Bibliography

Books

Mealer, B., All Things Must Fight To Live: Stories of War and Deliverance in Congo, Bloomsbury,
New York, 2008.

Renton, D., Seddon, D., & Zeilig, L., The Congo: Plunder and Resistance, Zed Books, London, 2007.

Articles Published in Periodicals

Autesserre, S., ‘The Trouble With Congo: How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Conflict’, Foreign
Affairs, May/June 2008, pp. 94-110.

Bloomfield, S., ‘One Step at a Time’, BBC Focus on Africa, vol. 20, no. 1, January – March 2009, pp.
14-15.

Deibert, M., ‘Congo: Between Hope and Despair’, World Policy Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, Summer 2008,
pp. 63-68.

Egeland, J., ‘International Responsibilities’, Forced Migration Review, no. 27, Special Edition Sexual
Violence: Weapon of War, Impediment to Peace, January 2007, pp. 8-9.

Eriksson Baaz, M., & Stern, M., ‘Making Sense of Violence: voices of soldiers in the Congo (DRC)’,
Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 46, no. 1, 2008, pp. 57-86.

Guenther, B., ‘The Asian drivers and the resource curse in Sub-Saharan Africa: the potential impacts of
rising commodity prices for conflict and governance in the DRC’, European Journal of Development
Research, vol. 20, no. 2, June 2008, pp. 347-363.

Kaplan, S., ‘The Wrong Prescription for the Congo’, Orbis, vol. 51, no. 2, Spring 2007, pp. 299-311.

Kayira, K., ‘Where To Begin?’ BBC Focus on Africa, vol. 20, no. 1, January – March 2009, pp. 10-13.

Kodi, M., ‘Time To Act’, The World Today, vol. 65, no. 1, January 2009, pp. 20-23.

Lalji, N., ‘The Resource Curse Revisited: Conflict and Coltan in the Congo’, Harvard International
Review, vol. 29, no. 3, Fall 2007, pp. 34-37.

Morgan, M., ‘DR Congo’s $24 trillion fortune’, African Business, no. 350, February 2009, pp. 52-58.

Niemann, M., ‘War Making and State Making in Central Africa’, Africa Today, vol. 53, no. 3, Spring
2007, pp. 20-39.

Reyntjens, F., ‘Briefing Democratic Republic of Congo: Political Transition and Beyond’, African
Affairs, vol. 106, no. 423, April 2007, pp. 307-317.

Sharife, K., ‘DR Congo: The Heavy Price of the world’s High-Tech’, New African, no. 473, May 2008,
pp. 26-29.

Thakur, M., ‘Demilitarising militias in the Kivus (eastern Democratic Republic of Congo)’, Africa
Security Review, Institute for Security Studies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 52-67.

Van Woundenberg, A., ‘Crossing the Line’, BBC Focus on Africa, vol. 20, no. 1, January – March
2009, pp. 16-17.
Online Reports/Papers/Resources from Academic or Government
Affiliated Institutions

Amnesty International, ‘Democratic Republic of Congo: Disarmament, Demobilization and

Reintegration (DDR) and the Reform of the Army’, January 2007, AI Index: AFR 62/001/2007, pp. 3-
66. Consulted onlineon 22 May, 2009 at
<http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR62/001/2007>.

Amnesty International, ‘Democratic Republic of Congo: Arming the East’, 4 July 2005, AFR
62/006/2005, pp. 1-77. Consulted online on May 12, 2009 at
<http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR62/006/2005>.

Bekoe, D., & Parajon, C., ‘Developing and Managing Congo’s Natural Resources’, Address to the
Congo Peacebuilding Forum, United States Institute for Peace, July 2007. Consulted online on May 24,
2009 via Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO) database:
<http://ciaonet.org.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/pbei/usip/usip10151/usip10151.html>.

Danssaert, P., Diallo, M., Finardi, S., Mahtani, D., & Stearns, J., ‘Final Report of the Group of Experts
on the Democratic Republic of the Congo’, United Nations Security Council, 12 December 2008, pp.
1-127. Consulted online on June 3, 2009 at
<http://www.humansecuritygateway.info/documents/UN_S2008773_DRCGroupOfExperts_FinalRepor
t.pdf>.

