UN NOM DE NARBONNE Henri Boudet.

History does not relate the origin of the famous city of Narbonne and a thick veil hid from our eyes its beginnings. When Hecataeus of MILET nearly six centuries before Christ, Narbonne called "a market and a Celtic city" (1) , he found probably the commercial importance that this city had in ancient times, but ignore what was left the first regular work and its inhabitants. According medals whose inscription is engraved in Iberian characters, Narbonne was also the name of Nedhena, Nedherra. This denomination you it preceded that of Narbonne? They were in use simultaneously? The inscription in Iberian characters do not show it that the name itself was Iberian, it could be because Gallic interpretation by the Iberian does not present clear enough data to determine the likely profession with evidence of Narbonne in these times apart. According to the author of the Essay on the Iberian numismatics (2) , would consist of the Iberian Nedhena ned or net term "in which nothing is missing" and augmentif hedena "most." The vagueness of this explanation is striking if we compare Nedhena Gothic word nut-year "fisherman". The last term, very explicit, has the distinct idea of a particular profession, the more likely that the city was placed on the lake called by MELA "lacus Rubresus" and Pliny "lacus rubrensis" (3) . The city of Narbonne should not however be a simple agglomeration addicted exclusively to fishing families. Hecataeus of MILET giving him the qualification of emporium or market, we may conjecture that trade and trade were considerable, especially in the ease of communication it was then with the sea root nut Gothic nutan "fisherman" indicates the feature of commercial life Nedhena but a Saxon root of the English point. Net Verne contains both the meaning of "fishing net" and the "win repay." This second meaning, net Saxon confirming the testimony of Hecataeus of MILET, used to go very far in the past centuries without being able, however, set a time or Narbonne (Nedhena) would not have been an important city and the point core business operations in this part of the rod. The second element that enters the compound name Ned-hena is also explained by another verb included in the Saxon roots of English, the verb win "enjoy, get on." Considering Ned-hena as a shopping town, emporium, this term can lead to net-win "repay a favor," but by examining Ned-hena another aspect would be that of the first and general occupation of the inhabitants living on the shores of Lake Rubrensus, the meaning of "benefit of net fishing" net win is achieved (4) , so that means both Nedhena market town and fishing town. But how to explain the replacement of "W" drawn by the "H"? The habit that the Gauls to use in writing the Greek letters in their governance and in particular relations (5) . In transcribing characters in the Iberian name Net-win (ned-hena) was undoubtedly wanted figure drawn by "H" "W" to win. You can see in the following terms the correlation of the rough spirit that took the place of the aspirated "H" in Athique, with the initial "V" and the Latin "W" English; espera "evening", Latin vespera "evening" - mgihz "vigorous", lat vigeo "be strong" -. esvu was in no umi "dress", lat vestio "clothe" -.. mdwr "water", Engl water "water" - ulahte "bark", E wawl "scream" -. msoz "tissue", E weave "weave", -. oloz "everything", Engl whole "everything".. This tough spirit is not in use among the Aeolians, they supplaient the digamma F and F iopera

