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Chapter # 01

INTRODUCTION
As a vehicle is useless without the fuel likewise a country cannot be run in the absence of good governance. Good governance is a real drive behind a countrys development. It protects the human rights, delivers the justice, maintains law and order and provides equal opportunities to the masses. It delivers the fruits of progress and development to all and sundry. It is required at all levels of society and state. In todays globalized world good governance helps to meet the challenges of the world. It makes the system of the state effective and efficient. People of the country enjoy equal rights under good governance. Minorities live freely and exercise their religion. No one considers himself above law. Everyone, no matter how influential he is accountable before law. Corruption is unheard of in a country where good governance prevails. Not only government officials but also common citizens are aware of their duties and play their role sincerely. In such cooperative environment, economy boosts and investment increases leading to the prosperity of the country. In this way good governance helps to reap the fruits of globalization.

Governance relates to decisions that define expectations, grant power or verify performance. It consists either of a separate process or of a specific part of management or leadership processes. As a process, governance may operate in an organization of any size: from a single human being to all of humanity; and it may function for any purpose, good or evil, for profit or otherwise. Politics provides a means by which the governance process operates. For example, people may choose expectations by way of political activity; they may grant power through political action, and they may judge performance through political behavior. Conceiving of governance in this way, one can apply the concept to states, to corporations, to non-profits, to NGOS, to partnerships and other associations, to project-teams, and to any number of humans engaged in some purposeful activity.

1.1 BACKGROUND Pakistan in its over six decades long history has indeed failed to evolve a coherent framework for efficient and honest governance. Most of the governance indicators for Pakistan paint a black picture of state of affairs. Various reports show that corruption remains pervasive, widespread and systematic and so is the unsatisfying state of other elements of good governance such as rule of law, regulatory quality, effectiveness, political stability and accountability and voice to peoples. Nowadays the country is facing the issues of poverty, hunger. The poverty has been growing in the country at alarming level and in just last three years of democratic regime, it has reached 40 percent from 17.13 per cent in 2008. Ordinary citizens already struggling to make ends meet are now increasing numbers find themselves challenged to procure even basic staples such as daal and flour. In recent years, good governance has attracted the attention of economists, political scientists, lawyers, politicians, national institutions, and institutions of World Bank and IMF .With the poor governance in three sectors, economic, political and institutional, the country, despite having huge natural resources, has now entered into stagflation, which is the worst-ever scenario. Thrust, intolerance and corruption have plagued the politics of Pakistan. Having failed to address any of these issues the government has lost its credibility and trust at home. Investment is rapidly flying from Pakistan due to unfavorable economic environment in the country. Energy crisis is negatively affecting the industry and a number of industries have been closed down due to unavailability of gas and electricity. 1.2 AIM OF THE RESEARCH The aim of the study is to explore extent of various specific factors adversely affects on the good governance of Pakistan. And the role of factors as the rule of law, transparency, accountability, participation and public service ethics in promoting good governance.

1.3 OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are: Toinvestigate the various specific factors that are affecting on the good governance of Pakistan? Topromote good governance in transition to more open and democratic societies. To explore How the countries institutions are exercising the power or authority of political, economic, administrative authority to manage a countrys resources and affairs. To know What are the key aspects of good governance, and are these universal or relative to individual countries? What is the role of such factors as the rule of law, transparency, accountability, participation and public service ethics in promoting good governance?

1.4 KEY WORDS Good governance Accountability Reliability Transparency Participation Corruption

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CHAPTER # 02

LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter is about the review of available literature on Why there is lack of Good Governance in Pakistan? In the final section, a critical review of the related research has been presented.

2.1 GOOD GOVERNANCE AND PAKISTAN

Governance is defined as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a countrys economic and social resources for development. Good governance means competent management of a countrys resources and affairs in a manner that is open, transparent, accountable, equitable and responsive to peoples needs. The foundations of good governance rest on the principles of freedom - of thought, of speech, from persecution and from hunger; equality - all persons have the same rights; equity - no person is discriminated against; justice; honesty and transparency; and accountability. However governance in Pakistan is almost in a state of collapse. The effects of poor governance have compounded the economic causes of rising poverty such as decline in GDP growth rate, increasing indebtedness, inflation, falling public investment and poor state of physical infrastructure. The performance of bureaucracy at various tiers of the government is ineffective and inefficient mainly on account of inappropriate and whimsical appointments, postings and promotions. This state of affairs needs to take immediate corrective measures to restore the confidence of civil servants to ensure that they work with complete commitment and to the best of their abilities. This will require elimination of the dead wood, de-politicization of services and encouraging the qualified and the competent. At the same time, social factors such as the highly unequal distribution of land, low level of human

development, and persistent ethnic and sectarian conflicts are also obstacles to the achievement of long term sustained development.

