PROJECT WORK FOR

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
2009

Circles In Our Daily Life

Name :________________________

 I.C. No. :______________________

 Teacher :______________________

 Class :________________________
 Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving

me the strength and health to do this project work.

Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such

as money, to buy anything that are related to this project
work and their advise, which is the most needed for this
project. Internet, books, computers and all that. They also
supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so
that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Sir _____ for

guiding me and my friends throughout this project.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project
with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when
we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.
 Objectives
The aims of carrying out this project work are:-

 to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies

to solve problems;

 to improve thinking skills;

 to promote effective mathematical communication;

 to develop mathematical knowledge through problem

solving in a way that increases students’ interest and
confidence;

 to use the language of mathematics to express

mathematical ideas precisely;

 to provide learning environment that stimulates and

enhances effective learning;

 to develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

 Introduction
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting
of those points in a plane which are the same distance from a
given point called the centre. The common distance of the
points of a circle from its center is called its radius. A diameter
is a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle and which
passes through the centre of the circle. The length of a
diameter is twice the length of the radius. A circle is never a
polygon because it has no sides or vertices.
Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into
two regions, an interior and an exterior. In everyday use the
term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either
the boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the
whole figure including its interior, but in strict technical usage
"circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is
called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of
the circle (especially when referring to its length).
A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are
coincident. Circles are conic sections attained when a right
circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the
axis of the cone.
The circle has been known since before the beginning of
recorded history. It is the basis for the wheel, which, with
related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern
civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle
has helped inspire the development of geometry and calculus.
Early science, particularly geometry and Astrology and
astronomy, was connected to the divine for most medieval
scholars, and many believed that there was something
intrinsically "divine" or "perfect" that could be found in circles.
Some highlights in the history of the circle are:
 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the
area of a circular field. The result corresponds to 256/81 as
an approximate value of π.
 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid's Elements deals with the
properties of circles.
 1880 – Lindemann proves that π is transcendental,
effectively settling the millennia-old problem of squaring the
circle.
Pi or π is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio
of any circle's circumference to its diameter in Euclidean
space; this is the same value as the ratio of a circle's area to
the square of its radius. It is approximately equal to 3.14159
in the usual decimal notation. π is one of the most important
mathematical and physical constants: many formulae from
mathematics, science, and engineering involve .
π is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot
be expressed exactly as a fraction m/n, where m and n are
integers. Consequently, its decimal representation never ends
or repeats. It is also a transcendental number, which means
that no finite sequence of algebraic operations on integers
(powers, roots, sums, etc.) can be equal to its value; proving
this was a late achievement in mathematical history and a
significant result of 19th century German mathematics.
Throughout the history of mathematics, there has been much
effort to determine π more accurately and to understand its
nature; fascination with the number has even carried over into
non-mathematical culture.
The Greek letter π, often spelled out pi in text was adopted
for the number from the Greek word for perimeter "περίµετρος",
first by William Jones in 1707, and popularized by Leonhard
Euler in 1737. The constant is occasionally also referred to as
the circular constant, Archimedes' constant (not to be confused
with an Archimedes number), or Ludolph's number (from a
German mathematician whose efforts to calculate more of its
digits became famous).
 Contents

No. Contents Page

1 Acknowledgement 1
2 Objectives 2
3 Introduction 3-4
4 Part 1 5-7
5 Part 2 8-13
6 Part 3 14-20
7 Conclusions 20
8 References 21
 Conclusion
Part 1
Not all objects surrounding us are related to circles. If all
the objects are circle, there would be no balance and
stability. In our daily life, we could related circles in objects.
For example: a fan, a ball or a wheel. In Pi(π), we accept
3.142 or 22/7 as the best value of pi. The circumference of
the circle is proportional as pi(π) x diameter. If the circle has
twice the diameter, d of another circle, thus the
circumference, C will also have twice of its value, where
preserving the ratio =Cid.

Part 2
The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB and
BCR where the semicircles PQR is the outer semicircle while
inner semicircle PAB and BCR is (Length of arc=PQR =
Length of PAB + Length of arc BCR). The length of arc for
each semicircles can be obtained as in length of arc =
½(2πr). As in conclusion, outer semicircle is also equal to the
inner semicircles where Sin= Sout .

