ISWM Planning

Workshop on Integrated Solid Waste Management

Implementing the Green City Agenda ADB

1

Objectives
1. ISWM Overview:
a quick refresher

2.

Asia Pacific Demands:

is the region prepared?

3.

ISWM Planning:
How can ADB assist DMCs plan to meet future demands?

What is municipal solid waste (MSW)? - A general term for non-hazardous solid waste
Comprises of the majority of total waste generation Generated by households, commercial and institutional establishments (shops, offices, schools, government buildings) Non-hazardous wastes from industrial and medical facilities Green waste from landscaping activities Street sweeping and other cleaning operation waste Household hazardous wastes, such as residue chemicals from cleaning

MSW Composition
Households: - Organic waste (35-55 percent) Primarily food and organic residue - Paper (10-15 percent) - Plastics (10-15 percent) - Glass (5-10 percent) - Others (1-5 percent) - Leather, wood, metals, electronic waste
Commercial, institutional Industrial, medical (non-haz) Green waste Street sweepings/cleaning
Electronics Leather Other Organics Glass Paper Plastics

Metals
Wood

WACS

Waste Assessment and Characterization Survey (WACS)

1. Preparation
Survey area selection, - Residential: high, medium, low income, 100 households each - Commercial: shops, restaurants, markets and industrial facilities (non-haz) - Institutional: offices, schools, government facilities, hospitals, clinics (non-haz) Door-to-door consultations, questionnaire, interviews and instruction Waste processing area set up

(a)

WACS

Waste Assessment and Characterization Survey (WACS)

1. Implementation
Daily collection for eight day period - Mixed dry recyclables (yellow bags for residential, white for commercial/institutional) - Wet residual waste (blue bags for residential, black for commercial/institutional) Waste from each generator recorded and weighed to nearest gram: - Glass - Metals (ferrous/non ferrous) - Paper/cardboard - Plastics - Wood - Leather/rubber - Food/organic - Household waste - Residuals/other Bulk density measured in standard containers Waste then mixed and informal recyclers extract their normal target materials Materials extracted by recyclers is weighed to ascertain recycling efficiency for each component Commercial and institutional waste weighed in the same way

WACS
Plate 2.4

Waste Assessment and Characterization Survey (WACS)

Collected MSW on the way to MSW processing site

Plate 2.5

Offloading of MSW collected from privately hired vehicles at MSW processing site.
12

WACS

Waste Assessment and Characterization Survey (WACS)

1. Analysis
Consolidation of data Estimates of per capita generation and composition by income level Estimates of total household generation utilizing demographic data Estimates of commercial and institutional waste composition Inferred total MSW MSW projections
Plate 2.9 Weighing of different components of MSW

Plate 2.9 Weighing of different components of MSW

Plate 2.10 Verification of data sheets on the spot

System Evolution
Community

EXISTING SWM SYSTEM

Dumpsite

Municipal Collection and Dumping (Urban Areas)

Self Dumping (Peri-Urban and Rural Areas)

Communities Near Waste Disposal Facility

Waste Disposal Facility

MSW Segregation

Recycling

MSW Collection

MSW Collection

MSW Transfer
Page 1

Waste Flows)

Transfer Station (Higher Waste Flows) MSW is dumped onto a concrete platform MSW is pushed over the platform edge usually by mechanical methods into a specially designed hopper

ncrete

latform edge ainer, which is

s covered and to the r to the

Page 1

Waste Flows)

A hydraulic ram within the hopper pushes the MSW laterally into a specially designed trailer-mounted waste transfer container

ncrete

latform edge hods into a

The MSW is compacted to a high density in the container The ram then withdraws from the container and the process is repeated until the container is full The container is then transported to a disposal facility

hopper into a specially waste transfer

a high density

om the is repeated

Waste transfer stations therefore dramatically increase the amount of MSW transferred in each load by densifying the waste and transferring it in large sized vehicles

Waste Transfer Stations: The Waste of 5 Small Trucks into One Large Truck!