2.2 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

There are complex relations between the different aspects of good governance. Good governance, in the private and public sphere, is the ability to exercise power, and to make good decisions over time, across a spectrum of economic, social, environmental and other areas. There are many ways to define good governance however, there seems to be a general consensus that key factors, as outlined by the OECD program on Public Management and Governance (PUMA) include:

Technical and managerial competence Organizational capacity Reliability Accountability Transparency and open information systems Participation

Technical and Managerial Competence Under Question in The Wake of Crisis

Technical and managerial competence of leadership is an obvious factor of good governance. In this financial crisis, it is hard not to question the competence of the regulatory bodies responsible for overseeing the financial institutions, and the competence of the financial institutions themselves. It became obvious that neither public sector leadership nor private sector leadership really understood the complex financial instruments that were structured, packaged and sold

during the boom years. In loosening the capital rules, which are supposed to provide a buffer in turbulent times, the SEC also decided to rely on these investment banks own risk models, essentially allowing them to monitor and regulate themselves. The 2004 decision was a chance for the SEC to supervise the banks increasingly risky investments in mortgage-related securities, but the agency never followed through on this and it remained a low priority, until now.

Inadequate Organizational Capacity: Failure of the Fed?

Another factor of good governance is organizational capacity. Good governance has to be built on the quality of organizations so that development is based on this rather than simply relying only on the political or personal will of a strong leader, which may not be sustainable over the longer term. Both government and private sectors firms proved to be inadequate in this regard, and a case in point is the failure of the Federal Reserve under Alan Greenspan. The Federal Reserve under Greenspan was operated by the will of one rather than by a system of checks and balances. Stephen Roach, Chief Economist at Morgan Stanley said in an interview with the Financial Times that the Federal Reserve, led by the libertarian ideology of Alan Greenspan was very reckless in condoning the excesses of complex financial information and setting the price of risk far too low. Roachs views are echoed by many other economists who say that Greenspan encouraged the bubble in housing prices by keeping interest rates too low for too long and that he failed to rein in the explosive growth of risky and often fraudulent mortgage lending.

Accountability

It is a wide ranging term meaning that the public officials are accountable and varies across countries depending on political structures, historical cultures and value systems. It is the perception of the society about the accountability of public officials that really matters. Political theorists define the social contract and the statehood and acceptance and ownership of state authority as a consequence of good governance.

Predictability

Predictability is the consequence of the existence of laws, regulations and policies and their fair and consistent application. The system would have check and balance arrangements and their effectiveness determines its predictability. It implies social acceptance of the legal and regulatory framework. In the absence of accountability, corruption has become rampant in our society. It has become so common that no one from clerical staff to high officials is free from this disease. Transparency

It complements the three preceding elements of good governance. It implies a clear understanding about government rules, regulations and decision at all levels. It is the perception of the people about fairness of the government decisions that matters. Lack of The Right Kind of Participation Triggered The Crisis

Participation implies that the citizens of the State are at the head of any activity undertaken by the State. It depends on the ownership by the people of policies and programs at all levels. The litmus test of participation is whether the citizens identify fully with ownership concept. . Governments that involve the public will be in a better position to make good decisions, and decisions will enjoy more support once taken. Before the crisis happened, in boom times, participation was everywhere. However, it was not the right kind of participation this was participation in a party of excess, complacency and greed, and the participants were not just greedy investors, but large banks and even regulators. As Professor at Columbia University, Joseph Stieglitz put it, it was all done in the name of innovation, and any regulatory initiative was fought away with claims that it would suppress that innovation. They were innovating, all right, but not in ways that made the economy stronger. Some of Americas best and brightest were devoting their talents to getting around standards and regulations designed to ensure the efficiency of the economy and the safety of the banking system. The lack of the right kind of participation participation in developing sound policy and regulation, has contributed to the unraveling of financial systems worldwide. Due to poor governance, Americas financial system failed in its two crucial responsibilities: managing risk and allocating capital. The industry as a whole had not been doing what it should have been doing and it must now face change in its regulatory structures. Regrettably, many of the worst elements of the US financial system were exported to the rest of the world, according to Joseph Stieglitz. The global financial crisis, triggered by the mortgage and financial derivatives debacle in the US, was not just a failure of dogmatic ideology, or of know-how, or of technical regulations.

