2009 International Conference on Electrical, Communications, and Computers

Temperature-meter via USB base don PIC 18F2550 for Solar Energy Concentrator System.
Gonzlez Manzanilla F.O.[1], Arzaga Silva J.A[2], Moreno Barrera. O [3] [1]fer-oz@hotmail.com [2]arzaga@gmail.com [3] kyerec@hotmail.com [1,2,3]UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA DE PUEBLA Abstract: A study of a novel temperature measurement system is presented this system is with direct connection to the PC used to mesure temperature in an optical system of concentration of solar radiation. The system will measure the temperature in the focus of the parable of the system and transmit the information via the USB (Universal Serial Bus) to a computer for later analysis. The system is based on a microcontroller PIC 18F2550 this microcontroller has ten analog-to-digital converter (A/D) channels and also has a USB version 2.0 slave module, the temperature sensing is done through a thermocouple type K. In this work the theoretical and practical optical system, describes the necessary characteristics of the measurement system and its purpose within the research project on renewable energy held by the Polytechnic University of Puebla. The second part presents the implementation of the temperature system as well as the development of the program that receives, analyzes and saves the data received by the meter temperature. Finally, we present the results of the measurements in the field and a projection system for the future. Keywords: Temperature, USB. radiation concentrators. The sun presents/displays physical changes interns and external, because in its nucleus continuous reaction of fusion takes place fusioning two atoms of hydrogen in one of helium [3, 4, 5] an example of the external disturbances are the sunspots, which has brought about magnetic storms, which sometimes have generated disturbances and interferences in telecommunications thus this radiation is not stable. The originating radiation of the sun that is to a medium range between the Earth and the sun knows as Gsc Solar Constant been the average value Gsc = 1373 W/m2. Which is also known as irradiance. Once the solar radiation arrives to the atmosphere is dispersed by gases and clouds this effect produces attenuation, the solar radiation that arrives at the Earth surface is called global radiation Gg, and Gg < 1100W/m2. As much the extraterrestrial radiation, as the global radiation is in figure 1, the ligther line represents the extraterrestrial radiation, and the shaded outline denotes the global radiation [2, 3, 4, 5]. In the particular case of Cholula, Puebla, where the UPP is located, in agreement with the data registered by the UPP weather station, following data were collected: in 331 days of monitoring, 243 were sunny and 88 with cloudiness with indices of global solar radiation are between 900 and 950 W/m2, in sunny days and among 550 and 400 W/m2 cloudy days, thus presents/displays considerable advantages for being this a gratuitous and nonpolluting resource. In the following graphs is the behavior of the global radiation according to the hour, and date.
1

Introduction
In recent years scientist have recognized the effects that are taking place by the contamination, in particular form the climatic change as consecuence of greenhouse effect gases, produced by the fossil fuel burning fire. A possible relatively cheap solution is photothermal energy, which has been studied over several years and with diverse applications at present [1]. Phototermal energy is based mainly on the use of spherical and parabolic mirrors, which work like solar
978-0-7695-3587-6/09 $25.00 2009 IEEE DOI 10.1109/CONIELECOMP.2009.22

RADIACION GLOBAL W/m2

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Figure 1: Solar Radiation Spectrum [2, 3, 4].

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RADIACION GLOBAL MES DE SEPTIEMBRE 2008

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Figure 2: Monthly global radiation in March

Figure 3: Monthly global radiation in September

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In figure 2, monthly global radiation appears, particularly March, was the one of greater number of sunny days, 29 and 2 only dimmed (18 and 23 of March), each reached the maximum global radiation between the 12,00 and the 14:00 hours. In figure 3 monthly global radiation appears, the more cloudy month was September with 19 days and the rest 11 days were sunny.

RADIACION

Materials and Methods Solar concentration Optical System Is based on one parabolic mirror with diameter of 51 cm with a depth of 4,2 cm, so that the center calculates which is the point of greater incidence, and where the greater temperature is located. The fundamental equation (1.1) of a parabolic mirror: (1.1) Where the F is the center, which is located to a distance +p/2 towards the origin, Z is the cartesian axis, and the graph of this function is observed in the figure (4). Figure 5: Concentrator graphic using Matlab.