Part 3
In semicircle ABC(the shaded region), and the two
semicircles which is AEB and BFC, the area of the shaded
region semicircle ADC is written as in Area of shaded
region ADC =Area of ADC – (Area of AEB + Area of BFC).
When we plot a straight link graph based on linear law, we
may still obtained a linear graph because Sin= Sout
where the diameter has a constant value for a semicircle.
 References

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.one-school.net

 Additional Mathematics Textbook Form 4 and

Form 5.
 Part 1(a)
There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts
of a circle.

CDs Coins

Round-mirror Round-table

Round-clock
 Smallest
flower bed
 Part 1(b)
Pi or π is a mathematical constant related to circles.

Definition of π :-
In Euclidean plane geometry, π is defined as the ratio of
a circle's circumference to its diameter:

The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For

example, if a circle has twice the diameter d of another
circle it will also have twice the circumference C, preserving
the ratio C/d.
Area of the circle = π × area of the shaded square
Alternatively π can be also defined as
the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the
area of a square whose side is equal to
the radius:

These definitions depend on results of

Euclidean geometry, such as the fact
that all circles are similar. This can be
considered a problem when π occurs in areas of mathematics
that otherwise do not involve geometry. For this reason,
mathematicians often prefer to define π without reference to
geometry, instead selecting one of its analytic properties as
a definition. A common choice is to define π as twice the
smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0. The formulas below
illustrate other (equivalent) definitions.
History of π :-
The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by
taking 3 times the square of its radius, which gave a value of
π=3. One Babylonian tablet (ca. 1900–1680 BC) indicates a
value of 3.125 for π, which is a closer approximation.
In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is
evidence that the Egyptians calculated the area of a circle by a
formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605 for π.
The ancient cultures mentioned above found their
approximations by measurement. The first calculation of π was
done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC), one of the
greatest mathematicians of the ancient world. Archimedes
approximated the area of a circle by using the Pythagorean
Theorem to find the areas of two regular polygons: the
polygon inscribed within the circle and the polygon within
which the circle was circumscribed. Since the actual area of
the circle lies between the areas of the inscribed and
circumscribed polygons, the areas of the polygons gave upper
and lower bounds for the area of the circle. Archimedes knew
that he had not found the value of π but only an approximation
within those limits. In this way, Archimedes showed that π is
between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71.
A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429–501), a
brilliant Chinese mathematician and astronomer. Zu Chongzhi
would not have been familiar with Archimedes’ method—but
because his book has been lost, little is known of his work. He
calculated the value of the ratio of the circumference of a circle
to its diameter to be 355/113. To compute this accuracy for π,
he must have started with an inscribed regular 24,576-gon
and performed lengthy calculations involving hundreds of
square roots carried out to 9 decimal places.
Mathematicians began using the Greek letter π in the
1700s. Introduced by William Jones in 1706, use of the symbol
was popularized by Euler, who adopted it in 1737. An 18th
century French mathematician named Georges Buffon devised
a way to calculate π based on probability.
 Part 2(a)
Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles
PAB and BCR of diameter d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in PQR
such that the sum of d1 and d2 is equal to 10cm.

P R
B
d1 d2
10 cm

Diagram 1

Using formula: Arc of semicircle = ½ π d

d1 d2 Length of arc PQR Length of arc PAB Length of arc BCR
(cm) (cm) in terms of π (cm) in terms of π (cm) in terms of π (cm)
1 9 5π 0.5 π 4.5 π
2 8 5π 1.0 π 4.0 π
3 7 5π 1.5 π 3.5 π
4 6 5π 2.0 π 3.0 π
5 5 5π 2.5 π 2.5 π
6 4 5π 3.0 π 2.0 π
7 3 5π 3.5 π 1.5 π
8 2 5π 4.0 π 1.0 π
9 1 5π 4.5 π 0.5 π
10 0 5π 5.0 π 0.0 π
Table 1

From the Table 1, we know that the length of arc PQR is not
affected by the different in d1 and d2 in PAB and BCR respectively.
The relation between the length of arcs PQR , PAB and BCR is that
the length of arc PQR is equal to the sum of the length of arcs PAB
and BCR, which is we can get the equation:
 SPQR = S + S
PAB BCR

or
Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + Length of arc BCR

Let d1= 3, and d2 =7 SPQR = S + SPAB BCR

5π = ½ π(3) + ½ π(7)
5π = 3/2 π + 7/2 π
5π = 10/2 π
5π = 5 π

Part 2(b)
Diagram 2 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm.
Semicircles PAB, BCD and DER of diameter d1, d2 and d3 is
equal to 10 cm.