Davis, L., & Hayner, P., ‘Difficult Peace, Limited Justice: Ten Years of Peacemaking in the DRC’,
International Center for Transitional Justice, March 2009, pp. 3-41. Consulted online on May 17, 2009
at <http://www.ictj.org/static/Africa/DRC/ICTJDavisHayner_DRC_DifficultPeace_pa2009.pdf>.

Enough Project, ‘Crisis In Congo: The Casualties of Conflict Minerals – Key Facts’, 2008, pp. 1-3.
Consulted online on May 14, 2009 at
<http://www.raisehopeforcongo.org/files/pdf/crisis_in_congo.pdf>.

Enough Project, ‘Ten Reasons Why Eastern Congo Is The Most Dangerous Place On Earth For
Women’, 2008, pp. 1-6. Consulted online on May 22, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/reports/10reasons.pdf>.

Enough Team, ‘Congo’s Dangerous Crossroads’, Statement, January 30, 2009. Consulted online on 20
May, 2009 at <http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/congos-dangerouscrossroads>.

Enough Project Team & Grassroots Reconciliation Group, ‘A Comprehensive Approach to Congo’s
Conflict Minerals’, April 24, 2009, pp. 1-20. Consulted online on May 14, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/Congo-Minerals-042409.pdf>

Faskianos, I., & Gambino, A., ‘Academic Conference Call: Securing Peace in the Congo’, CPR.org
Audio Recording, April 23, 2009. Consulted online on May 21, 2009 at
<http://www.cfr.org/publication/19215/academic_conference_call.html>.

Feeley, R., & Thomas-Jensen, C., ‘Getting Serious About Ending Conflict and Sexual Violence In
Eastern Congo’, Enough Strategy Paper no. 15, March 2008, pp. 1-9. Consulted online on May 9, 2009
at <http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/CongoSerious.pdf>.

Feeley, R., & Thomas-Jensen, C., ‘Past Due: Remove the FDLR from Eastern Congo’, Enough
Strategy Paper no. 22, June 2008, pp. 2-12. Consulted online on May 30, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/congo_fdlr_may_2008.pdf>.

Feeley, R., & Thomas-Jensen, C., ‘Beyond Crisis Management in Eastern Congo’, Enough Strategy
Paper, December 2008, pp. 1-9. Consulted online on May 21, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/easterncongo_1208.pdf>
Gambino, A., ‘Congo: Securing Peace, Sustaining Progress’, Council on Foreign Relations, Special
Report no. 40, Center for Preventative Action, October 2008, pp. vii-49. Consulted online on 21 May,
2009 at <http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Congo_CSR40.pdf>.

Gross, D., ‘Politics and Plunder: Civil War and Regional Intervention in Africa’, Flinders University,
School of Political and International Studies, Master of Arts Research Thesis, June 2007, pp. 1-238.
Consulted online on May 13, 2009 at <http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au/local/adt/public/adt-
SFU20080502.111658/index.html>.

Herbst, J., & Mills, G., ‘There Is No Congo’, Foreign Policy, March 2009. Consulted online on 16 May
2009 at <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4763>.

International Crisis Group, ‘Beyond Victimhood: Women’s Peacebuilding in Sudan, Congo and
Uganda’, Africa Report no. 112, 28 June 2006, pp. i-32. Consulted online on 6 June, 2009 at
<http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4185>.

International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Consolidating the Peace’, Africa Report No. 128, 5 July 2007, pp.
i-26. Consulted online on June 1, 2009 at <http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4933>.

International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Bringing Peace to North Kivu’, Africa Report No. 133, 31 October
2007, pp.i-19. Consulted online at
<http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/africa/central_africa/1
33_congo___bringing_peace_to_north_kivu.pdf>.

International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities For A Peacebuilding Strategy’, Africa Report No.
150, 11 May 2009, p. i-22. Consulted online on 22 May, 2009 at
<http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=6095>.

Prendergast, J., & Thomas-Jensen, C., ‘Averting the Nightmare Scenario in Eastern Congo’, Enough
Project, Enough Strategy Paper no. 7, September 2007, pp. 2-9. Consulted online on May 11, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/congonightmare.pdf>

Prendegast, J., ‘Can You Hear the Congo Now? Cell Phones, Conflict Minerals and the Worst Sexual
Violence in the World’, Enough Project, April 2009, pp. 1-8. Consulted online on May 8, 2009 at
<http://www.raisehopeforcongo.org/files/congo_activism_final.pdf>.