they wrote "evening", lat vespera -... Oinoz F "wine", lat vinum, wine Engl - F oihoz "house", lat vicus "village", E wick "village", -.. iz o F "sheep", lat ovis, E ewe "sheep"... The digamma therefore represented the rough spirit of Attica and also the "V" and the Latin "W" English. Instead of digamma, the Cretans were using B (won, Cretan wbeon "egg"), but the pronunciation of the B should probably be very close to our V, and in modern Greek, it absolutely sounds like a V. The presence of the aspirated "H" in Ned-hena therefore offers nothing wrong and B is located in Narbonne good synonymous with Ned-hena, makes its more obvious side loans made to alphabets Greek. synonymy Ned-hena and Nar-Good looks, first, difficult to demonstrate. However, the Saxon roots of English sufficient to establish the meaning of the two elements that make up the name of Nar-good. Ned-hena was translated by Net-win "enjoy fishing net" and as good-Nar gives the meaning of "net benefit". The first part "Ned" Ned-hena seems replaced me in Nar-good snare the word "net. Wheezing The" S "snare would have fallen by following the principle of least action. This general propensity bringing soften expressions whose pronunciation would be painful. Thus the words Languedoc - laouzo "slate" - browse "reject, push" - truca "hit" - nifla "sniff" - bite "quickly," do not have the wheezing of the corresponding English words, - slate "slate" - sprout "reject, push" - strike "hit" - sniff "sniffing" - swift "fast" in the Latin nix Nivis "snow" - limosus "muddy" - form -ica "ant", dropped wheezing kept by the English in snow "snow" - slimmy "loamy" swarm "swarm": Spanish mata "yesterday" is no longer wheezing in English smite "yesterday". The second part of "good" Nar-good is not a synonym for "hena" Ned-hena second element, but absolutely the same term "win" enjoy, win. The "W" win is no longer represented by the aspirated "H" as in Ned-hena, but it is replaced by a B, as did the Cretans, so that Ned-hena (net-win) and Nar-good (snare-win) express the same idea of "gain, net profit," and consequently reveal the ordinary work of the inhabitants of the Celtic city. Fishery Narbonne had subsist centuries. However, the river Aude was completely destroyed gradually filling its silt Rubresus the lake received its torrential waters, "was calculated approximately the mass of sediment transported by the river was one million eight hundred thousand cubic meters per year. This is about a tenth of the product which the Rhne basin has an area about twenty times greater " (6) . This muddy water status Aude its mouths had been so well observed by the ancient river that had received the name Atax "muddy waters" wet "water, goth Ahva -. Thick" muddy, thick "wet-thick (7) . The same thick "disorder, muddy" is probably the same one that has provided the town of Limoux its former name of taxonomy and Tax (8) . The names of Limoux (lat. Limousus "muddy", Engl. Slimmy "loam") is a well darit sybonyme Thick word "disorder, muddy" which is a component of A-tac-s. Was that a simple reference to muddy soil trampled people in Limoux, or rather, it was not a positive statement of the name of the river Atax here of course? Going back to the source of Atax the same form or Taxo Tax still present in St Martin Lys, also known as St Martin Taissac. The

presence of the preposition "of" is intended to remind Taissac undoubtedly his former ties to the town of Limoux. Termination "ac" of Taiss-ac, is common in place names in the south of Gaul. By translating English wick "village" (Latin vicus "village" -. Oihoz gr "house", formerly oihoz), we are led to interpret Taiss-ac "town of Tax or Atax" The following chronicle of Eusebius, reproduced by H. FUND-Lamothe in his study of the ancient city of Limoux (9) , confirms this translation: "PT Varro vico atace in provincia Narbonnensi nascitur". It is particularly interesting to note the agreement between the name of Taiss-ac (town of Atax), preserved in the upper valley of the Aude, and the affirmation of the chronicle of Eusebius "Varro vico atace nascitur ... ". (10) According to a 1069 act of giving confrontation dependent territory of the castle Dournes the Atax in this part of the valley was named Alda 's, flumen Aldae (11) . This is no longer the silty river waters with a very different character. I thought at first that the alder (Eng. alder "alder") that line its shores were a direction indicator sign that contain the name was Alda. That was, I think, a misleading clue. The word Atax summarizing the appreciation of our ancestors on the nature of the waters of this river to its mouth, it seems that Alda 's needs for its