4T

4T

4T

4T

4T

20T

=
1

sported to a

MSW Transfer

MSW Disposal (SLF)

MSW Disposal (WTE)

Part 2 Asia Pacific Demands: Is the region prepared?

DMC Population MSW Generation TPD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China, People's Republic of Cook Islands Fiji Georgia India Indonesia Kazakhstan Kiribati Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Maldives Marshall Islands Micronesia, Federated States of 25,500,100 3,024,100 9,235,100 152,518,015 738,580 15,135,000 1,359,920,000 14,974 858,038 4,483,800 1,233,840,000 237,641,326 17,053,000 106,461 5,551,900 6,580,800 317,280 56,086 101,351 11,475 1,361 4,156 68,633 332 6,811 611,964 7 386 2,018 555,228 106,939 7,674 48 2,498 2,961 143 25 46 TPY 4,188,391.43 496,708 1,516,865 25,051,084 121,312 2,485,924 223,366,860 2,459 140,933 736,464 202,658,220 39,032,588 2,800,955 17,486 911,900 1,080,896 52,113 9,212 16,647 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Mongolia Myanmar Nauru Nepal Pakistan Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Tajikistan Timor-Leste Tonga Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uzbekistan Vanuatu Viet Nam 2,754,685 53,259,000 9,945 26,494,504 184,232,000 20,901 7,059,653 98,351,000 187,820 561,000 20,277,597 8,000,000 1,066,409 103,036 5,240,000 11,323 29,559,100 264,652 88,780,000 DMC Population MSW Generation TPD 1,240 23,967 4 11,923 82,904 9 3,177 44,258 85 252 9,125 3,600 480 46 2,358 5 13,302 119 39,951 TPY 452,457.01 8,747,791 1,633 4,351,722 30,260,106 3,433 1,159,548 16,154,152 30,849 92,144 3,330,595 1,314,000 175,158 16,924 860,670 1,860 4,855,082 43,469 14,582,115

Total World Population (Total) Percent of World Population

3,598,908,536 7,111,000,000 50.61

1,619,509

591,120,727

Workshop on Integrated Solid Waste Management, ADB DMC (Operational) Waste Generation (Preliminary) 2013-09-14 13.50

Population (2013-09) Growth rate annum Per cap MSW gen. Per cap gen increase annum

3,598 1.00 0.45 1.00

million percent kg/person/day percent

Recycling efficiency 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 beyond

5 5 10 15 20 20

percent percent percent percent percent percent

In place density

0.60

tons/m3

Inflation

3.00

percent

Year

Population millions 3,598 3,634 3,670 3,707 3,744 3,782 3,819 3,858 3,896 3,935 3,974 4,014 4,054 4,095 4,136 4,177 4,219 4,261 4,304 4,347 4,390 4,434 4,478 4,523 4,569 4,614 4,660 4,707 4,754 4,802

Per Cap Gen. Total Gen kg/day million TPD 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60 1.62 1.65 1.68 1.72 1.75 1.79 1.82 1.86 1.90 1.94 1.98 2.02 2.06 2.10 2.14 2.18 2.23 2.27 2.32 2.36 2.41 2.46 2.51 2.56 2.61 2.66 2.72 2.77 2.83 2.88

Total Gen million TPY 591 603 615 627 640 653 666 679 693 707 721 736 750 765 781 797 813 829 846 863 880 898 916 934 953 972 991 1,011 1,032 1,052 24,012

Recycling percent 5 5 10 15 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Recycl capture million TPY 30 30 61 94 128 131 133 136 139 141 144 147 150 153 156 159 163 166 169 173 176 180 183 187 191 194 198 202 206 210 4,530

Residual MSW million TPY 561 573 553 533 512 522 533 543 554 566 577 588 600 612 625 637 650 663 676 690 704 718 732 747 762 778 793 809 825 842 19,482

