Action in an Emergency A. Safety 1. Your immediate priority: Your own safety Others safety Safety for casualty 2.

Action to Take STOP- stop in a same place LOOK- survey the scene LISTEN- while looking around be aware of the noises around you B. Prioritize 1. Look for casualties who are unconscious or with life threatening bleeding 2. Dont be distracted by someone demanding help, someone else may need life saving first aider. 3. Ignore anyone who is talking and therefore breathing. C. Get Help 1. If others are present send someone to call for help ASAP. 2. If youre alone. Sending help becomes absolute priority once you have rendered first aid and casualty. 3. Safe to be alone. Safety Essentials: Fire: Water: Gas:

Install a smoke alarm on the hallway of every floor Plan a escape route from every room. Keep a multipurpose powder, fire extinguisher in a central place. Keep a wrench nearby for extra leverage

Check the location of the main gas valve and make sure you know which way to turn it off. Install a carbon monoxide detector. Electricity: Check the location of the main and learn how to turn it off. Keep a torch in an easy to reach a spot on every floor. How to prevent accident or injuries: Bathroom Well lighted and ventilated With handle for elderly Dont stock water on pail or basin for children might get drowned Have a rubber mat on floor with tiles to prevent slippery Kitchen: Keep utensils or hazardous things on hanging cabinets or much safer place.

 Keep hazardous insecticides kept in stockroom or out of reach specially in children. Avoid sharp things or objects like knifes, forks and etc. Keep gas tank always close and matches away on childrens eye to avoid burn and injury. Keep away or avoid some newly colored food within reached of children or utensils which are used in cooking. Stairs: Put some handrails in the upper part of the stair to prevent fall for children When going down with elderly sitting in the wheelchair or paralyzed adult you must go down first holding wheelchair supporting adult from falling down. Swimming Pool Always keeps an eye on children playing especially near the pool. Guidelines in Giving Emergency Care: A. Getting Started: Planning of section Gathering of needed materials Initial response as follows Instructions to helpers (bystanders) A- ask for help I- intervene D- do no further harm B. Emergency Action Principle: Survey the scene Do a primary survey of the victim Activate medical assistance or transfer facility Do a secondary survey of the victim Interview o S- signs/ symptoms o A- allergy o M- medications o P- past illness/history (medical) o L- last meal o E- events prior to accidents C. Golden Rules of Emergency Care: Obtain consent, whenever possible. Think the worst Call or send for help Identify yourself to the victim Provide victims modesty and physical privacy Care for the most serious injuries first Assist the victim with his or her prescribed medications Keep onlookers away from the injured person Handle the victim carefully Loosen all tight clothing

 What Not To Do: o Do not harm o Do not let the victim see his own injury o Do not leave victim except when victim is safe to be alone then get Help. o Do not assume that the victims obvious injury are the only ones. o Do not deny a victims physical or emotional limitations o Do not make unrealistic promises. o Do not trust the judgement of a confused victim. o Do not require the victim to make decisions.

Work-related injuries, accidents and its First Aid A. Shock B. Bleeding and Wounds C. Fire D. Burn E. Vehicular Accidents F. Poisoning G. Falls HEIRACHY OF RESPONSIBILITY

PHYSICIAN EMT

FIRST RESPONDER

FIRST AIDER

BYSTANDERS

TECHNIQUE IN ASSESSMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. Palpate using middle index finger Analyzing or observing the patient using sense of sight-inspection Auscultation percussion

ISOLATION- victim in serious disease REVERSE ISOLATION- prevent victim from serious infection due to virus that a person carries. Nurse and doctors are only allowed to enter the isolation room. DO PRIMARY SURVEY A airway B breathing C circulation H hermorrhage S spinal cord injury

HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION 1. 2. 3. 4. if the victim is conscious or semi conscious if suspect injuries that victim is not aware of from a heavy fall if in doubt

FOR TRAUMA CASES D Deformities C Confusion/bruises A Abrasion P Puncture B Bleeding/ burn T Tenderness L Lacerations S Swelling CEPHALOCAUDAL ASSESSMENT head chest abdomen lower extremities upper extremities spinal cord

SPECIAL CASES: Raccoons eye black eye Bottles sign discoloration behind the ear CSF Leak (hallo sign)- cerebral spinal fluid (back of spinal cord injury) Priapism abnormal erection of penis P- Pupil E Equal R Regular size R Reaction to light -eye dilated if light passes to its eye constrict if light move directly to it. SKIN APPERANCE PALE- low blood circulation FLASHED- High blood circulation JAUNDICE- yellow discoloration leads to liver disease CYANOTIC- turn to bluish discoloration which cause by lack of oxygen P- Pulse: palpate carotid pulse M-motor: ask victim move upper and lower extremities S- Sensory: visual/ eyesight C- Capillary Refill: pinch fingernails and turn its natural color with in 3 seconds C- cardiogenic> cardiac arrest, heart attack, stroke H hermorrhage> severe bleeding, hypovolemic shock A anaphylactic> malfunction of the main organs, system failure M metabolic> increase of hormone, P Psychogenic> warshock, trauma, PSTD post traumatic stress disorder R respiratory> emphysema N neurogenic> hydrocephalus S septic> contamination of blood SHOCK Blood 8% of our weight -formed elements RBC, WBC, PLATELETS (45%) -Liquid PLASMA, SERUM (55%) -repressed condition of the main body function due to failure of enough blood to circulate through the body following serious illness.

BASIC CAUSES 1. Pump Failure -heart problem 2. Hypovolemia -low of blood volume 3. Relative Hypovolemia -low blood supply of blood