Figure 4: Grafica de la funcin Z 2 = 4 Fy Figure 5 allows to observe the bidimensional application of this equation being used Matlab. Another approach for the concentrator in three dimensions as it is appraised in graphic 6 and 7. Therefore] would be applied for this type of forms with circular parabolic form of of revolution [1 from point OY is given by the equation: Z 2 + X 2 = 2 Fy (1.2)

Figure 6: Real form of the concentrator with its focal point F

uuu r Oy A parabolic over the axis is that one that pass uuu r through the Oy point and it forms an equidistant point F in the origin, described by point equation 1.3

2 = 2 p( y)
(1.3)

p 2

Or

2 = x 2 + z 2

(1.4)

Figure 8 diagram blocks of digital thermometer Temperature sensors The digital system of counts with a circuit signal conditioner AD595 for thermocouple K type which allows to obtain a relation of exit of 10mV/C. This is configurated to work with monopole sources voltage for a rank of work of 0 to 4,6 1200 Cs. [4,6] Figure 7: Focus Parabole. Thus calculating the focus in Matlab value F = 0,397554 ms, it is in that point where the system of measurement of temperature will be located, and in which a thermocouple was used K type, like sensor obtaining temperatures superiors to 300 C. An important consideration is that also we can obtain the area that covers the concentrator where Ar is the concentrator area and Ac is the area of concentration, Ar = 0,20982379 m2 and the Ac = 7.853x 10-5 M. The concentration C is ratio between incident area and concentrated is therefore: The decision to choose this type of sensors was based on diverse characteristics which they emphasize, linearity, low power consumption of and facility of configuration, besides being one more an option economic than the commercial temperature sensors. Unit Control Center Configured using a PIC microcontroller , the Central Unit of Control (UCC) is in charge of the necessary tasks to take the information collected by the thermocouple until being able to visualize them in the PC. These tasks are enlisted next: Obtain the analogical signal of the exit of the circuit signal conditioner. Make A/D conversion (ADC) of input channel. This conversion is realised to 10 bits. Give format to the signals Contact with the PC when the sensor is connected to port USB. Receive and decode instructions from the PC Send digital data to the resident program in the Computer The UCC is programmed in C [7], the block diagram of the UCC appears in figure 9; Diverse types of microcontroller exist in the market , at present many manufacturers include modules USB in their devices, other manufacturers uses serial communication with some integrated circuit that to realise USB communication.

C=

A A

C r

(1.5)

Concentration is then: C = 2671.56 Digital system In order to take the temperature in diverse points and the center from the solar concentrator it was decided to improve the monitoring process and to make it more efficient by means of the use of a digital system. The digital thermometer system that appears is divided, for its study, in three blocks, same that are observed in Figure 8.

In the search of the microcontroller with which it would work took into account different criteria that had to be fulfilled to obtain the best yield of the product. Internal module USB V 2.0. Converter A/D. Number of analog channels > 8. Available design Tools Architecture optimized for programming in C. C Compiler for the manufacturer or third parties. Tools of Test (Debugger or Emulatos). Between the several options studied, the Microchip microcontrollers count with all the listed benefits that made ideal for this project; in specific the family 18FXX5X and in particular the 5 PIC18F2550 [5] allowed to simplify the project development. Interphase USB The universal series bus (USB) [6] is a standard designed to connect devices, through a serial bus. Originally it was thought to connect computer devices, eliminating the necessity to connect internal cards, and also connecting and disconnecting the devices without having to reinitiate the PC (hot-swap). Nevertheless, nowadays it is used in diverse devices. The USB and their protocol are in charge of USB IF (Implementers Forum), [8] which is a corporation founded by diverse companies to create and to maintain standard USB. Different classes ars defined in USB standard, some of them are, the HID (Human Device Interface), CDC (Communication Device Class), MSD (Masive Store Device) . In terms of the needs of the project it was decided to use the HID class which allows to use the device in Windows to realise the connection without needing extra controllers. [8] Information Process System In order to receive the temperature data from the measurement digital system when this is connected to a

PC USB Port an application was developed in Visual BASIC, which are connected to a table in a data base which receives the information directly from from the sensors. The sample time, time period between two samples data are received from the microcontroller is variable value and can be chosen by the user.

INICIO

CONFIGURACION MDULO ADC

CONFIGURACION MDULO USB

NO PUERTO USB CONECTADO?

SI

NO INSTRUCCIN DESDE LA PC

SI LEER DATOS ANALGICOS

CONVERTIR A DIGITAL

ENVIAR DATOS A PC

Figure 9 flow chart of the UCC This application allows to receive the information of the sensor and to store it as numeric data in a data base for its later analysis. In Figure 10 the application is observed where the information of the thermometer system.

sample per second being used a thermocouple K type obtaining a curve from temperature which is in Figure 11. Figure 10. Application that receives temperature. Tests and Results Within the tests realised to the device is the use of a parabolic plate like the presented/displayed one in figure 4. The measures of the parabolic plate are: 0.51 m of diameter and a center of 0,397554 M. Measurements were realised in the center of the parabola with the purpose of to take at least 600 samples during a time from 10 minutes at the rate of a This system presents diverse advantages in its design, they are: Process automation Relation of prices of at least a quarter of the commercial cost. Possibility of use in any PC with port USB. Availability of data immediately for analysis with any software or via Web. Possibility of feedback temperature control.

Figure 11. Data registered in Agust 10 2008 .

References
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aplicaciones 3ra Ed. Mc.G Hill. Espaa. [16] http://www.usb.org/about