Residual MSW million m3/year 936 955 922 889 853 870 888 906 924 943 961 981 1,001 1,021 1,041 1,062 1,083 1,105 1,127 1,150 1,173 1,197 1,221 1,245 1,270 1,296 1,322 1,349 1,376 1,403 32,469

Aerial 5m Cover km2 187.14 190.90 184.49 177.74 170.65 174.08 177.58 181.15 184.79 188.50 192.29 196.16 200.10 204.12 208.23 212.41 216.68 221.04 225.48 230.01 234.63 239.35 244.16 249.07 254.07 259.18 264.39 269.71 275.13 280.66 6,494

MSW System Cost (US$) per ton US$ million 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 45 47 48 50 51 53 54 56 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 16,843 17,697 17,615 17,480 17,286 18,163 19,083 20,051 21,068 22,136 23,258 24,438 25,677 26,978 28,346 29,784 31,294 32,880 34,548 36,299 38,140 40,073 42,105 44,240 46,483 48,840 51,317 53,918 56,652 59,525 962,218

Recycle Avoided US$ million 886 931 1,957 3,085 4,322 4,541 4,771 5,013 5,267 5,534 5,815 6,109 6,419 6,745 7,087 7,446 7,823 8,220 8,637 9,075 9,535 10,018 10,526 11,060 11,621 12,210 12,829 13,480 14,163 14,881 230,006

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043

If the next 30 years of the regions MSW was placed in a line of stationary waste trucks.

the line would circumnavigate the earth over one thousand times..

or extend to about one third of the way to the sun..

assuming that the over 5 billion truck trips needed to transport the MSW travel an average of 20 km per trip.

the cumulative truck travel distance is over 100 billion km ..

about 15 times the distance to Pluto..

Are We Ready?

Are We Ready?

Part 3 ISWM Planning: How can ADB assist DMCs to plan to meet future demands?

2. KARACHI

Karachi SWM Sector Roadmap

Issues
Waste generation is growing Karachis population of over 16 million generates about 8,300 tons per day A national regulatory framework is in place, local provisions are not A city level policy framework is urgently needed to guide and regulate Karachis sector development An institutional framework exists, but does not function adequately Institutions are grossly understaffed, and lack capacity in many sector areas Municipal service delivery is extremely weak Poor, inefficient collection and transfer services, two open dumpsites and many illicit dumping grounds Recycling is effective, but the health and environmental impacts are severe Workers exposed to dangerous conditions, waste burning, significant environmental damage

Karachi SWM Goals and Objectives

1. An effective regulatory framework for the environmentally safe and healthy management of all municipal and hazardous solid wastes generated in Karachi. 2. Efficient, coordinated, integrated and transparent institutions at the city, town and union level, able to effectively manage the citys waste over the long term. 3. An educated, involved and environmentally-aware Karachi public, able and willing to progressively reduce total waste generation, maximize the segregation of waste at source for subsequent recycling, and willing to partner with the relevant institutions to promote efficient and sustainable community collection, improve community health conditions and progressively eliminate illicit dumping. 4. A sustainable and equitable primary collection system serving all areas of Karachi, with the gradual expansion of direct house-to-house collection using appropriate motorized vehicles wherever possible, and a highly organized UC-based secondary storage collection point system where it is not, with the gradual elimination of waste picking in the streets and burning and illicit dumping in vacant areas.

Karachi SWM Goals and Objectives

5. An efficient and expanding municipal waste collection, transfer and disposal service covering all the communities of Karachi, with regularized collection and the efficient and environmentally safe transfer, treatment and disposal of wastes.

6.

A vibrant and sustainable recycling system, building on the existing habits of primary source segregation (at households and commercial establishments) and improved secondary segregation, where the recycling of wastes is maximized within a healthy and safe working environment.
Proper collection, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes generated in Karachi from industrial, medical and other sources. Creating an enabling environment and supporting private sector involvement in the segregation, recycling, collection, transfer, treatment and disposal of wastes, and prioritizing the involvement of lower income recycler groups wherever possible.

