Young's modulus

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Jump to: navigation, search In solid mechanics, Young's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of an isotropic elastic material. It is defined as the ratio of the uniaxial stress over the uniaxial strain in the range of stress in which Hooke's Law holds.[1] It can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material. It is also commonly, but incorrectly, called the elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity, because Young's modulus is the most common elastic modulus used, but there are other elastic moduli measured, too, such as the bulk modulus and the shear modulus. Young's modulus is named after Thomas Young, the 19th century British scientist. However, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler, and the first experiments that used the concept of Young's modulus in its current form were performed by the Italian scientist Giordano Riccati in 1782 predating Young's work by 25 years.[2]

Contents
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1 Units 2 Usage o 2.1 Linear versus non-linear o 2.2 Directional materials 3 Calculation o 3.1 Force exerted by stretched or compressed material o 3.2 Elastic potential energy o 3.3 Relation among elastic constants 4 Approximate values 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links

[edit] Units
Young's modulus is the ratio of stress, which has units of pressure, to strain, which is dimensionless; therefore, Young's modulus has units of pressure.

The SI unit of modulus of elasticity (E, or less commonly Y) is the pascal (Pa or N/m). The practical units used are megapascals (MPa or N/mm) or gigapascals (GPa or kN/mm). In United States customary units, it is expressed as pounds (force) per square inch (psi).

[edit] Usage
The Young's modulus calculates the change in the dimension of a bar made of an isotropic elastic material under tensile or compressive loads. For instance, it predicts how much a wire extends under tension or buckle under compression. Some calculations also require the use of other material properties, such as the shear modulus, density, or Poisson's ratio.

[edit] Linear versus non-linear

For many materials, Young's modulus is essentially constant over a range of strains. Such materials are called linear, and are said to obey Hooke's law. Examples of linear materials are steel, carbon fiber and glass. Non-linear materials include rubber and soils, except under very small strains.

[edit] Directional materials

Young's modulus is not always the same in all orientations of a material. Most metals and ceramics, along with many other materials, are isotropic, and their mechanical properties are the same in all orientations. However, metals and ceramics can be treated with certain impurities, and metals can be mechanically worked to make their grain structures directional. These materials then become anisotropic, and Young's modulus will change depending on the direction from which the force is applied. Anisotropy can be seen in many composites as well. For example, carbon fiber has much higher Young's modulus (is much stiffer) when force is loaded parallel to the fibers (along the grain). Other such materials include wood and reinforced concrete. Engineers can use this directional phenomenon to their advantage in creating structures.

[edit] Calculation
Young's modulus, E, can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress by the tensile strain:

where E is the Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity) F is the force applied to the object; A0 is the original cross-sectional area through which the force is applied; L is the amount by which the length of the object changes;

L0 is the original length of the object.

[edit] Force exerted by stretched or compressed material

The Young's modulus of a material can be used to calculate the force it exerts under specific strain.

where F is the force exerted by the material when compressed or stretched by L. Hooke's law can be derived from this formula, which describes the stiffness of an ideal spring:

where

[edit] Elastic potential energy

The elastic potential energy stored is given by the integral of this expression with respect to L:

where Ue is the elastic potential energy. The elastic potential energy per unit volume is given by:

, where

is the strain in the material.

This formula can also be expressed as the integral of Hooke's law:

[edit] Relation among elastic constants

For homogeneous isotropic materials simple relations exist between elastic constants (Young's modulus E, shear modulus G, bulk modulus K, and Poisson's ratio ) that allow calculating them all as long as two are known:

[edit] Approximate values

Influences of selected glass component additions on Young's modulus of a specific base glass Young's modulus can vary somewhat due to differences in sample composition and test method. The rate of deformation has the greatest impact on the data collected, especially in polymers. The values here are approximate and only meant for relative comparison. Approximate Young's modulus for various materials[3] Material GPa Rubber (small strain) 0.01-0.1 ZnO NWs[citation needed] PTFE (Teflon) HDPE Polypropylene Bacteriophage capsids Polystyrene Nylon Diatom frustules (largely silicic acid)[5]
[4] [citation needed]

lbf/in (psi) 1,500-15,000 3,045,792-5,366,396 75,000 30,000 217,000-290,000 150,000-435,000 435,000-505,000 290,000-580,000 50,000-400,000

21-37 0.5 0.2 0.8 1.5-2 1-3 2-2.7 3-3.5 2-4 0.35-

Low density polyethylene[citation needed]

