye sabihah, p.6(r1)or with the author's h"r"gr"ph i; orit:rt -3,ort, p.497).corrections have been added both on the margins as well as berween its lines. very few of ihese involve correcdng acrual errors that require crossing out the *:,orrg word and in.serting the correct worcl in place of what has been crossedout' The majority of thesecorrecdonsinvorve actualadditions of u,ordsor phrasesto the text' Most of these coriections are in the hand of Abu Ta/eb who,as we,ve seen, ,12g3 owned the codex berweenthe years "131.7 and (6g2 lti iU;".nv prof..ro, Afshar,s ...ko.,,r,g_ who has not included the inteilineai .or...Jo* in his count-thereai. some 1066 marginal notes in this manuscript that correct words or sentences that have been ',left out" bv the scriLe. The large nunrber of these additions has led Professor Afshar ro note the incongruity of the careful v.calizati.n and dotting of the text with the very largenumber.f omissionsin it that had to be frllecl in nearly rwo hundred years after it was originally copied: AJthough the general characteristicJor inir'codex-its_page set up, crotting, ancr general preparation-impliesthat it was copied with a great deal'oi.".., the later collation of the manuscriptdemonstrates the careleisnessofits Jcribe. [onewo.,a...1 jf its scribewerc fin fact] a phi'sicianwho wrote it for his own use then why did h. l.arr.lo _".ru vrords and phrases out [so thatl the other Phvsicianwho collated kin 12g3(6t, AH;i"o ," correct its many lacuna? could it be that the first physicianwho copied the originj text did not think some of it lmportant enough to transcribe? f)id he omit rvords ,.i..rrr".,."s that he did not consrder significant?7
Although Professor Afshar's reasoning is souncl,I think an alqernauve interpretation of this manuscript's lacunais possible'It is more i.-it .ly, i' my opinion, ,n^i ,r,. Herlayahad nvo redactions: The original redactionwas rhe one rhat *u* lo-po.. aAi A*ilrr;rifor *,e use of his son,and from which the Bodleiancodexwas clpied in the yeai10g5 qSAH). A r..o'd redaction of the text that was more detailed than the orignal composiuon,. was prepared towarclsthe end of Akharyainls lifetime bv one or more of hir stuclents. This i;-*;pieces of evidence: Firsr, a comparrsonof the text of the Bocileian 1s-i*plir[ MS Perc. c.37wiih another copv of this text thut b.lorrg. t., the l\{alekLibrarv in Iran, namelv Nratek Ms 450l, J";.;;;;;;J& the N{alek cocrex hasarmost none of the omissionsof the iloclleian 'olume. second, the new i"Li. "r the Bodleian codcx r<r rvhich rru'e've alreadl' h.d,"t-o.pportuniry to r.f"r, and on which pages 5,19- 52()of the texr are transcribed, beginsrvith the foliowing prrrug.,
TseeAfshar'sp@

Thisis aleafof risrrlf.w1' p"?.:.i"1..fp."^'rt b.;