7.

8.

2. KARACHI

Karachi SWM Sector Performance Indicators

Indicator Waste Reduction and Recycling
Recycled waste as a percentage of total waste (tons) Number of Karachi residents aware of and involved in solid waste management issues as a percentage of total population. 40 percent 100 percent 50 percent 100 percent

Performance Target
2013 2020

Waste Collection, Transfer and Disposal

Number of waste generators serviced by municipal collection (residential and commercial) as a percentage of total number of generators. Amount (tons) of residual waste reaching disposal sites as a percentage of total residual waste generation Number of missed/late waste truck collection cycles as a percentage of total cycles 90 percent 100 percent

90 percent

100 percent

3 percent

1 percent

Hazardous Waste Management

Number of hazardous waste generators serviced by hazardous waste management system as a percentage of total number of generators. Amount (tons) of hazardous waste processed through system as a percentage of total residual waste generation 25 percent 100 percent

25 percent

100 percent

Proposed Strategic Objectives

Proposed Strategic Objectives

Recommended Infrastructure Components

1. 2. Basic infrastructure for the UC primary collection systems, including collection carts, communal collection bins and where appropriate, small-scale community MRFs. Specially designed road collection vehicles to support an efficient, transparent and reliable town municipal waste collection service for each of the 18 towns, in order to pick up all wastes within each respective town, either directly from households/commercial establishments or communal collection points, and transfer the wastes to designated regional transfer stations. Six strategically located regional transfer station systems, each to receive wastes from designated town municipal waste collection services, densify the waste, load the waste into large transfer vehicles, and transport the waste to the sanitary landfills. Three major regional sanitary landfill (SLF) facilities, designed to full international engineering and environmental standards, capable of collectively providing a minimum of 50 years disposal capacity for Karachi. A comprehensive HWM system to provide for the proper management of the citys hazardous waste from industrial, medical and other sources. The system is envisioned to include specially designed waste containers at the generator location, specially designed road vehicles for the collection and transfer of hazardous wastes, and a hazardous waste treatment and disposal facility.

3.

4.

2.

Diagnostic and strategic take of SWM in five DMCs in Central West Asia:
Understand SWM strategy and policy complexities (or lack thereof) Develop initial intervention options / scenarios Sound these development modalities with the respective governments Define strategic direction and targeted investments in the selected DMCs
REG-5763: Identifying Solid Waste Management Key Development Challenges and Initial Project Pipeline

37

Summary: Population
ARM
Population (millions) Urban Population (percent) Population Growth (percent) Land Area (km2 ) Population Density (pop/(km2 ) 3.26 64 0.3 29,800 109

GEO
4.44 53 0.6 69,700 64

AZE
9.00 52 1.2 86,600 104

UZB
28.50 37 2.2 447,000 64

KAZ
16.09 58 1.3 2,725,000 6

38

Summary: Waste Generation (million tons)

ARM Waste Generation (2011) Waste Generation (2030) Total Waste (2011-30) Recyclables (2011-30) 0.7 1.0 15.0 5.0

GEO 1.0 1.5 25.0 8.0

AZE 1.5 2.5 40.0 12.0

UZB 5.0 7.5 120.0 36.0

KAZ 3.5 5.0 80.0 24.0

Total 11.7 17.5 280 85

39

Summary: SWM System in the CW region

1. Waste Recycling
No records Informal recyclers: unhealthy and wasteful practices Unsuccessful centralized schemes Recycling: probably <10 percent vs. +30 percent potential in the waste stream Lost opportunity? .85 million tons to 2030..