Prendergast, J., ‘Confronting Rape and Other Forms of Violence against Women in Conflict Zones –
Spotlight: DRC and Sudan’, Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, May 13,
2009. Consulted online on May 21, 2009 at <http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/confronting-
rape-and-other-forms-violence-against-women-conflictzones%E2%80%94spotlight-drc-an>.

Raise Hope For Congo, ‘4 Ps for Protecting and Empowering Women’, Center For American Progress,
Enough Project, 2008, pp. 1-4. Consulted online on May 21, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/RAISE%20Hope%20for%20Congo%204ps.pdf>.

Rice, S., ‘Statement by Ambassador Susan E. Rice, US Permanent Representative, on Respect for
International Humanitarian Law, in the Security Council’, January 29, 2009, Press Release, Office of
Press and Public Diplomacy, United States Mission to the United Nations.
Consulted online on May 9, 2009 at
<http://www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov/press_releases/20090129_020.html>.

Spittaels, S., & Hilgert, F., ‘Mapping Conflict Motives: Eastern DRC’, International Peace Information
Service, Fatal Transactions Report, 4 March 2008, p. 8. Consulted online on May 21, 2009 at
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2008.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/SHIG-7CMHX4-
full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf>.
Swedish Foundation for Human Rights & All Party Parliamentary Group on the Great Lakes Region of
Africa, ‘Justice, Impunity, and Sexual Violence in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, November
2008, pp. 1-49. Consulted online on 7 May, 2009 at <http://www.humanrights.se/
upload/files/2/Rapporter%20och%20seminariedok/DRC%20SGBV%20Mission%20Report%20FINAL
.pdf>

Thomas-Jensen, C., & Feeley, R., ‘The world’s new threat: conflict fatigue’, Foreign Policy, The
Argument, Thursday 11 June 2009. Consulted online on 15 June, 2009 at
<http://experts.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/06/11/fighting_conflict_fatigue_in_the_congo>.

UN Security Council, ‘Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 8 of Resolution 1698

(2006) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo’, 8 February 2007, S/2007/68, pp. 1-21.
Consulted online on May 21, 2009 at <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/45ffb7be2.html>.

Zeebroek, X., ‘The United Nations Mission in Congo: Searching for the Missing Peace’, Groupe de
recherche et d'information sur la paix et la sécurité (GRIP) & Fundación para las Relaciones
Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE), Working Paper no. 66, July 2008, pp. 1-16.
Consulted online on May 3, 2009 at
<http://www.humansecuritygateway.info/documents/FRIDE_DRCongo_SearchingForMissingPeace.pd
f>.

Online NGO Statements/News Reports/Opinion Pieces

Agence France-Presse, ‘Dozens of civilians killed in DRCongo rebel attacks: UN’, May 13, 2009.
Consulted online on 22 May, 2009 at
<http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iEw4rts174XhpU0NaFtFR-LB2zSw>.

Agence France-Presse, ‘Hutu rebels defy military offensive in DR Congo: UN Report’, May 24, 2009.
Consulted online on May 29, 2009 at
<http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gqSZplduD2hprCBM4TY3hB83HBg>.

Al Jazeera, ‘Why Rwanda turned on Nkunda’, Interview with DRC expert Henri Boshoff from the
Institute of Security Studies, Saturday January 24, 2009. Consulted online on May 11, 2009 at
<http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/01/2009123181251756565.html>.

Al Jazeera, ‘DRC Army Accused of War Crimes’, Wednesday 20 May 2009, consulted online on 30
May, 2009 at <http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/05/2009519155442161589.html>.

Barouski, D., ‘ “Blood minerals” in the Kivu Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo’, Znet,
June 1, 2007. Consulted online on 12 May, 2009 at <http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/15286>.