2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING THE GOOD GOVERNANCE OF PAKISTAN 2.3.1 CORRUPTION

Poor governance leads to, nay encourages and breeds corruption in a number of ways, for instance through bribery and extortion, nepotism, and fraud and embezzlement. It reduces the efficiency on which an economy depends, and by increasing the cost of investment, lowers the potential return. It also reduces the governments resources and hence its capacity for investment. Common to other South Asian countries, corruption in Pakistan is unique because it occurs up stream, it has wings which encourage flight of capital rather than wheels which encourage reinvestment and it often rewards rather than punishes as the legal processes to fight corruption are weak in themselves and the lower judiciary is amenable to letting off the accused if the price is right. There is a general feeling that the most corrupt arm of the police is the anti-corruption establishment itself. Corruption has had adverse effects on human development (which contributes to peoples inability to fight corruption through an improvement in governance as a result of deprivation of knowledge, literacy and rights), At the heart of the problem lies the corruption equation, first devised by Robert Klitgaard in 1988: Corruption = f(Monopoly power, discretion, accountability, low government salaries) The combination of monopoly power and discretion alone is a disastrous combination. When linked to the absence of accountability and low legal earnings they become more than just lethal. Many judges, lawyers and other professionals agree that most, if not all, laws exist only to create an environment for corruption. Some have even suggested that they actually encourage corruption both implicitly and explicitly because of the built in inconsistencies and contradictions. They create monopolies because power is centralized and they provide immense discretion to set aside any law in the public interest (a euphemism for my personal benefit). John Lonsdale (1986) found

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accountability where the abuse of power is given its proper name, and is properly punished under a rule of law which stands above political faction. The general lack of political will to fight corruption during the previous governments are evident from the fact that after more than 35 years of independence only now the Independent Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) is being set up. It is bold step on the part of the present government. Firstly, misuse of power or arbitrary and discretionary exercise of power leads to direct abuse. Operating procedures which were devised to protect the interest of the State are used to protect the interest of the rich and the powerful. Second, participatory corruption enables powerful individuals and the civil servants to benefit while the State is the looser. Tax administration is an example. Third, institutionalized corruption is the most dangerous form. Personnel manning any institution pool to share the financial gain in an organized form, Police, Customs and PWD largely reflect this form. Corruption has been prevalent in Pakistan in one form or another. In the 1950s and 1960s, there have been evacuee property scandals, the issuance of licenses and permits, the availability of foreign funds, etc., in the 1970s the nationalized industries increased the role of bureaucracy. In the 1980s and 1990s, allotment of plots, discretionary power of employment, provision of funds to public representatives [For details, see National Accountability Bureau (2001)] A number of anti-corruption departments have been established, and laws made, the most significant is National Accountability Bureau (NAB) under the Ordinance promulgated in 1999. The Ordinance provides for Detection, investigation, prosecution and speedy disposal of cases involving corruption, corrupt practices, misuse/abuse of power, misappropriation of property, kickbacks, commission, etc. Recovery of outstanding amounts; and Recovery of state money and assets accumulated through corruption.

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2.3.2 ARMY INTERVENTION

Armys frequent interventions have never given democracy a fair chance to flourish in our country. Our political leaders are also responsible for this predicament. They have always tried to achieve their vested interests in the garb of politics. They have never respected the norms of democracy. Judiciary has also been the victim of such political instability. Thats why; our country has failed to develop healthy political institutions, a lasting democracy and impartial judiciary.

2.3.3 TAXATION
Tax system in Pakistan is also inefficient and unsatisfactory. Ratio of direct taxes is more than indirect taxes. Tax evasion is common. The rich are reluctant to pay tax, while the poor are paying tax even on the purchase of a match box.

2.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL IMBALANCE Balance among the various institutions is the absolute requirement of good governance. Unluckily,
we are passing through the time of extreme institutional imbalance. The institutions have abandoned their responsibility. It is ironical to note that yet there are no effective institutions with adequate legal authority to curb unethical business or to protect consumer rights. Strong laws and regulations and timely enforcement system are needed to make sure that the investors understand the modality for operating in Pakistan. Clearly defined laws, rules and regulations will help regain investors confidence to bring big investment.

