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Active Distribution Network Integrated Planning Incorporating Distributed Generation and Load Response Uncertainties
Vinicius F. Martins and Carmen L. T. Borges, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractThis paper presents a model for active distribution systems expansion planning based on genetic algorithms, where distributed generation (DG) integration is considered together with conventional alternatives for expansion, such as rewiring, network reconguration, installation of new protection devices, etc. The novel approach of planning DG integration together with network expansion is a requirement for the modern active distribution network. However, the uncertainties related to DG power generation and load response growth must be taken into account in order to plan a safe system at a minimum cost. Thus, two different methodologies for uncertainties incorporation through the use of multiple scenarios analysis are proposed and compared. The multiple objectives optimization algorithm applied in the model takes into account the costs of reliability, losses, power imported from transmission, and network investments. Index TermsActive distribution network, distributed generation, expansion planning, genetic algorithms, load response, uncertainty representation.

I. INTRODUCTION

ISTRIBUTION systems are facing the challenge of evolving from passive networks with unidirectional ow supplied by the transmission grid to active distribution networks (ADN) with the integration of distributed generation (DG) [1]. Distribution network becomes active when DG is incorporated to the system leading to bidirectional power ows. Many of these DG units are based on renewable energy sources, like wind power, solar photovoltaic, biogas, fuel cells, etc., in order to meet the environmental constraints established by the Kyoto Protocol and other government initiatives. Although promising an improvement on the power supply reliability and a reduction on greenhouse gas emission, the implementation of active distribution networks imposes a large number of technical and regulatory issues that need to be carefully evaluated. Dispersed generation availability, mainly those based on renewable energy sources, has a high degree of uncertainty due to intermittency of primary energy sources and to exible operation policies.

Manuscript received July 11, 2010; revised January 03, 2011; accepted February 18, 2011. Date of publication April 07, 2011; date of current version October 21, 2011. Paper no. TPWRS-00551-2010. V. F. Martins is with EPEBrazilian Energy Research Company, Rio de Janeiro 20050-002, Brazil (e-mail: vinicius.martins@epe.gov.br). C. L. T. Borges is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil (e-mail: carmen@nacad.ufrj.br). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2122347

Active distribution networks need to employ modern electronic devices and communication technologies, leading to what is being currently called smartgrids. The smart devices added to the network enable larger controllability of the system during disturbances or generation unavailability, such as to restore supply-demand balance through demand side management schemes. In ADN, the distribution system operator (DSO) can interact with DG and control the production of active and reactive power. In addition, load response programs are being stimulated as a way to provide electrical capacity during critical demand periods. In load response programs, the enrolled customers receive a payment for the capacity that is actually provided during curtailment events. Therefore, the economical benets may induce the customers to adhere to load response and use private small capacity source to supply their load. All these characteristics add an enormous amount of uncertainty on the demand to be considered for system planning. For all these reasons, active distribution networks need exible and intelligent planning methodologies in order to properly exploit the integration of DG and load response, while still satisfying quality and reliability constraints. Uncertainties representation for generation and load is a must for these methodologies in order to plan a safe and reliable system. The problem of the expansion planning of distribution networks consists in determining the place and the capacity of reinforcement installation, based on the demand and the region geographical, political, and economical data. Expansion planning seeks to dene the capacity of the reinforcements and where they should be installed to meet forecasted demand with minimal cost and acceptable quality standards. Conventional alternatives for expansion are rewiring, network reconguration by closing normally opened switches (NO) for load transfer, installation of new NO switches, capacity expansion or construction of new substations, installation of new feeders, etc. For active distribution networks, the installation of DG units or the purchase of energy from DG enterprises can also be considered to meet the growing demand. Planning depends on two basic parameters: technical constraints (equipment capacity, voltage drop, radial structure of the network, reliability indices, etc.) and the optimization of economical targets such as minimization of investment and operating costs, minimization of energy imported from transmission, energy loss and reliability costs, etc. Despite the evolution of traditional optimization algorithms, they still face problems dealing with the inherent characteristics of combinatory explosion of the distribution network expansion