BBC News, ‘Mutinous Congo troops fire at UN’, Wednesday 17 June 2009, consulted online on 20
June, 2009 at <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8104984.stm>.
 FOOTNOTES

Overview: A Tragedy Unlike Any Other

1
Enough Project, ‘Raise Hope For Congo: Join The Movement’ video, produced and directed by Danica
Krislovich, David Noel (editor), accessed online on 13 June at <www.raisehopeforcongo.org>, or
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOJltoDap30>

Introduction: Africa’s Broken Heart

2
R. Feeley & C. Thomas-Jensen, ‘Beyond Crisis Management In Eastern Congo’, Enough Strategy Paper,
December 2008, accessed online on 16 May at <http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/beyond-crisis-
management-eastern-congo>, p. 5.

The Politicization of ‘Ethnicity’ and Citizenship: Localized Conflict

3
D. Renton, D. Seddon & L. Zeilig, The Congo: Plunder and Resistance, Zed Books, London, 2007, p. 174-175.
4
M. Thakur, ‘Demilitarising militias in the Kivus (eastern Democratic Republic of Congo)’, Africa Security
Review, Institute for Security Studies, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 56. Consulted online on 16 May, 2009 at
<http://www.issafrica.org/dynamic/administration/file_manager/file_links/17NO1THAKUR.PDF?link_id=3&slink
_id=5819&link_type=12&slink_type=13&tmpl_id=3>.
5
S. Autesserre, ‘The Trouble With Congo: How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Conflict’, Foreign Affairs,
May/June 2008, p. 95.
6
J. Herbst & G. Mills, ‘There Is No Congo’, Foreign Policy, March 2009. Consulted online on 16 May 2009 at
<http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4763>.
7
Autesserre, op.cit., p. 109.
8
Autesserre, ibid, p. 108.
9
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities For A Peacebuilding Strategy’, Africa Report No. 150, 11 May
2009, p. iii. Consulted online on 22 May, 2009 at <http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=6095>.

The Collapse of the DRC State

10
F. Reyntjens, ‘Briefing Democratic Republic of Congo: Political Transition and Beyond’, African Affairs, vol.
106, no. 423, April 2007, p. 316.
11
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities’, op.cit., p. 12.
12
B. Guenther, ‘The Asian drivers and the resource curse in Sub-Saharan Africa: the potential impacts of rising
commodity prices for conflict and governance in the DRC’, European Journal of Development Research, vol. 20,
no. 2, June 2008, p. 360.
13
M. Deibert, ‘Congo: Between Hope and Despair’, World Policy Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, Summer 2008, p. 68.
14
M. Niemann, ‘War Making and State Making in Central Africa’, Africa Today, vol. 53, no. 3, Spring 2007, p. 36.
15
K. Kayira, ‘Where To Begin?’ BBC Focus on Africa, vol. 20, no. 1, January – March 2009, pp. 12-13.
16
S. Kaplan, ‘The Wrong Prescription for the Congo’, Orbis, vol. 51, no. 2, Spring 2007, p. 310.
17
Gambino, op.cit., p. 39.

Congo’s Army and Its Problems: Reform Necessary

18
Amnesty International, ‘Democratic Republic of Congo: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
(DDR) and the Reform of the Army’, January 2007, AI Index: AFR 62/001/2007, p. 8. Consulted online on 22
May, 2009 at <http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR62/001/2007>.
19
M. Eriksson Baaz & M. Stern, ‘Making Sense of Violence: voices of soldiers in the Congo (DRC)’, Journal of
Modern African Studies, vol. 46, no. 1, 2008, p. 64.
20
Amnesty International, ‘…Reform of the Army,’ op.cit., p. 10.
21
Eriksson Baaz & Stern, op.cit., p. 79.
22
A. Van Woundenberg, ‘Crossing the Line’, BBC Focus on Africa, vol. 20, no. 1, January – March 2009, p. 17.
23
Eriksson Baaz & Stern, op.cit., p. 75.
24
Al Jazeera, ‘DRC Army Accused of War Crimes’, Wednesday 20 May 2009, consulted online on 30 May, 2009
at <http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/05/2009519155442161589.html>.
25
Quote from A. Van Woundenberg, HRW statement, cited in Al Jazeera, ‘DRC Army’, op.cit.
26
BBC News, ‘Mutinous Congo troops fire at UN’, Wednesday 17 June 2009, consulted online on 20 June, 2009 at
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8104984.stm>.
27
Amnesty International, ‘…Reform of the Army’, op.cit., p. 50.
28
Amnesty International, ibid, p. 63.
29
Thakur, op.cit., p. 63.
30
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities’, op.cit., p. ii.
31
Gambino, op.cit., p. 32.