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2.4 ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS

For good governance, existing institutions need to be strengthened by laws and regulations. New regulatory institutions need to be created to address gaps in monitoring governance.

2.4.1 ROLE OF BUREAUCRACY

While politicization of the bureaucracy disgustingly damaged the entire administration, another new dimension is that the senior bureaucrats themselves are now inclined to get political color to get short and long-term benefit package. While the short-term benefit package includes good and profitable postings, rapid promotions, extension of services, etc, the long-term benefit package of course revolves around such aspirations as induction in the party politics leading to influential positions in the cabinet or office of profits. There is no doubt that such self seeking stance on the part of the senior bureaucrats tells upon their accountability to the people. As a result, virtually all public services as well as law enforcement have become partisanized and commoditized to a point where the machinery of government has lost virtually all capacity for functioning as an instrument of public service.

2.4.2 ROLE OF JUDICIARY

Another characteristic of good governance is the presence of constitutional jurisdiction on the political power. Such limits include transparent, creditable and periodic elections, guarantees of Fundamental Rights, guarantees of Human Rights by an independent judiciary, which allows citizens to seek protection of their rights and redress against government actions. These limit help make government departments accountable to each other and to the people. The last remaining bastion of the rule of law, the judiciary was not separated from the executive organ by all previous governments. The lower judiciary has degenerated into a politicized instrument of

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any ruling party. The upper judiciary is now being exposed to a process of creeping politicization, where judicial appointments, even at the highest level, are now made with an eye on who will be more serviceable as the head of the Caretaker Government. Like in the United States and many other countries we must also have an effective disciplinary authority over them is conduct of the judges both in the lower judiciary and the Supreme Court.

2.4.3 ROLE OF MEDIA

The recent growth in the number of private electronic and print media out lets has increased not just the amount of information available but also its quality. Media should take a more aggressive role in investigating and exposing large scale and high profile corruption. Naming and shaming can be a very effective tactic to eradicate corruption in our country. Even in developing countries, where corruption is accepted as a necessary evil, naming and shaming tactic has been effective in recent years.

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CHAPTER # 03

RESEARCH METHODOLGY
The major purpose of the study is to explore extent of various specific factors adversely affected the good governance of Pakistan. This qualitative type of the study will help about the good governance that how the countries institutions are exercising the power or authority political, economic, and administrative to manage a countrys resources and affairs. Following methods and procedures were adopted to conduct this proposed research.

3.1 METHOD (Qualitative or Quantitative, Primary or secondary data)

Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze the results of the study. The research is based upon descriptive study because it describes the factors behind the lack of good governance in Pakistan. Quantitative components and narrative section is highly enlightened about the financial administration corruption and judiciary system. Students perception, teachers ideas, survey, questionnaire and published articles are quite approached it also helps the cost of institutional imbalance and absence of genuine leadership is under discussion. Qualitative methods work to enforce the narrative helps to guide, interpretation & explanation of the events in the study.

3.2 METHOD OF ANALYSIS

The present study about focusing on governance, tries to deal with some facts and patterns of behavior and structure that modify them when they have position with the power. The approach adopted here is quite analytical by the involvement of interpretation and perceptional elements. Students studying at master level study at Quaid-I-Azam university Islamabad, belonging to

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various provinces is quite rational explanation of the phenomenon that have touched almost every ones life. Sample selected from students at history department, IR department, and Anthropology and management sciences is focused. About the current the current scenario of administration, governance in terms of decision making and implementation of those decision within the state. Within the state this study oriented towards there is lack of good governance in Pakistan.

3.3 ETHICS
As a researcher, one must comply with the legal requirements binding ones actions and the privacy of the research participants. So, therefore I have applied the same pattern. The research has been done with legal requirement and with full struggle. The proper referencing is given in this research. One thing must have been kept in mind while conducting research that there should be neither plagiarism nor cut, copy and paste procedure at any cost. No harm is given to community while conducting interview and questionnaire. There is confidentiality of data provided by individuals and their secrecy. Proper acknowledgement is there of those persons who help during research. Hence, the research has been conducted through the code of ethics.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION

The data collection stage was very difficult for the researcher. Due to the shortage of time and lack of resources, he had to collect data from secondary source from different thesis, books, journals, newspapers and websites on internet. The researcher started collecting the data from 15th October 2012. The data collection was difficult job, So the researcher has used quantitative data collected from secondary source throughout the research but in addition to secondary data, researcher has also included his own ideas, Analyzed the data and mentioned his own views about the research topic.