E
C
A

P R
B D
d1 d2 d3
10 cm

Diagram 2

2(b)(i)

d1 d2 d3 Length of arc Length of arc Length of arc Length of arc

(cm) (cm) (cm) PQR in terms PAB in terms BCD in terms DER in terms
of π (cm) of π (cm) of π (cm) of π (cm)
1 1 8 5π 0.5 π 0.5 π 4.0 π
 1 2 7 5π 0.5 π 1.0 π 3.5 π
1 3 6 5π 0.5 π 1.5 π 3.0 π
1 4 5 5π 0.5 π 2.0 π 2.5 π
1 5 4 5π 0.5 π 2.5 π 2.0 π
1 6 3 5π 0.5 π 3.0 π 1.5 π
1 7 2 5π 0.5 π 3.5 π 1.0 π
1 8 1 5π 0.5 π 4.0 π 0.5 π
2 1 7 5π 1.0 π 0.5 π 3.5 π
2 2 6 5π 1.0 π 1.0 π 3.0 π
2 3 5 5π 1.0 π 1.5 π 2.5 π
2 4 4 5π 1.0 π 2.0 π 2.0 π
2 5 3 5π 1.0 π 2.5 π 1.5 π
2 6 2 5π 1.0 π 3.0 π 1.0 π
2 7 1 5π 1.0 π 3.5 π 0.5 π
3 1 6 5π 1.5 π 0.5 π 3.0 π
3 2 5 5π 1.5 π 1.0 π 2.5 π
3 3 4 5π 1.5 π 1.5 π 2.0 π
3 4 3 5π 1.5 π 2.0 π 1.5 π
3 5 2 5π 1.5 π 2.5 π 1.0 π
3 6 1 5π 1.5 π 3.0 π 0.5 π
4 1 5 5π 2.0 π 0.5 π 2.5 π
4 2 4 5π 2.0 π 1.0 π 2.0 π
4 3 3 5π 2.0 π 1.5 π 1.5 π
4 4 2 5π 2.0 π 2.0 π 1.0 π
4 5 1 5π 2.0 π 2.5 π 0.5 π
5 1 4 5π 2.5 π 0.5 π 2.0 π
5 2 3 5π 2.5 π 1.0 π 1.5 π
5 3 2 5π 2.5 π 1.5 π 1.0 π
5 4 1 5π 2.5 π 2.0 π 0.5 π
6 1 3 5π 3.0 π 0.5 π 1.5 π
6 2 2 5π 3.0 π 1.0 π 1.0 π
6 3 1 5π 3.0 π 1.5 π 0.5 π
7 1 2 5π 3.5 π 0.5 π 1.0 π
7 2 1 5π 3.5 π 1.0 π 0.5 π
8 1 1 5π 4.0 π 0.5 π 0.5 π
Table 2

From the table, we can conclude that :-

SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER
 or

Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + Length of arc BCD + Length
of arc DER

Let d1 = 2, d2 = 5, d3 = 3 SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER

5 π = π + 5/2 π + 3/2 π
5π = 5π

2(b)(ii)

Based on the findings in the table in (a) and (b) above, we

conclude that:

The length of the arc of the outer semicircle = the sum of the
length of arcs of the inner semicircles for n inner semicircles
where n = 2, 3, 4…

or

(s out) = n (s in), n = 2, 3, 4, ......

where,
s in = length of arc of inner semicircle
s out = length of arc of outer semicircle

Souter = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 + S5

Part 2(c)
 Assume the diameter of outer semicircle is 30cm and 4 semicircles
are inscribed in the outer semicircle such that the sum of d1(APQ),
d2(QRS), d3(STU), d4(UVC) is equal to 30cm.

d1 d2 d3 d4 SABC SAPQ SQRS SSTU SUVC

10 8 6 6 15 π 5π 4π 3π 3π
12 3 5 10 15 π 6π 3/2 π 5/2 π 5π
14 8 4 4 15 π 7π 4π 2π 2π
15 5 3 7 15 π 15/2 π 5/2 π 3/2 π 7/2 π
Let d1=10, d2=8, d3=6, d4=6,

SABC = SAPQ + SQRS + SSTU + SUVC

15 π = 5 π + 4 π + 3 π + 3 π
15 π = 15 π
The diameter of the outer semicircle,d= d1+ d2+…+ dn
 10cm = 1cm + 1cm + 8cm

The length of arc of the outer semicircle, d1 + d2 + d3

 0.5 π + 0.5 π + 4.0 π = 5 π

The sum of the length of arcs of the inner semicircles

 Factorise π/2
(1cm + 1cm + 8cm) =5 π

The length of the arc of the outer semicircle is equal to the sum
of the length of arcs of any number of the inner semicircles. This
is true for any value of the diameter of the semicircle.