part, determine their quality in the mountainous region. It is easy to note that downstream of Quillan, the soil is almost completely deforested. a general effect of this deforestation, streams in the rainy weather, provide river waters heavily loaded with muddy items. It is quite different in upstream Quillan. The mountains are covered with magnificent pine forests and small rivers cause less earthy substances. As the difference between the waters and those of the Atax Alda is it very sensitive. Waters Alda are bright, with great clarity and a beautiful transparency. It was, moreover, a clear evidence of their skills in the presence of trout is the predominant fish in the rivers of this mountainous region. Trout living only in healthy and clear water, it must be inferred that those of Alda are clear and safe, such as may be flowing water on a grassy ground and through deep pine forests. In this vein is healthy English "healthy, clean" (Alda) (12) which forms the antithesis Atax .. This is a double name that river reach simultaneously. However, the name Alda 's (Aude) eventually prevail over that of Atax transmitted by geographers Latin and Greek geographers. ____________ One may wonder by what strange accident the Saxon roots of English translate the two synonymous names of Ned-Hena and Narbonne and have a sense that not only does not seem unreasonable, but is in perfect keeping with the position of the town on the shores of Lake Rubresus and probable occupation of its inhabitants. The secret reason for these meetings indicated by these words IMPLIED "Gothinos lingua gallica coarguit Germanos non esse" (13) . The Gothins spoke Gaulish, and IMPLIED infers that they were no siblings. The great historian, he claimed, by these words, that the language of the Germans was radically different from that of Gothins and Gauls? It seems that this would be an exaggeration that could only exist in his mind. He had clearly noticed between the two languages as a difference sufficient to distinguish Gothins the Germans and this is probably the only feeling he translates these words: "Gothinos lingua gallica coarguit non esse Germanos ". to give our interpretation of words IMPLIED clarity, operate a change in the names of people cited by the famous writer and say, "The English language spoken by the Americans of the United States shows that they are not Germans ". While it is clear that by speaking, we make a radical difference between the Americans and the Germans, it is certainly not demonstrated by this that English and German are two languages belonging to the same stem , said German. Similarly, writing: "The Gallic language spoken by Gothins proves they are not Germans."

IMPLIED is a difference of nationality between Gothins and Germans, but it does not show that the Gothic language and German language are two branches of the same family whose strain is unknown. It is therefore understandable by any hidden support, the Saxon roots of English can translate topographical terms of our Gaul, as the talk was Gothic, according IMPLIED, the same as the Gauls speak up, as well as Saxon roots of English, the known and accepted as the Germanic family. ____________ It is easy to test the value of this conclusion by trying to translate the Saxon roots of English words that Greek authors or Latin authors tell us to be Gallic. Roger BELLOQUET them together as a glossary and this is the glossary that I borrowed. 1 -. Covinus or Covinnus, "armed tank fake of the Britons." Ra. sax. the Engl cow "scare" - wain "trolley car" - cow-wain "scary wagon or carriage of terror" (grammatical construction: syntax rule of the adjective or genitive Saxon).. "Kymmrique, Kywain, carting, particularly crops said GIBSON; gwain, transportation, car" (14) In Engl. we lead by Kywain cow "cow" - wain "chariot", ie a cart cows. Kym-gwain the car is the same word that Engl. Wain with the regular change "V" and "W" in gw (15) . 