Polyethylene terephthalate

2.77 Medium-density fibreboard Pine wood (along grain) Oak wood (along grain) High-strength concrete (under compression) Magnesium metal (Mg) Aluminium Glass (see chart) Kevlar[7] Mother-of-pearl (nacre, largely calcium carbonate) [8] Tooth enamel (largely calcium phosphate) Brass and bronze Titanium (Ti) Titanium alloys Copper (Cu) Glass fiber reinforced plastic (70/30 by weight fibre/matrix, unidirectional, along grain)[citation needed] Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (50/50 fibre/matrix, unidirectional, along grain)[citation needed] Silicon[10] Wrought iron Steel polycrystalline Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) Beryllium (Be) Molybdenum (Mo) Tungsten (W) Sapphire (Al2O3) along C-axis[citation needed] Silicon carbide (SiC) Osmium (Os) Tungsten carbide (WC) Single-walled carbon nanotube[13]
[11] [9] [6]

4 8.963 11 30 45 69 50-90 70.5112.4 70 83 100-125

580,000 1,300,000 1,600,000 4,350,000 6,500,000 10,000,000

[citation needed]

10,000,000 12,000,000 17,000,000 16,000,000 15,000,00017,500,000 17,000,000 5,800,000-6,500,000 18,000,00022,000,000

105-120 117 40-45 125-150 185 190210 200 193 200 287 329 400-410 435 450 550 450-650 1,000+

29,000,000 28,000,000 30,000,000 42,000,000 58,000,00059,500,000 63,000,000 65,000,000 79,800,000 65,000,00094,000,000 145,000,000+

single-crystal Yttrium iron garnet (YIG)[12]

Diamond (C)[14]

1220

150,000,000175,000,000

[edit] See also

Deflection Deformation Elastic Modulus Hardness Hooke's law Shear modulus Bending stiffness Impulse excitation technique Toughness Yield (engineering) List of materials properties

[edit] Notes
1. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus), E". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition. 2. ^ The Rational Mechanics of Flexible or Elastic Bodies, 1638-1788: Introduction to Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia, vol. X and XI, Seriei Secundae. Orell Fussli. 3. ^ http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_417.html 4. ^ Ivanovska IL, de Pablo PJ, Sgalari G, MacKintosh FC, Carrascosa JL, Schmidt CF, Wuite GJL (2004). "Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties". Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 101 (20): 76005. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308198101. PMID 15133147. 5. ^ Subhash G, Yao S, Bellinger B, Gretz MR. (2005). "Investigation of mechanical properties of diatom frustules using nanoindentation". J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 5 (1): 506. doi:10.1166/jnn.2005.006. PMID 15762160. 6. ^ Material Properties Data: Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) 7. ^ DuPont (2001). Kevlar Technical Guide. p. 9. 8. ^ A. P. Jackson,J. F. V. Vincent and R. M. Turner (1988). "The Mechanical Design of Nacre". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 234: 415440. doi:10.1098/rspb.1988.0056. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/234/1277/415.abstract. 9. ^ M. Staines, W. H. Robinson and J. A. A. Hood (1981). "Spherical indentation of tooth enamel". Journal of Materials Science. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w125706571032231/. 10. ^ http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Si 11. ^ Chou, H. M.; Case, E. D. (November, 1988). "Characterization of some mechanical properties of polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet (YIG) by non-destructive methods". Journal of Materials Science Letters 7 (11): 12171220. doi:10.1007/BF00722341.. 12. ^ http://www.isowave.com/pdf/materials/Yttrium_Iron_Garnet.pdf YIG properties 13. ^ "Electronic and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes". http://ipn2.epfl.ch/CHBU/papers/ourpapers/Forro_NT99.pdf. 14. ^ Spear and Dismukes (1994). Synthetic Diamond - Emerging CVD Science and Technology. Wiley, NY. ISBN 9780471535898.

[edit] External links

Matweb: free database of engineering properties for over 63,000 materials Young's Modulus for groups of materials, and their cost [show]

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General subfields within physics

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Elastic moduli for homogeneous isotropic materials

Bulk modulus (K) Young's modulus (E) Lam's first parameter () Shear modulus (G) Poisson's ratio () P-wave modulus (M)
[hide]Conversion formulas Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these, thus given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" Categories: Elasticity (physics) | Physical quantities Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009
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