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Particles of micro dimension like the electrons are studied under quantum physics moving electrons inside a solid material can be associated with waves with a wave function (x) in one dimension ((r) in 3D) Hence its behaviors can be studied with the Schrdinger's equation (1D)
2
( x) x2
2m ( E V ) ( x) 0 2
2
( x) 2 k ( x) 2 x
0,
Ef
With
2mE 2k 2 h , or, E , 2 2m 2
Sommerfields model
As the freely moving electrons can not escape the surface of the material, they may be treated as particles confined (trapped)in a box Hence, V(x) =0, for 0<x<L . e= , for x=0 & x=L V(x) 0 L x
Schs equation ,
( x) x2
2mE 2
( x)
Solution of the equation can be obtained as (x) = A sin kx + B cos kx From boundary conditions , at x=o & x=L , (x)=0, we can get B=0 and k= n / L , Putting the normalization condition we get A= 2/L
Substituting all the values n (x) = ( 2/L) sin nx /L & En (x) = 2 k2 / 2m = 22n2 / 2m L2 = h2n2/ 8mL2 This shows that energy of the electrons inside the material is quantized and hence is discrete
n=3
E3
n=2
E2
n=1
E1
In 3D, n (r) = ( 8/L3) sin nxx /L sin nyx /L sin nzx /L & En (r) = 2 k2 / 2m = (nx2+ny2+nz2) 22 / 2m L2
electron states
kx
N = kf3 V / 32
Or, n=
2m 2
3 2
3 2 f
Hence at 0K, the fermi energy Ef (0) = 2 kf2 / 2m = 2 / 2m ( 32n)2/3 = h2/ 8m (3n/ ) 2/3 Fermi velocity vf = kf / m = /m (32n) 1/3
Density of States
No. of free electrons within energy value E = no. of states within the sphere of radius k in k-space = N(E) = Vk3 / 32 = V/ 32 ( 2mE/ 2)3/2 Density of state = no. of states per unit energy range per unit volume of the metal
1 dN ( E ) or , Z(E) = V dE
d k3 dE 3 2
d 1 2mE dE 3 2 2
3 2
=
Or, Z(E)=
1 3
2
2m 2
1
2
3 2
3 E 2
3 2
1 2
2m 2
1 2
Z(E) 0
E
T=0
or,
Z(E)
Fermi Dirac distribution function Distribution of electrons in different energy states is given by Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermi Dirac distribution function F(E) gives the probability of occupation of an energy level E, by an electron at temperature T
F(E) =
1
(E Ef )
k T
1
F(E) T=0
Ef
At T > 0 K Some states below Ef are unoccupied and some above are occupied F(E) For E= Ef , F(E) = *This is applicable in an energy range k T
E
<E> =
( In a metal some states above fermi level are occupied at T > 0K At T = 0 K : upper limit of integration is Ef0 and F(E) is 1
E f0
E.
0
1 2
2
2m 2 1 3
2
3 2
1 2
<E0 > =
2m 2
1 3
2
e
3 2
E
1 2
1 Ef
dE 1
k T E
2m 2
3 2
3 2
<E0> =
5 1 E f0 2 2 3 5 1 . E f0 2 2 3
so,
1 1 n 2 2
2m 2
2
3 2 0
E dE
E Ef
1 2
k T
E0
5 12
k T E f0
2
As , E f(T) =
E f0 1
k T E f0
12