A Law Unto Themselves: Militias and Demobilization (Criticism I)

32
Enough Project Team & Grassroots Reconciliation Group, ‘A Comprehensive Approach to Congo’s Conflict
Minerals’, April 24, 2009, p. 4. Consulted online on May 14, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/Congo-Minerals-042409.pdf>.
33
L. Polgreen, ‘Congo’s Riches Are Plundered By Renegade Army Brigade’, International Herald Tribune,
November 15, 2008. Consulted online on May 12, 2009 at
<http://globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/181/33686.html>.
34
Thakur, op.cit., p. 54.
35
R. Feeley & C. Thomas-Jensen, ‘Beyond Crisis Management in Eastern Congo’, Enough Strategy Paper,
December 2008, p. 4. Consulted online on May 21, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/easterncongo_1208.pdf>.
36
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities’, op.cit., p. 8.
37
International Crisis Group, ibid, p. 11.
38
E. Ensler, ‘An apathetic, greedy West has abandoned war-torn Congo’, The Guardian, Thursday 18 June 2009.
Consulted online on June 21, 2009 at <http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jun/18/congo-women-
rape>.
39
Thakur, op.cit., p. 63.
40
Thakur, op.cit., p. 64.

A Law Unto Themselves: Militias and Demobilization (Solutions II)

41
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Consolidating the Peace’, Africa Report No. 128, 5 July 2007, p. 19.
Consulted online on June 1, 2009 at <http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4933>.
42
Enough Team, ‘Congo’s Dangerous Crossroads’, Statement, January 30, 2009. Consulted online on 20 May,
2009 at <http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/congos-dangerous-crossroads>.
43
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Consolidating…’, op.cit., p. ii.
44
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Bringing Peace to North Kivu’, Africa Report No. 133, 31 October 2007,
p.19. Consulted online at
<http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/africa/central_africa/133_congo___bringing_peace_to_north_kivu.
pdf>.
45
Feeley & Thomas-Jensen, ‘Beyond Crisis Management…’, op.cit., p. 3.
46
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities…’, op.cit., p. 7.
47
Human Rights Watch, ‘DR Congo: Arrest Bosco Ntaganda’, February 2, 2009, consulted online on May 24,
2009 at <http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/02/dr-congo-arrest-bosco-ntaganda>.

The Havoc They Wreak: The FDLR’s Motives and Regional Dynamics (I)
48
S. Spittaels & F. Hilgert, ‘Mapping Conflict Motives: Eastern DRC’, International Peace Information Service,
Fatal Transactions Report, 4 March 2008, p. 8. Consulted online on May 21, 2009 at
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2008.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/SHIG-7CMHX4-
full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf>.
49
Spittaels & Hilgert, op.cit., p. 9.
50
S. Bloomfield, ‘One Step at a Time’, BBC Focus on Africa, vol. 20, no. 1, January – March 2009, p. 14.
51
R. Feeley & C. Thomas-Jensen, ‘Past Due: Remove the FDLR from Eastern Congo’, Enough Strategy Paper no.
22, June 2008, p. 6. Consulted online at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/congo_fdlr_may_2008.pdf>.
52
P. Danssaert, M. Diallo, S. Finardi, D. Mahtani & J. Stearns, ‘Final Report of the Group of Experts on the
Democratic Republic of the Congo’, United Nations Security Council, 12 December 2008, p. 20. Consulted online
on June 3, 2009 at
<http://www.humansecuritygateway.info/documents/UN_S2008773_DRCGroupOfExperts_FinalReport.pdf>.
53
Gambino, op.cit., p. 15.
54
M. Morgan, ‘DR Congo’s $24 trillion fortune’, African Business, no. 350, February 2009, p. 56.
55
D. Gross, ‘Politics and Plunder: Civil War and Regional Intervention in Africa’, Flinders University, School of
Political and International Studies, Master of Arts Research Thesis, June 2007, p. 138. Consulted online on May
13, 2009 at <http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au/local/adt/public/adt-SFU20080502.111658/index.html>.
56
Agence France-Presse, ‘Dozens of civilians killed in DRCongo rebel attacks: UN’, May 13, 2009. Consulted
online on 22 May, 2009 at <http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iEw4rts174XhpU0NaFtFR-
LB2zSw>.
57
J. Karuhanga, ‘FDLR Violence Soars in DRC’, New Times, 3 June 2009. Consulted online on June 5, 2009 at
<http://allafrica.com/stories/200906030002.html>.