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DATA ANALYSIS
Good governance is the process of decision making and implementation various opinions were found that it is functional expression of the government whatever govt does for the nation is the said to be the good governance .deliberately the exercise of the decision fo the betterment of the country is termed as goo d governance For the prosperity of nation all the stack holder of the state must obey the unified constitution as they may easily perform their function at premises allotted to them the nation's democratic institutions failed to sustain themselves Pakistan should build and strengthen democratic institutions that provide good governance to solve its problems it entirely the fault of Pakistan's . What is needed is the building of competence through good governance education for members of democratic institutions such as the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. "There is a fundamental flaw in Pakistan's political system. Democracy has never thrived here, at least in part because landowning remains almost the only social base from which .politicians can emerge. the corruption has engulfed the common masses for every minute work thousand of rupees are required which is big flaws in the way good governance. Enforce Rule of Law in all cases of civilian and criminal nature equally for all citizens. Enforce Rule of Merit in the hiring, training, posting, reward and punishment and the career advancement of public servants in all organs of the state. Enforce Rule of Accountability equally for all citizens in a free, fair and transparent manner. If the system rewards inefficiency, dishonesty or exploitation, then the Governance will deteriorate and the public interest will not be served. Such a system is tolerated either because of its value structure or because of the inability to act or demand good governance. The ongoing threat of militancy i n terms of terrorism in almost areas of the country is quite question able in the tribal belt is borne out of the long absence of political government, inequitable distribution of wealth and

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resources, lack of economic, legal and social justice, disregard of tribal traditions, customs and values and avoidance of fair and firm settlement of issues agitating the minds of the tribes. The tribes are as good Muslims, patriotic and Pakistani as anybody else but like country's other regions, the tribal region also needs a different treatment. Ultimate sin lies upon the shoulders of the people for irrelevant election of the genuine leadership .lack mutual consensus among provinces an federal government is some threatening in the way of good governance

In a research conducted it was found that that there was unanimity on the part of a cross section of people, including bureaucrats, students, lawyers, about the prevalence and persistence of poor governance in the country. A multi faceted diagnosis of the problem emerged which included: illiteracy; an inefficient, incompetent and unprofessional bureaucracy; the absence of rule of law; lack of genuine political leadership; military interventions; indifference of the population; lack of accountability, and corruption; and falling standards of probity; financial indiscipline and ad hocism; elitism and unrepresentative ruling structures. It was further found that the lack of good governance has a circular relationship with a lack of transparency and responsiveness, weak accountability, poor organization and motivation, as well as administrative inefficiency. In Pakistan, as in most other developing countries, good governance is inhibited by essentially undemocratic and unrepresentative decision making structures. Responding to governance challenge: demand side perspective Good governance cannot be achieved by just wishing for it, lamenting about its absence or by adopting flawed and mala fide accountability laws. To a considerable extent, good governance requires well thought out strategies to identify causes for poor governance and to formulate pragmatic policy prescriptions. Several causes as eluded to above are well known. The task is to muster political will to address them in a systematic and resolute manner.

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Building capacity for good governance is essentially a supply side function and in Pakistan, the focus has been on finding supply-oriented solution. However, the goal of good governance cannot be realized without the active participation of demand side actors, including the civil society and the general population. In Pakistan, we have not been giving due importance to the demand side of equation. It is necessary to pay equal attention to the formulation of a demand side strategy, which is expected to invoke a supply side response from societal institutions at all levels. Demand for good governance connotes the extent and ability of citizens, civil society organizations, and other non-state actors to hold the state accountable and to make it responsive to their needs. As the experience of many countries has shown, the demand side articulation has led to efforts of supply side actors to strengthen the state organs in order to make them more transparent, accountable, and participatory.