2 -. Arepennis or arapennis, land measurement, Roman half acre. Rac. sax. . the Engl; ear, "cultivate, till" - open "divide" - ear-open "division of Culture" (Rule syntax of the Saxon genitive.). The open "split" verb is also in the name Apenninus, mountain range that divides the two sides in Italy in all its length 'd. Kym-Aru, "plow", Penn, "head" which also means "end end" (16) . The kymmrique therefore gives the sense of late plowing aru-penn, not the division of culture, a division which is the essence of agrarian measures. 3. - Ceva, "cow in the Alps" small but excellent dairy. Rac. sax. the Engl., cow "cow." Kym. Bu cow Armorican B, cow (17) . 4. - Alauda, name or crested lark lark. Rac. sax. the Engl; Aloud (alaoude) "high, aloud" -. loud, "noisy, high" - This is probably an allusion to that bird singing loud sounds in rising perpendicularly in the air. Languedoc, the lark is called laouzeto (D becomes Z). . Hedydd by Kym, Uchedydd, "names that indicate just the idea of flight, high flight, in Cornish Ewidit" (18) . 5. - Benna, "kind of car," or Combennones of "those who were there together." Rac. sax. the Engl. wain (Ouenne), "car cart". The "W" became "B" as in the Languedoc. Kym. Ben and Men, "chariot" (19) . 6. - Essedum, al esseda, "sort of Gallic chariot for queens princes captive." Rac. sax. . the Engl, high, "up high" - height, "elevation" - seat, "seat" - high-seat, "high seat." =

Height-seat, "seat elevation" (SETUP syntax. The adjective or genitive Saxon). Kym. Asseta, "sit ... Cornish, Esedhe" (20) . 7. - Sygunnai, "people bordering the Danube, whose name meant merchants in the language of higher Ligurian who lived above Marseille ... I did not find in our Celtic idioms Sygunnai similar term which approximates the idea merchant. Nor is the Basque " (21) . Rac. sax. the Engl seck / sike, "search", - win (ouinne), "win", - seek-win "get gain" (Rule syntax: verb and diet)... The win is the same term that enters into the composition of Ned-hena and Nargood. It may be useful to note that the surname of Segonne (Segontium?) is fairly widespread in the department of Aude. 8. - Ouertragoi, "sort of Celtic dogs, so named for their speed in the race," -. Vertragus lat. Rac. sax. the Engl. worth (oueurthe) "excellently, follow the trail" (Reg. syntax., adverb and verb, or adjective and noun). Worm, "big?" Intensitive particle;. Irl Traig (Zeuss), "foot trail" Kpl Tract, Traget, Z (22) . 9. - Circius or Cercius, "in Cato, very violent wind of Gaul, named perhaps after the vortices that form, especially Gaul Narbonne (Plin. II 46..) Circio, which blows . between the north and the west (. Gloss. of Isid) He kept in Lower Languedoc name Cerce and Cers - The Gallic word can have two different ideas. Kym Kyrch the first, broke. Kyrchu attack, assault ... Arm Kerchout, look deeply -... then the whirlpool, K. Kylch circle ... Irish Kerkenn, cycle, circle " (23) . Rac. sax. of Engl, shower (chaoueur) "make it rain" - shove (bald) "push forcefully" Showershove, "push forcefully to rain"... (Reg. syntax. Saxon genitive). The truth of this action of wind cancers is indisputable in the Languedoc. There is a difficulty in this interpretation. What, indeed, Latin consonants represented by the hissing English "ch" and "sh"? If, in the absence of well-established laws and principles provided it is allowed to bring back the simple comparison of some Latin and English words, you can see the Latin consonant "g, c" and the group "sc" correspond to hissing English "ch" and "sh" in the following expressions: Latin ligo "Attach" Engl. leash "Link, tie" ____ curtus "Shortcut" ____ short "Short" ____ doceo "Teach" ____ teach "Teach" ____ cerasum "Cherry" ____ cherry "Cherry" ____ gena "Plays" ____ chin "chin" cheek "plays" ____ gelu "Frozen" ____ chill and cold "Cold" ____ Fagus "Beech" ____ beech "Beech" ____ piscis "Fish" ____ fish "Fish" ____ discussion "Flat" ____ dish "Flat" The Latin consonant "g" and "c" then represent the "ch" and "sh" English and they would not be surprising from these examples, the hissing of shower and shove translate exactly two "C" Circius transmitted by word of Latin. 10. - Acum, "water" in mauzacum. - Ach, "water" (ow. Pugke) arm Agen, "source", -. Irl Aigen, "the sea." (24) .