The Havoc They Wreak: The FDLR and Possible Solutions (II)
58
I. Faskianos & A. Gambino, ‘Academic Conference Call: Securing Peace in the Congo’, CPR.org Audio
Recording, April 23, 2009. Consulted online on May 21, 2009 at
<http://www.cfr.org/publication/19215/academic_conference_call.html>.
59
C. Thomas-Jensen & R. Feeley, ‘The world’s new threat: conflict fatigue’, Foreign Policy, The Argument,
Thursday 11 June 2009. Consulted online on 15 June, 2009 at
<http://experts.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/06/11/fighting_conflict_fatigue_in_the_congo>.
60
J. Prendergast & C. Thomas-Jensen, ‘Averting the Nightmare Scenario in Eastern Congo’, Enough Project,
Enough Strategy Paper no. 7, September 2007, p. 7. Consulted online on May 11, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/congonightmare.pdf>.
61
Feeley & Thomas-Jensen, ‘Past Due: Remove the FDLR…’, op.cit., p. 10.
62
Feeley & Thomas-Jensen, ibid, p. 9.
63
Thomas-Jensen & Feeley, ‘The world’s new threat: conflict fatigue’, op.cit.
64
Feeley & Thomas-Jensen, ‘Past Due: Remove the FDLR…’, op.cit., p. 3.
65
Oxfam International, ‘UN-backed military operation in Eastern Congo likely to cause widespread suffering for
thousands of civilians’, Press Release, 13 May 2009. Consulted online on May 30, 2009 at
<http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2009-05-13/un-backed-military-operation-drc-likely-cause-
widespread-suffering>.

The Missing Peace: A Love-Hate Relationship with MONUC

66
X. Zeebroek, ‘The United Nations Mission in Congo: Searching for the Missing Peace’, Groupe de recherche et
d'information sur la paix et la sécurité (GRIP) & Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo
Exterior (FRIDE), Working Paper no. 66, July 2008, p. 4. Consulted online on May 3, 2009 at
<http://www.humansecuritygateway.info/documents/FRIDE_DRCongo_SearchingForMissingPeace.pdf>.
67
Zeebroek, ibid., p. 16.
68
Zeebroek, op.cit., p. 11.
69
Zeebroek, ibid, p. 14.
70
Amnesty International, ‘Democratic Republic of Congo: Arming the East’, 4 July 2005, AFR 62/006/2005, pp.
69-70. Consulted online on May 12, 2009 at <http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR62/006/2005>.
71
M. Plaut, ‘UN troops in Congo gold warning’, BBC News, 6 July 2008. Consulted online on June 1, 2009 at
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7492485.stm>.
72
Zeebroek, op.cit., p. 7.
73
Zeebroek, ibid, p. 8.
74
M. Kodi, ‘Time To Act’, The World Today, vol. 65, no. 1, January 2009, p. 21.
75
Faskianos & Gambino, op.cit.
76
Feeley & Thomas-Jensen, ‘Beyond Crisis Management…’, op.cit., p. 7.
77
Zeebroek, op.cit., p. 8.
78
Plaut, op.cit.
79
L. Davis & P. Hayner, ‘Difficult Peace, Limited Justice: Ten Years of Peacemaking in the DRC’, International
Center for Transitional Justice, March 2009, p. 40. Consulted online on May 17, 2009 at
<http://www.ictj.org/static/Africa/DRC/ICTJDavisHayner_DRC_DifficultPeace_pa2009.pdf>.