Key elements of demand for good governance process are: (a) The ability of citizens, civil society and other non-state actors to demand better governance. This, in turn, will depend on their access to information, the degree to act effectively on information and capacity to effectively strive for good governance. (b) Developing programs and initiatives by the executive authorities as a response to the demand for good governance. (c) Effective overseeing of the government agencies by the parliament, media, and the civil society. This could take the form of participatory monitoring through citizens feedback surveys of government performance, social audits, and media investigations etc An active citizenry aware of their importance in the state, knowledgeable of their rights and of ways in which those rights can be demanded and realized is indeed critical for the entrenchment of good governance in the organizational culture and operational structures of the state and its

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agencies. The role of civil society In the context of generating and sustaining demand for good governance, the role of civil society is exceedingly important. As Kofi Annan, the former UN Secretary General, aptly pointed out that governments can bring about change, not by acting alone, but by working together with other actors...with civil society in the broadest sense. Governments can define norms and principles by laying down policies, and plans of actions, after carefully listening to the views of civil society. But governments need to work with appropriate partners to put those norms into practice. Strategic empowerment Strategic actions should focus on empowerment of civil society, enabling people to demand and to point the way to good governance and empowering them to act as partners of the government to put into effect agreed norms and principles and plans of actions. In the equation of action, there is a clear relationship between needs and empowerment. When people have a say in the choice of elected decision-makers, express their views in free media, they are able to exert more control over their lives. When people have more access to information about government activities, they are empowered, through building their capacity, to play an informed role in the human development. This helps to ensures that resources voted for the poor are used productively. The second dimension of empowerment involves building capacity of people to act as government partners, once their inputs are transformed into policy and the stage of concrete action has arrived. Empowerment through skills To empower civil society would require importing knowledge and skills related to concept of governance, with special emphasis on civil society s responsibility, ethics in public service, knowledge and advocacy skills for approaching accountability mechanisms, including government s complaint handling machinery, ombudsmen institutions and courts, approaching media, legislatures, elected district government officials, building coalitions for good governance, transparency, fundamental rights. They should also be imparted knowledge of

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public issues, community driven development, social conditioning. This will have to be an ongoing exercise. Likewise, the knowledge and skills of the media should be built. To sum up, an effective way (much neglected hitherto in Pakistan) for achieving good governance is to work on the demand side of governance equation. No doubt, much needs to be done on supply side, inter alias, building institutional infrastructure, promoting education, developing innovative techniques, reforming administration and ensuring impartial

accountability across the board. Supply side and demand side endeavors must combine to yield optimum governance outcome.

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CHAPTER # 05 CONCLUSION
The study comes to the conclusion that while the poor governance is an impediment to the implementation of pro-poor policies, the poverty worsens the governance structure even more. When all is said it can be concluded that the crisis, which is at the root of all other crises, is that of good governance. Problems like poverty. Illiteracy, unemployment, corruption, energy crisis, water and food shortage are weakening our country at its roots. In this gloomy scenario, good governance is the dire need of the hour. Though good governance has always been a dream for our country yet this dream can be transformed onto reality. Sincere and dedicated leadership can make this dream come true. But it cannot be achieved in a wink of an eye. It requires a great toil and sacrifice. Our youth van plays a very vital role in this regard. Now, it is very easy to raise public opinion for good governance through the use of electronic media. The meetings and rallies are also very important means to bring the trend of good governance on the right track. The youth can be actively involved in organizing such programs. Let us hope that our leaders are smart enough to introduce much needed reforms in the system. Otherwise the alternatives are far too grim to contemplate.The study points out a strategy for economic revival and pro-poor policies which would hopefully create a quick and visible impact on employment, prices of essential commodities and eradication of poverty. With a view to implementing the economic programme, a governance programme with the following objectives is absolutely necessary: To remove alienation and apathy and to ensure participation, poverty eradication programme has been proposed to be started at the ground level so that the general mass of population can see basic facilities being improved and provided at the local level. When the

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children in the schools start receiving better facilities, food support and health care, it affects every household; Reforms of police and introduction of jury system and other judicial reforms will prevent police excesses and ensure transparency and participation. The restoration of the primacy

of law and order and Land Revenue Administration will restore the credibility of the total structure; The reforms of the tax structure and reduced cost of living for the very poor through proposed measures will help to clear out the problems created by the Structural Adjustment Programme. Broad administrative reforms will remove the popular apprehensions about the institutionalized politicization and apprehensions about political manipulation of the devolution Plan. These reforms will have to be forcefully implemented and seen to be meant for creation of neutral, non-political and poor oriented non-elitist arrangement.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Balance between the institutions 2. Good relations between the centre and the federation units 3. Equal distribution of resources 4. Equal justice 5. Reforms in Economic policies 6. Extra expenditures should be cut down 7. Accountability from the top 8. Establishment of anti-corruption courts 9. Enact legislation to improve accountability.