2. Waste Collection and Transfer

Less than 70 percent of waste collected Many rural areas: no collection Systems struggling; - Lack of collection equipment - Small, dilapidated equipment - Long haul distances - Problematic cost recovery
40

Summary: SWM System in the CW region

3. Disposal
About 97 percent of regions waste is burned or dumped in open dumpsites Causes significant atmospheric, surface and subsurface pollution To 2030, waste dumped in 3m thickness waste piles would cover over 300 km2

Dumpsite Impacts

Greenhouse Gases and Other Gas Contaminants

Community Groundwater Well

Surface Emissions of Contaminated Liquids

Dumpsite

Contaminated Liquids Seep Into Rocks and Groundwater

Groundwater

Groundwater Flow

41

Summary: SWM Sector in the CW region

Regulations and Enforcement
General legislative frameworks are in place, specific provisions are not Scattered ancillary provisions (UZB has 50+ secondary legislative documents) Environment ministries enforce regulations Enforcement is extremely weak Awareness of climate change and other international obligations paper thin

Institutions
National agencies plan and regulate; municipalities operate Major capability deficiencies at all levels; often do not understand SWM basics Unanimous sector concern expressed in national ministries in all countries Municipalities; focus only on truck and dump operations (out of sight out of mind)

42

Summary: SWM Sector in the CW region

Private Sector Involvement To Date
Informal recyclers in each nation; recycle tiny fractions, unhealthy practices Widespread contracting of waste collection; annual contracts, often to SOE Dumpsites; public and private ownership, fees paid Examples; Tbilisi; Government-owned company runs system on commercial basis Baku; Two major private collection contractors, SOE runs disposal facility Almaty; 32 collection contractors, private operator at major dumpsite

Cost Recovery and Tariffs

-

Tariffs (US$/cap/month) Armenia Georgia Azerbaijan Uzbekistan Kazakhstan

Capital 0.56 1.40 0.15 1.00 1.12

Cities 0.40 0.90 0.15 0.30 0.70

Blending of consumer tariffs and central / municipal funds SWM tariffs and tariff setting mechanisms in place (a good sign) Majority of tariffs unable to cover even O&M

43

Critical Conclusions: SWM in the CW Region

The demand driver is highly significant: at least 280 million tons of waste to 2030 - Practically all SWM systems are incapable of meeting demand - Coherent and integrated SWM development strategies do not exist - Regulatory frameworks are in place, but weak, need refinement / enhancement - Acute environmental degradation, threats to public health and the environment - Institutional capacity for effective SWM is nascent. SWM infrastructure and service delivery extremely weak or non-existent - Tariffs are in place, but essentially too modest / not robust enough for cost recovery - Waste collection, treatment and disposal are rudimentary in most places - Waste segregation and recycling are still in infancy - Recycling offers a significant development potential

Pressure is growing to deliver improved strategic, operational, technical and investment responses to SWM challenges

44

Strategic Direction for each of the five DMCs

Three key actions; 1. Focused / sharpened national SWM strategy 2. Prioritized and properly sequenced SWM investment program 3. Comprehensive institutional reforms and capacity support programs

45

Action 1 National SWM Strategy

Define sector goals and objectives, Refine policy to meet goals, Strengthen the legal and regulatory framework, Define sector demands, Evaluate SWM best practices to meet demands, Select preferred SWM systems and processes, Identify and prioritize SWM system investments, including PPP, Evaluate costs and rationalize cost recovery mechanisms, Recommend sector assistance and institutional capacity building programs.
-

National SWM Strategy: Guiding Principles

Waste is a resource All individuals must assume responsibility for the waste they generate Prevention, reduction and recovery for recycling and reuse is a priority focus Source (household) segregation is essential to any sustainable solution The informal private sector plays a critical role in recycling Active public participation is essential Residual waste must be properly handled, treated and disposed The SWM system has to be run on efficient performance-based commercial principles Private sector participation should be prioritized, and an enabling environment created Economic incentives need to be established All stakeholders have different roles and responsibilities in ensuring effective SWM, and they should be effectively integrated.

