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David Richardson
Contents
A review of the fundamental characteristics of composites
Stiffness and Strength Anisotropic Role of fibre, matrix and interface Composite failure
Design
Criteria and Considerations Aircraft Composite Design Process Analysis approach - FEA
Yield stress
Aluminium example = 200 MPa
Anisotropic Material
Benefits
We can put the material properties where we need them
Strength, stiffness +
Disadvantage
We need to understand and determine where and in which direction we need high performance
- More complex design due to anisotropic materials, near net shape manufacture & intimate link between manufacture and material properties
Composite Material
Matrix Phase
The roles of the Matrix
Holds the fibres in position Protects the fibres Transfers loads to and from fibres
Inter laminar shear characteristics Environmental resistance (moisture, chemical, fire) Temperature resistance Processing/manufacturing routes
There are a number of factors which affect the bond strength including:
compatibility of resin and fibre imperfections on surface of the fibre finish (or size) applied to the fibre during fibre manufacture length of the fibre
Bending loads
Composite Failure
Composites tend to fail in a different way to metals
Different failure modes Brittle fibres in a ductile matrix Sudden brittle failure no elasticity Crazing and matrix cracking may occur Unseen failure may initiate in the laminate
Hence fear due to BVID in carbon fibre structures Inter laminar disbonding and damage
Determine requirements and loads Select structural configuration Select material, fabric, thickness, style, ply sequence Calculate laminate properties
Strength, stiffness, strain to failure, etc
5.
6.
7.
Analysis Approach
Analysis only as good as the weakest element Usually begins with approximations Simplified approach for initial sizing
Rule of Mixtures, experience, empirical data
Refine analysis
Use of computational tools
Models have to be tuned Verification is essential Main strength in comparison of materials options/arrangements
Advantages of Composites
Tailor capability (directional properties) Lower density (lower weight) High strength and stiffness Fatigue performance Corrosion resistance Wear resistance Low heat transmission Good electrical insulation Low sound transmission
Disadvantages of Composites
Environmental degradation of resin dominated properties Notch sensitivity Impact damage Poor through thickness properties Variability Properties not established until manufactured Limited availability of design data Reinforcement incorrectly located Lack of codes and standards Recycling not easy Fire, smoke and toxicity performance
References
Composite Materials - UWE E-learning resource
David Richardson, John Burns, Aerocomp Ltd.
Contact Details
Dr David Richardson Room 1N22 Faculty of Engineering and Technology University of the West of England Frenchay Campus Coldharbour Lane Bristol BS16 1QY Tel: 0117 328 2223 Email: David4.Richardson@uwe.ac.uk