Part 3(a)
The Mathematics Society is given a task to design a garden
to beautify the school by using the design as shown in
Diagram 3. The shaded region will be planted with flowers
and the two inner semicircleas are fish ponds.

D Flower Plot

E
Fish ponds

A C
B
xm
10 cm

Diagram 3

The area of the flower plot is ym2 and the diameter of one of
the fish ponds is x m.

Area of ADC

= ½ π (10/2) 2
= 25/2 π

Area of AEB
= ½ π (x/2) 2
= ½ π (x2 /4)
= x2 /8 π

Area of BFC

= ½ π (5 - x/2) 2
= ½ π (25–5x+x2/4)
= (25/2) π – (5x/2) π + (x2/8) π

Area of shaded region

= Area of ADC – (Area of AEB + Area of BFC)

= 25/2 π – [x2 /8 π + ((25/2) π – (5x/2) π + (x2/8) π )]
= 25/2 π – [x2 /8 π + (25/2) π – (5x/2) π + (x2/8) π ]
= 25/2 π – x2 /8 π - (25/2) π + (5x/2) π - (x2/8) π
= -x2/4 π + 5x/2 π

y = ((10x – x2)/4) π

Part 3(b)

The area of the flower plot is 16.5 m2.

16.5 = -x2/4 π + 5x/2 π
16.5 = -x2/4 (22/7) + 5x/2 (22/7)

To eliminate the π ,divide all the terms by π .

16.5/(22/7) = -x2/4 + 5x/2

5.25 = 5x/2 - x2/4
21 = 10x - x2
x2 - 10x + 21 = 0

Factorize the equation to get the value of x.

(x-7)(x-3) = 0
X=7 or x=3
 x = 7cm or x = 3cm.

Part 3(c)
Linear Law

y = -x2/4 π + 5x/2 π
Change it to linear form of Y = mX + C

y/x = -x/4 π + 5/2 π

Y = y/x
m = - π/4
X=x
C = 5/2 π

A graph of y/x against x was plotted and the line of best fit
is drawn.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y/x 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4

From the graph, when the diameter of one of the fish pond
is 4.5 m, the value of y/x is 4.35. Therefore, the area of the
flower plot when the diameter of one of the fish pond is
4.5m is

 4.3 m ( 4.5 m) = 19.35 m2

Part 3(d)
The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than
that of the flower plot. Two methods are used to determine
the area of the flower plot such that the cost of constructing
the garden is minimum.
Method 1 : Differentiation

y = -x2/4 π + 5x/2 π
dy/dx = - πx/2 + 5/2 π
d2y/dx2 = - π/2
 y has maximum value.
At maximum point, d2y/dx2 = 0
- πx/2 + 5/2 π = 0
πx/2 = 5/2 π
x = 5m
 Maximum value of y = -(5)2/4 π + 5(5)/2 π
= 6.25 π m2.

Method 2 : Completing The Square

y = -x2/4 π + 5x/2 π
= - π/4 (x2 – 10x)
= - π/4 (x2 – 10x + 25 - 25)
= - π/4 [(x-5)2 - 25]
= - π/4 (x-5)2 + 25 π/4
 y is a shape graph as, a = - π/4
It has a maximum value.
 When x = 5m, maximum value of the graph is 6.25 π m2.

Part 3(e)
The Principal suggested an additional of 12 semicircular flower beds to
design submitted by the Mathematics Society as shown in Diagram 4.
The sum of the diameters of the semicircular flower beds is 10m. The
diameter of the smallest flower bed is 30cm and the diameter of the
A by a constant value successively.
flower beds are increased B

10 cm
 Diagram 4

 n = 12, a = 30cm, S12 = 1000cm

S12 = n/2 (2a + (n – 1)d Tn Diameter

(flower bed) (cm)
1000 = 12/2 ( 2(30) + (12 – 1)d)
T1 30.000
1000 = 6 ( 60 + 11d)
T2 39.697
1000 = 360 + 66d T3 49.394
1000 – 360 = 66d T4 59.091
T5 68.788
640 = 66d T6 78.485
 d = 9.697 T7 88.182
T8 97.879
T9 107.576
T10 117.273
T11 126.970
T12 136.667