An Outrageous Silence: Sexual Violence and Women in East Congo

80
International Crisis Group, ‘Beyond Victimhood: Women’s Peacebuilding in Sudan, Congo and Uganda’, Africa
Report no. 112, 28 June 2006, p. 17. Consulted online on 6 June, 2009 at
<http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4185>.
81
Enough Project, ‘Crisis In Congo: The Casualties of Conflict Minerals – Key Facts’, 2008, p. 2. Consulted
online on May 14, 2009 at <http://www.raisehopeforcongo.org/files/pdf/crisis_in_congo.pdf>.
82
Swedish Foundation for Human Rights & All Party Parliamentary Group on the Great Lakes Region of Africa,
‘Justice, Impunity, and Sexual Violence in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, November 2008, p. 4.
Consulted online on 7 May, 2009 at
<http://www.humanrights.se/upload/files/2/Rapporter%20och%20seminariedok/DRC%20SGBV%20Mission%20
Report%20FINAL.pdf>
83
International Crisis Group, ‘Beyond Victimhood…’, op.cit., p. 10.
84
J. Egeland, ‘International Responsibilities’, Forced Migration Review, no. 27, Special Edition Sexual Violence:
Weapon of War, Impediment to Peace, January 2007, p. 8. Consulted online on May 19, 2009 at
<http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR27/full.pdf>.
85
Enough Project, ‘Crisis in Congo…’, op.cit., p. 2.
86
Enough Project, ‘Ten Reasons Why Eastern Congo Is The Most Dangerous Place On Earth For Women’, 2008,
p. 5. Consulted online on May 22, 2009 at <http://www.enoughproject.org/files/reports/10reasons.pdf>.
87
R. Feeley & C. Thomas-Jensen, ‘Getting Serious About Ending Conflict and Sexual Violence In Eastern Congo’,
Enough Strategy Paper no. 15, March 2008, p. 8. Consulted online on May 9, 2009 at
<http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/CongoSerious.pdf>.
88
Feeley & Thomas-Jensen, ibid.
89
J. Prendergast, ‘Confronting Rape and Other Forms of Violence against Women in Conflict Zones – Spotlight:
DRC and Sudan’, Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, May 13, 2009. Consulted online
on May 21, 2009 at <http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/confronting-rape-and-other-forms-violence-
against-women-conflict-zones%E2%80%94spotlight-drc-an>.
90
Prendergast, ibid.
91
Raise Hope For Congo, ‘4 Ps for Protecting and Empowering Women’, Center For American Progress, Enough
Project, 2008, p. 3.
92
International Crisis Group, ‘Beyond Victimhood…’, op.cit., p. 22.

A Glittering Demon: “Blood Minerals” Our Links to the Atrocities in the Kivus (I)
93
K. Sharife, ‘DR Congo: The Heavy Price of the world’s High-Tech’, New African, no. 473, May 2008, p. 29.
94
T. Fessy & M. Doyle, ‘From rebel-held Congo to beer can’, BBC News, Thursday 9 April 2009. Consulted
online on May 24, 2009 at <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7991479.stm>.
95
Lalji, ibid, p. 35.
96
Enough Project Team & Grassroots Reconciliation Group, ‘A Comprehensive Approach…’, op.cit., p. 17.
97
N. Lalji, ‘The Resource Curse Revisited: Conflict and Coltan in the Congo’, Harvard International Review, vol.
29, no. 3, Fall 2007, p. 34.
98
Sharife, op.cit., p. 28.
99
D. Barouski, ‘ “Blood minerals” in the Kivu Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo’, Znet, June 1,
2007. Consulted online on 12 May, 2009 at <http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/15286>.
100
Sharife, op.cit., p. 26.

Ending Kivu ‘Blood Minerals’ (II)

101
D. Bekoe & C. Parajon, ‘Developing and Managing Congo’s Natural Resources’, Address to the Congo
Peacebuilding Forum, United States Institute for Peace, July 2007. Consulted online on May 24, 2009 via
Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO) database:
<http://ciaonet.org.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/pbei/usip/usip10151/usip10151.html>.
102
UN Security Council, ‘Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 8 of Resolution 1698 (2006)
Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo’, 8 February 2007, S/2007/68, p. 2. Consulted online on May
21, 2009 at <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/45ffb7be2.html>.
103
Lalji, ibid, p. 37.
104
Enough Project Team & Grassroots Reconciliation Group, ‘A Comprehensive Approach…’, op.cit., p. 9.
105
Polgreen, ‘Congo’s Riches are Plundered…’, op.cit.
106
Enough Project Team & Grassroots Reconciliation Group, ‘A Comprehensive Approach…’, op.cit., p. 11.
107
Enough Project Team & Grassroots Reconciliation Group, ‘A Comprehensive Approach…’, op.cit., p. 13.
108
Kaplan, ‘The Wrong Prescription for the Congo’, op.cit., p. 306.
109
Raise Hope For Congo, ‘4 Ps for Protecting and Empowering Women’, op.cit., p. 4.