Rac. sax. . the Engl; wet, "water" (25) - wash, "bathing swamp". 11. - Germani, "The Germans". this is a new name, said IMPLIED, given that first crossed the Rhine and Gaul is dispossessed. Born of the fear inspired by the victors, the name adopted by the tribes successively extended to the entire nation (26) . The key term enclosed in Germani's probably translate the Latin word metus, "fright, fear" used by IMPLIED, has victore ob metum. Responding to the thought IMPLIED, the Saxon roots of English have the word scare (Skere) "scare, scare, scare." The fall of the initial sibilant s-care would, perhaps, due to the Latin transmission. The word many "people" can complete the name of the Germans, and the whole scare-many phrase mean "scary people, the people of terror." Zeus ... after assigning this term (Germani) service of the inhabitants of mountainous forests, subsequently adopted another etymology says that simple, that of neighbors. K. Gar, Ger; Irl boy, once Gair "near, against all".. J. GRIMM and LEO produced, each for their part, a story that is linked to at least one characteristic is indicated by IMPLIED barritus or the terrifying cry of war of the Germans launched the hollow shields and so clean to capture the imagination losers; special cry that some Roman troops adopted for use in the following. K. Ger, Garm, "cry, cry" Germain, "often shout" Garmiaw, "cry" (27) . 12. - Gothini - The name of gothins not being moved in the middle of Gallic names they spoke the Gallic language, I think I have to try and interpretation. Rac. sax. the Engl. : Get (watches) prt got, "win" - win "win" Get-win "gain victory" (Reg. syntax of Saxon genitive)... The "W" win in Gothini is reproduced in the form of the aspirated "H" as in Ned-hena (Narbonne). This appellation seems very relevant to the warrior spirit of the people. She recalls the proud motto enclosed in the name of the Celts (sax rac. of Engl;.. Quell, "defeat") and that was so exciting in their own hearts the indomitable courage they have deployed on all battlefields. I could cite a larger number of Gallic terms explained by the Saxon roots of English, but the twelve words to which that test translation seem sufficient to determine the value of the conclusion I have deducted IMPLIED words "Gothinos lingua gallica coarguit non esse Germanos" and to uncover the secret force that allows to find in Nedhena Narbonne and reasonable expression of the former occupation of the inhabitants of the Celtic city. (1) Hecataeus, Freq, p. 19 (...) (2) Boudard. Essay on the Iberian numismatics (3) Pomp. Mel. lib. II. Gallia Narbonnensis. - Plin. l. III.CV (4) The composition of this term is based on the rule of the Saxon genitive. (5) Caesar. Bell. Gall. lib. VI. 17 (6) Ch Lauthric. The ghost towns of the Gulf of Lyon (7) Tech, rivers of the Pyrenees Orientales is called Tichis by Mela. He calls in his very violent floods "parva flumina Thetis and Tichis, ubi accrevere persava" (Pomp. lib. II. Gallia Narbonnensis Mel.). It is still the root Thick "disorder, muddy" The second element in the composition of Aouho - IEHA "Lutetia, Paris" seems to be the same thick root "muddy." We could therefore translate Aouho - IEHA by "mud swamp" (Eng. loch "swamp lake" - thick "muddy"). (8) Memoirs of the plow. Arts and Sciences Carcassonne, IT p.117.

(9) Op cit. p. 114 (10) The author of the Chronicle of Eusebius writes to you by mistake instead of atace Vico Vico atacino? If I had read Vico atacino, it would be an unknown town in the region Atax who have given birth to Varro. (11) Louis Fdi. County Razs Castle Dournes. (12) sucked "H" healthy fell like Latin words olus "vegetable" - anser "goose" that existed first in the form of holus, hanser. (13) Tac. Mor. Germ. 43. (14) Roger BELLOQUET. Glossary Gallic No. 15. (15) D'Arbois JUBAINVILLE. Grammatical studies of the Celtic languages. Origin of vowels and consonants of the modern Breton France p. 18. (16) Gloss. Gallic No. 10 (17) Op cit. 13. (18) Glossary Gallic No. 17 (19) Op cit. # 48 (20) Op cit. # 75 (21) Glossary Gallic No. 80. (22) Op cit. No. 105 (23) Gloss. gaul. # 45 (24) Glossary Gallic No. 240 (25) In the word wet, "t" is replaced by "c". Comparative Grammar: Bopp. 13, 14 (26) Germania vocabularum recens and Nuper additum; quoniam that primitive Rhenum transgressi Gallos expulerunt Germani vocati sunt. Ha nationis nomen non gentis, evaluisse paulatim ut omnes primum has victore ab metum, mox is a IPSIS invento vocati sunt nomine Germani (Tac. Germ. 2). (27) Gloss. gaul. # 429