;ti;;;r'loro. than

I had askedmaster Abubakr [meaning the Akharvainil-God oJ'Diarhatic Concoctions: Preparation rest his soul-to write an independentchapterconcerningthis tclpic so that what he has alreadl' said [in the bookl be more fully expressed. [Althoughl he had agreedwith my request,he grew \Xre, sick and becameso concernedwith his own health that he could not attend to my request. appended topicl and this had said masters howeveq looked into what other [their [on obserrationslhete firy'aMliq karditl (p.519,ins.1 - 4). Clearly, this note is written by one of the students of the original author, who having failed to obtain the additions to the text that he had askedhis master to provide, prepared them himselfappendedthem to the text after his perhapsin collaborationwith his master'sother students-and death. master's to the It standsto reasonthat many more revisionsof the text may have fcrllowedsubsequently added to the have chiefly must been These additions ones that were introduced by the student(s). the to assume that in not unreasonable originalcomposition after the author'slifetime.It is therefore new and text created a fullness of time, the growing insertions and marginal additions to the original more detailed redaction of it. Sooner or later, this new redaction must have come to be considered more aurhoritative and complete than the otiginal composition. In view of the fact that the marginal additionsto the Bodleian codex largelyagreewith the main text of Malek 4501,I believethe new by the Malek Library's manuscgipt version,is represented redactionof the Heday, its more elaborate that has almost all of the marginal additions of the Bodleian codex in the mdn body of the text, composition.The first redactionof the older iesselaborate while the Bodleianmanuscriptrepresents the text if you will. In the year 1283 (682 AH;, when the copy of the first redaction came into possessionof Abu Taleb,hedecidesto improve his copy by collatingit againsta copy of the secondredactionin order to carefully insert the extra information in the margin of his codex. This is why almost all marginaiia "additions" rather than t'corrections of ercots"per se. in the Bodleian codex seem to be mere Therefore,the meticulousvocalizationand doting of the text bv the scribeof the Bodleiancodex is in conflict with the manuscript'smyriad lacuna.The original scribe was not being not necessarily careless. He was merely copying an earlierredactionwhich simply lackedwhat he seemsto haveleft out. The lacuna-in other words-existedin his exemplar,which was shorter, more brief than the IMalekmanuscript.They were not of his making and he should not be held responsiblefor them. If then the rwo manuscriptsat Malek and Bodleian librarieshave fwo I am correct in my conjectLrre, may be the source of the text; and this circumstance rwo different redactions representing exemplars "omissions." of the Bodleiancodex'smore than a thousand By wa,vof explaining the obvious I should add that the second redaction of the Heday must ha\/e evolved graduallr'.It must have grorvn out of the original text over a long period of time following the author'sdeath.At some point in its developmentthe text with all of its marginalnotes,revisions, must havegrown cumbersone and different enoughfrom its original versionto justify and insertions, Although we know that the original text was making an independentcopy of it as a secondredaction. composedbv ,4khawainz sometimeprior to 981 (370AH),8 I don't believethat bv the year 1085 1AH 47tl)when the Bodleian codex was copied,its revisedform had gained enough prominenceto have influencedthe transmissionof the text. Howevet, by the year 1283 (AH 682) when Abu Taleb had come to own the Bodleian codex, the new redaction had alreadymade a place for itself among physicians, and he felt it necessary to fiave his codex collated againsta copv of it. The marginal insertionsthroughout the tsodleiancodex are the result of this attempt at improvement. I seeno other way of meaningfully explaining the incongruiry of the meticulous scribal cate in this manuscriptrvith the largenumber of its omissionsthat one finds correctedon its margins.e ProfessorAfshar has saidall that needsto be saidabout the manuscript'sorthographic and other features in his Persianintroduction. It ren-rains for me to express our profound gratitllde to Bodleian l-ibrary'shind permissionto reproducethis codex.\X/e are especially grateful for the cooperatiolland professionalism of Mr. Colin Wakefiedand Ms. Doris Nicholson of the Department of the Oriental
I This is the date that ProfessorMinovi has suggested.Seehis essayin appendix2 of ProfessorAfshar's Persianintroduction. e I havenot seenanothermanuscriptof this text, which is kept at the FatehLibrary in Istanbul(MF Nr.3646). However,judging from P r o f e s s o r M a t i n i ' s r e p o r t i t m u s t b e a c o p y o f t h e f i r s t r e d a c t i o n o f t hS ee te t .a t i n i ' s i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s e d i t i o r . r o f t h e t e x t , p , l x i i i . ex M

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while we prepared Collections at the Bodleian Library, who shovredus every courtesy and assistance kindly allowedus Matini, who to Ptofessor also grateful are We for the publicationof this volume.10 it in the Persian include and the text of edition his fine to to summarizehis scholarlv preface Schwarz of UC Berkelet' Martin Professor mentor, learned My introducti6n to the presentvolume.1l favored r-rs Dr.John'Gurnev and H. Katouzian Professor the l-atin name for the series. suggested of our exPertise technical The of preparation. stages during the preliminary witi'their assistance .Abdol"ali all, But above invaluable. have been Babak Teymouri son his Tq'rnouri, and publisher, Mr. NIr. indispensable: have been this project to contributions we must thank two individuals whose for providing Nader Mottalebi Kashani, the Iearnededitor of the incomparable Nanehle Bahdretffin, typing of his careful for the text, copy of Library's the Malek us with an electronic reproduction of in Afslur to Professor assistance his invaluable tbr and ProfessorAfshar's Persianintroduction, ruld uT editors ieast, the no Last but in Tehran. for publication preparingthe film of this manuscript FoliaXldira iiketo thank Dr. RezaBonabi, MD., without whosegenerousfinancialsuPPortthe series, launched. been not have lranica,of which this is the first volume, could October 13,2007 Mahmoud Omidsalar John F. Kennedy Memorial LibrarY California StateUniversity, Los Angeles

l(| Profe to reproduce this manuscript in facsimile.We ssorAfshal and I u'ould like to thankthe Bodleianlibrary'skind permission OrientalCollections for their cooperation gratefulto Mr. Colin Wake field and Ms. Doris Nicholson of Bodleian's arecspccially ofthe codex Katouzianfor his help with gettingthe exaotmeasurements We would also like to thankProfessor andprofessionalism. rr SeeJ.Matini (ed.),Hedavat.tl-MutltcalleminJil-tibb,2dprining,(MashhadUniversityPress, 1992),pp.I -lxviii.

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