46

Action 2 SWM Investment Program

Objectives Phased investments in target regional centers and intermediary cities Commence with cities and regions with highest pressure points Provide comprehensive, modern and sustainable SWM system in each Meet internationally recognized best operational practices, standards and environmental commitments

47

A. Waste Collection Systems

Improved and expanded waste collection systems Improvements to communal waste collection points Waste containers Waste collection vehicles

B. Waste Transfer Systems

Large distances between urban and rural areas; waste transfer costs need to be minimized Consolidation of waste at transfer stations, and more complex transfer stations for urban areas with higher waste flows

48

C. Waste Disposal Systems

Sanitary landfills designed to stringent specifications Waste is encapsulated, contaminated liquids and gases captured and treated Meet international environmental standards

D. Waste Recycling Systems

Likely to include source (household, curbside) segregation and recycling Primarily an informal, private sector operation, with Government support and oversight

49

Action 3 Institutional Reforms and Capacity Support Programs

Institutional strengthening Overall governance and accountability SWM sector strategic planning Operational management and technical capacity PPP assessment and involvement Regulatory framework Rationalizing (simplifying) existing legislation Supplementing with ancillary regulations Strengthening enforcement processes, including selfenforcement procedures

50

Action 3 (Continued) Institutional Reforms and Capacity Support Programs

Waste minimization and recycling Setting realistic goals Strategic stakeholder assessment Strategy formulation and implementation Long term Government support Tariff development and cost recovery Sector financing review Medium term financing needs assessment Financing options, tariffs, PPP Media and public awareness programs Understanding the sector How to minimize and segregate waste General environmental and waste handling education

51

PATA Outcomes (Sep-2013)

Uzbekistan - ADB-funded US$ 80 million Tashkent SWM investment program scheduled for Board approval in Q4, 2013 - Program includes rehabilitation and expansion of entire SWM system, provision of a new disposal site to 2060, and options to move to waste-to-rail - Includes a capacity support package to assist to formulate a national SWM strategy, a citywide recycling program, and a media and public awareness campaign. - Based on the strategy, Government is keen to move ahead with similar investments in Samarkand, the Fergana Valley and other urbanized areas Armenia - ADB-funded SWM investment program for the Sevan Lake and Ararat Valley regions to be formulated by mid-2014, including provision for national strategy development Azerbaijan - Potential PPTA in 2014 to formulate a SWM investment program for selected urban areas, including a national strategy

Kazakhstan and Georgia - Under consideration

53

A New Paradigm: Regional Landfills in Armenia

"#$% & ' ( ) *!+,% - ,% ./!! 01 2 !0/3.*4 !5' 6.7,*!8- #*3!

SEVAN WEST!

SEVAN SOUTH!

YEREVAN!

ARARAT VALLEY!

54

Regional Landfills in Georgia

SWM SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Initial Investment Phase CHKHOROTSKU Subsequent Investment Phase

KUTAISI CHIATURA KHOBI TSKHINVAIL MTSKHETA TELAVI OZURGETI LAGODEKHI

BATUMI

SHUAKHEVI RUSTAVI

55

Regional Landfills in Uzbekistan

- 178 registered dumpsites and about 200 unregistered dumpsites

56

Regional Landfills in Uzbekistan

60E 65E 70E

U Z B E K IS TA N
P O P U L AT I O N
Country capital Province capital Other city Province border

45 N

!" #$ % & ' ()* + ,- & "* ./ 0 * . 123) 4 * 5&637,) * 89" ) 2*

Aral Sea
Beleuli Kabanbay Komosomolsk-na-Ustyurte Uchsay Urga Kazakhdarya Kungrad Leninabad Sayat Daukara Cimboy Khalkabad Khodzhelyli Ta h i at o s Muynak