The Destructiveness of ‘National Interest’: Rwanda in the Kivus (2008-09)

110
Kodi, ‘Time To Act’, op.cit., pp. 21-22.
111
Reyntjens, ‘Briefing Democratic Republic of Congo…’, op.cit., p. 316.
112
Kayira, op.cit., p. 12.
113
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities…’, op.cit., p. 3.
114
Enough Team, ‘Congo’s Dangerous Crossroads’, op.cit.
115
Al Jazeera, ‘Why Rwanda turned on Nkunda’, Interview with DRC expert Henri Boshoff from the Institute of
Security Studies, Saturday January 24, 2009. Consulted online on May 11, 2009 at
<http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/01/2009123181251756565.html>.
116
Agence France-Presse, ‘Hutu rebels defy military offensive in DR Congo: UN Report’, May 24, 2009.
Consulted online on May 29, 2009 at <http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gqS-
ZplduD2hprCBM4TY3hB83HBg>.
117
Agence France-Presse, ibid.
118
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities…’, op.cit., p. i.
119
International Crisis Group, ibid, p. 21.
120
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities…’, op.cit., p. 19.
121
International Crisis Group, ibid, p. 9.
122
Faskianos & Gambino, op.cit.
‘Mopping Up The Blood’ Must End Now: The International Response (I)
123
Gambino, op.cit., p. 5.
124
Prendegast & Thomas-Jensen, ‘Averting the Nightmare…’, op.cit., p. 8.
125
Gambino, ‘Congo: Securing Peace, Sustaining Progress’, op.cit., p. 6.
126
S. Rice, ‘Statement by Ambassador Susan E. Rice, US Permanent Representative, on Respect for International
Humanitarian Law, in the Security Council’, January 29, 2009, Press Release, Office of Press and Public
Diplomacy, United States Mission to the United Nations. Consulted online on May 9, 2009 at
<http://www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov/press_releases/20090129_020.html>.
127
Gambino, ‘Congo: Securing Peace, Sustaining Progress’, p. 19.
128
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities’, op.cit., p. 6.
129
Bloomfield, ‘One Step at a Time’, op.cit., p. 15.

‘Mopping Up The Blood’ Must End Now: The International Response (II)
130
International Crisis Group, ‘Congo: Five Priorities’, op.cit., p. 15.
131
J. Prendegast, ‘Can You Hear the Congo Now? Cell Phones, Conflict Minerals and the Worst Sexual Violence
in the World’, Enough Project, April 2009, p. 4. Consulted online on May 8, 2009 at
<http://www.raisehopeforcongo.org/files/congo_activism_final.pdf>.
132
Feeley & Thomas-Jensen, ‘Beyond Crisis Management…’, op.cit., p. 6.
133
B. Mealer, All Things Must Fight To Live: Stories of War and Deliverance in Congo, Bloomsbury, New York,
2008, p. 45.

Picture Acknowledgements

Blood Minerals (I): http://www.actforcongo.com/coltan

Blood Minerals (II): DRC Violent mining profits (http://www.fataltransactions.org/Dossiers/DR-Congo-Violent-

mining-profits), Women wait for treatment
(http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/15/congo.commentary/index.html), Middle shot:
(http://childsoldierrelief.com/category/resources/educational/),
Right bad working conditions: (http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=338).

International Response (I): Obasanjo & Nkunda (http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/11/16/2421083.htm)

International Response (II): Sarkozy & Kabila

(http://article.wn.com/view/2009/05/15/Sarkozy_Zadari_discuss_Pakistan_regional_issues/)
Miliband & Kochner (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1082401/8216-Overstretch-8217-fears-
British-troops-face-Congo-up.html)

Conclusion: (http://s3.amazonaws.com/corpwatch.org/img/original/6-18-Congo_1.jpg, by Khalil Bendib)