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10. Independent private sector auditors 11. Implementation of core institutional reforms 12. Freedom of media 13. Natural Resources exploration 14. Efficient... 15. Function of the Police may be bifurcated into detection and crimes investigation, Traffic duties and maintenance of law and order, crimes and detection should be the responsibility of the District Police.

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REFERENCES
M. Mohsin Shahzad kahloon ( 2011) Good governance in Pakistan Acemoglu and Johnson, (2003) Cloughley, Brian. A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections. 2d ed. Karachi; New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia: Dominant Classes and Political Outcomes in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2001 Global Corruption Barometer. Transparency International, 2009. The Asia Foundation (1999) Pakistan Legal and Judicial Reform Project, ADB, Integrated Report, September, p. 25. Asian Development Bank (1999) Fighting Poverty in Asia and the Pacific: the Poverty Reduction Strategy. ADB, Manila. Awan, Malik Khuda Bakhsh (2004), Anti-Corruption: Strategies in Pakistan. Lahore: Book Biz. Khan, Masood, Niaz A. Shah Kakakhel and Melvin J. Dubnick (2004), Prosecuting Corruption: The Case of Pakistan. Ethics Forum, American Society for Public Administration, 26-27 March, 2004.

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Bhatti, Arshad H. (2002) Growth and Poverty in Pakistan: Implications for Governance. paper presented in the 17th Annual General Meeting of Pakistan Society of Development Islamabad.

Economists,

William, Easterly (2001) Pakistans Critical Constraint: Not the Financing Gap but the Social Gap. Washington D. C.: The World Bank. Rimmer, M. (2000) Reducing Poverty in Pakistan: Priorities for the Asian Development Bank SPDC. 1998. Social Development in Pakistan. Annual Review 1998. Hamdard University Press, Karachi. Pakistan, Government of (2000) Local Government Plan. Chief Executive Secretariat, National Reconstruction Bureau, [World Bank, 1994 and the Commission on Global Governance, 1995]. IBRD. 1992. Governance and Development. The World Bank. Washington D.C. ttp://www.governancehub.org.uk/ http://www.managementhelp.org/boards/boards.htm www.dawn.com/ governanceblog.worldbank.org/ Political & Economic Weekly www.pakistantimes.net/2006/08/11/top10.htm <http://www.transparency.org

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APPENDIX This qualitative type of research is going to be conducted by Mr. Tasleem Ahmed student of Master in Public Administration 2nd semester Quaid-i-Azam School of Management Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. This research study will cover all the possibilities which can present the measurable answers about question that why there is lack of good governance in Pakistan? Specific contribution of the students of Quaid-i-Azam University belonging to all provinces of Pakistan counted to major tool of data collection. In this regard your little contribution will be highly appreciated. 1. In your opinion institutional imbalance has adverse effect on Good Governance in Pakistan? (a) Agree (b) Strongly Agree (c) Disagree (d) Somewhat effect

2. Increasing rate of Corruption cannot be ignored to divert our country to poor Governance? (a)Agree (b) Strongly Agree (c) Disagree (d) Strongly disagree

3. Lack of law and order situation is routinely exercised to weaken the state (a)Agree (b) Strongly Agree (c) Disagree (d) Strongly disagree

4. Individual interest to state can bring about something for better governing style for the state (a)Agree (b) Strongly Agree (c) Disagree (d) Somewhat effect

5. Dealing of government with the menace of terrorism and religious extremism has influenced the writ of the state

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(a)Agree

(b) Strongly Agree

(c) Disagree

(d) Strongly disagree

6. Absence of Genuine leadership is big loophole interferes the Governance of a country (a)Agree (b) Strongly Agree (c) Disagree (d) Somewhat effect

7. Mushrafs government was quite a good milestone for governance of Pakistan as compared to current democratic governments. (a)Agree (b) Strongly Agree (c) Disagree (d) Somewhat effect

8. Poor relations between center and federating units are major causes of poor Governance (a)Agree (b) Strongly Agree (c) Disagree (d) Strongly disagree

9. Through Good Governance citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights (a)Agree (b) Strongly Agree (c) Disagree (d) Strongly disagree

10. How could you explain that individual level responsibility is much more important than the institutions working under government? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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11. How can you compare the time of 1999 and 2012 in the context of governance state in Pakistan? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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