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planning problem, due to the large number of variables involved in the process. On that sense, evolutionary algorithms, particularly genetic algorithms (GA), have been applied in this area during the last years. Some models have been proposed for the problem of distribution systems expansion planning showing the advantages of GA utilization and allowing consideration of many aspects of the problem. The algorithms presented in [2] use GA as a technique to solve the problem of static planning of distribution system expansion considering possible reinforcements or installation of new feeders and substations. Fuzzy numbers are used in [3] to consider uncertainties inherent to the expansion of distribution networks. A proposal under the auspices of multiple objectives and uncertainties is presented in [4] based on fuzzy numbers and arithmetic operations. Based on multiple scenarios, an algorithm is suggested in [5] in order to determine which lines should be inserted into the system to optimize voltage prole considering the presence of distributed generation. Proposals using GA aiming at determining the best localization and capacity of distributed generation units, considering uncertainties by fuzzy logics or multiple scenarios, are presented in [6][8]. This paper presents a model for expansion planning of active distribution networks, based on genetic algorithms, where distributed generation integration is considered together with conventional alternatives for expansion, such as rewiring and installation of new feeders, network reconguration by changing the status of switches, installation of new switches and protection devices, etc. Multiple objectives optimization is applied concerning reliability, energy losses, energy imported from transmission, and investment costs. Uncertainties on demand values and power supplied by distributed generation units are represented through the analysis of multiple scenarios using two different methodologies. The rst methodology considers individual analysis of each scenario while the second methodology analyzes all the scenarios simultaneously. Both methodologies combine the multi-scenarios approach with GA as a way of introducing probabilistic assessment into the algorithm. Each optimal solution is weighted by the probability of occurrence of that specic scenario, or, in order words, the optimal solution is obtained considering the probability of occurrence of the scenarios considered. The novelty of the proposed model is the consideration of DG integration together with conventional expansion alternatives, taking into consideration reliability, losses, and costs constraints. The t-and-forget strategy of DG employment may be changed by the application of the proposed model, since it incorporates integration of DG and load response at the expansion planning phase. Moreover, due to the high degree of uncertainties involved, the main focus of the paper is to propose two different approaches to incorporate generation and load uncertainties in order to plan a safe, reliable, and economic system. II. EXPANSION PLANNING BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHMS The model proposed to solve the problem of expansion planning of active distribution networks uses genetic algorithms for multi-objective optimization considering uncertainties. The solution is a radial structure network that minimizes the adopted objective function.

Fig. 1. Chromosome structure.

TABLE I DECODINGCHANGES IN NETWORK TOPOLOGY

TABLE II DECODINGDISTRIBUTED GENERATION

The genetic algorithm uses binary codication, where the chromosome may be divided in four parts, as represented in Fig. 1. The rst part of the chromosome refers to the possibility of network topology changes through changes in the status of some switches already installed or through the installation of new switches. In this case, three bits are used resulting in eight possibilities for each alternative as shown in Table I. Closing a NO switch causes the formation of a loop, a fact that is not desired in distribution networks. Consequently, another normally closed (NC) switch of the same loop has to be opened to ensure maintenance of the radial structure. An algorithm of optimal reconguration, developed in [9], is used to obtain the new conguration of the network. Aiming at reducing the size of the chromosome, only the switch that must be opened is represented. Each chromosome represents a particular conguration or network topology. The analysis of radial structure is conducted either for NO switches already installed in the network or for candidate switches. The change of network topology through changing the status of some already installed switches has only the cost . related to the maneuver of switch opening/closing However, the installation of a new NO switch presents the cost of the purchase of the equipment besides the cost of reconguration when the new switch is closed and a switch that belongs . to the same loop is opened The second part of the chromosome refers to the possibility of installing DG units in certain buses of the system and their ). In this case, three bits are used for each capacities (cost candidate DG unit, generating a total of eight possibilities, including non-installation of the generating unit, as shown in Table II. The third part of the chromosome refers to the possibility of ). In this case, one bit is rewiring certain network lines (cost used, generating two possibilities for each alternative, as shown in Table III. The fourth part of the chromosome refers to the connection ). For each load of new load points into the system (cost