0 25 100 250 1000

Persons per square km

KAZAKHSTAN

100 km 100 mi

U Z B E K I S T A N
Kulkuduk Mingbulak

Nukus

40 N

TURKMENI

Mangit Uckuduk Dashkhovuz Mullalykuduk Gurlan Beshbulak Ta md yb u l ak Sovot Novo-Urgench Buzaubay Gazlkent Tu r t k ul Sharykty Zrafson Heva TASHKENT Kulatau Ya n iyu l Meshekli Angren Namanghan Uzunkuduk Ay a k ku d uk Druzhba Pop Chengeldy Andijon Tuprakkala Kalata Cinoz Pskent Ohangaron Kusaykuduk Quqon Dzhangeldy Shuruk Gagarin Zulumsary Riston Kyzylrabat Gulistan Kokcha Uzunkuduk Besarik Ferghana Nurota Gugurtli Ya n i y er Dzhush Navoi Gijduvon Gazli Kattakurgon Jizzakh Ya ng i b az a r Oktos Bukhoro Bulungur Korakul Samarqand STAN Karaulbaza Urgut Muborak Kitob

K Y RG Y Z S TA N

Qarshi

Ya kk a bo g Guzr Shurguzar Denau Boysun Pashkhurd Surci

TA J I K I S TA N

DUSHANBE

ASHGABAT

Dekhkanabad

Serobod Carkurgon Gilyambor

IRAN

Termiz

AFGHANISTAN
Copyright 2007 by W orld Trade Press. All Rights Reserved.

57

A New Paradigm: Waste-to-Rail in Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan

Tashkent

Uzbekistan main Railway network 50 km collection zone alongside the railway

60E

65E

70E

U ZB E K I S TA N
P O P U LATIO N
Count r y capi t al Pr ovi nce capi t al Ot her ci t y Pr ovi nce bor der

45 N

Aral Sea
Be l e u l i Kabanbay Komosomolsk-na-Ustyurte Uch sa y Urg a Ka za kh d a rya Kungrad Leninabad Sa ya t Da u ka ra Ci m b o y Kh a l ka b a d Kh o d zh e l yl i Ta h i a t o s M u yn a k

0 25 100 250 1000

100 km 100 mi

U Z B E K I S T A N
Ku l ku d u k Mingbulak

Nukus

Nukus-Urgench Corridor

40 N

TURKMENI

Mangit Ucku d u k Da sh kh o vu z M u l l a l yku d u k Gu rl a n Be sh b u l a k Ta m d y b u l a k So vo t Novo-Urgench Bu za u b a y Ga zl ke n t Tu r t k u l Sh a rykt y Z ra f so n He va TASHKENT Ku l a t a u Ya n i y u l M e sh e kl i A n g r e n Namanghan Uzu n ku d u k Ay a k k u d u k Dru zh b a Pop Ch e n g e l d y Andijon Tuprakkala Ka l a t a Ci n o z Pskent Ohangaron Ku sa yku d u k Qu q o n Dzh a n g e l d y Shuruk Ga g a ri n Z u l u m sa ry Riston Kyzyl ra b a t Gulistan Ko kch a Uzu n ku d u k Be sa ri k Ferghana Nu ro t a Gu g u rt l i Ya n i y e r Dzh u sh Navoi Gi j d u vo n Ga zl i Ka t t a ku rg o n Jizzakh Ya n g i b a z a r Okt o s Bukhoro Bu l u n g u r Ko ra ku l Samarqand STAN Ka ra u l b a za Urg u t M u b o ra k Ki t o b

Tashkent-Samarkand Corridor

KYRGYZSTA N

Farghana Valley

ASHGABAT

Bukhara-Termiz Region

Qarshi

Ya k k a b o g Gu zr Sh u rg u za r De n a u Bo ysu n Pa sh kh u rd Su rci

TA J I K I S TA N

DUSHANBE

Dekhkanabad

Serobod Ca rku rg o n Gi l ya m b o r

IRAN

Termiz

AFGHANISTAN
Copyright 2007 by W orld Trade Press. All Rights Reserved.

Persons per square km

KAZAKHSTAN

59