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TABLE III DECODINGREWIRING

TABLE IV GA PARAMETERS

point, two bits are used giving a total of four possible alternatives of allocation. The best alternative for connection is determined considering construction costs of the feeder to connect the new load point to the system, according to (1): (1) where cost of the connection of new load point to the system bus ; cost per km of feeder construction to connect the new load point to the distribution system, which varies with the type of wire; distance in km between the new load point and the point of the system where it will be connected. The GA parameters adopted are shown in Table IV. The values of the parameters were obtained after exhaustive tests, varying them and comparing the performance of the algorithm in terms of quality of the solution and simulation time. The value of losses and energy imported from transmission system are calculated by a nonlinear power ow solved by the Newton-Raphson method. The reliability indices (ECOST, SAIDI, and SAIFI) are calculated by an analytical method, as described in [10], which considers all protection devices installed in the distribution network as well as DG units. The power availability of DG units based on intermittent energy sources, such as wind generation, are modeled as [11], where their stochastic behavior is represented by a multiple state Markov model that combines the intermittent characteristics of the renewable energy source with the operational information (failure and repair rates) of the generator. III. UNCERTAINTIES TREATMENT The active distribution network expansion planning is inuenced by several factors, among which are uncertainties of loads, power generated by distributed generation units, and cost of the reinforcements to be implanted in the network. This paper presents two methodologies based on the theory of multiple scenarios to incorporate uncertainties relative to demand and power supplied by DG. Each scenario is characterized by a combination of load demand and generation availability. The different load levels represent the load growth forecasted for

the planning horizon, modied to incorporate the uncertainties related to its stochastic nature and also to load response. The different generation levels represent a combination of the energy availability, dependent of the renewable source type, together with the uncertainty around the actual integration of DG in the planning horizon. The choice of scenarios should consider aspects relevant to the system under analysis. The developed methodologies allow using a variable number of scenarios depending on the interest of the planner. It is the planner who denes the amount of scenarios, the levels of load and generation, and the respective probabilities to be considered in each one, based on his experience and knowledge about the system and expansion alternatives. The scenarios are dened independently of the methodology and only after the scenarios have been dened are the proposed methodologies applied. A. Methodology I The rst methodology proposed for uncertainty consideration during expansion planning of active distribution networks provides the planner an expansion alternative for each scenario analyzed, thus allowing him to dene what is the best expansion plan to be adopted by applying some decision-making process. A probability of occurrence is assigned to each scenario obtained through the combination of scenarios of generation and load. A genetic algorithm is executed for each scenario considered aiming at obtaining the best expansion alternative, considering the uncertainty factors of load and generation for the respective scenario. The calculation of the tness function to determine the best expansion alternative in each analyzed scenario is performed by evaluating (2), which is composed by: 1) annualized energy loss costs; 2) annualized expected value for non-distributed energy costs; 3) annualized costs of investments in distribution network reinforcement; and 4) annualized costs of energy imported from transmission, as follows: (2) where annualized energy loss costs; expected value of non-distributed energy costs; annualized costs of system investments, calculated as by described below; annualized costs of energy imported from transmission system. The constraints of active and reactive power balance, bus voltage limits, power ow limits, and network radial structure are also considered in the optimization process. Fig. 2 presents the owchart of Methodology I algorithm in order to incorporate the uncertainties to the expansion planning problem of active distribution networks. This methodology presents an expansion alternative for each scenario analyzed. A second phase (Phase II) of Methodology I is characterized by the decision-making process that aims to obtain a unique solution for the expansion planning considering the solution of all scenarios. The decision-making process developed was based

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In Methodology II, GA is executed just once, considering all possible scenarios and their probability of occurrence simultaneously. For each individual that attends the radial network structure constraint, the power ow and ECOST are calculated for each scenario aiming at determining its tness value in each scenario. In this way, the tness of each individual is calculated as a function of its tness on multiple scenarios as shown in (4):

(4) where annualized energy loss costs of individual on scenario ; expected value of non-distributed energy costs of individual on scenario ; annualized costs of system investments of individual on scenario ; annualized costs of energy imported from transmission of individual on scenario . This process offers an expansion alternative which considers all analyzed scenarios and their probability of occurrence. Fig. 3 shows the owchart of Methodology II. IV. RESULTS The test system used was extracted from [12] and has one substation, 33 buses, 35 lines, 32 NC switches, three NO switches, voltage of 12.66 KV, and nominal load of 3715 MW and 2700 MVAr. Table V presents the costs related to losses and reinforcements obtained from published Brazilian gures (Brazil Real R$1.00 corresponds to approximately US$0.50). An average cost was considered for DG units, regardless of its type and technology, although different costs may be used. Fig. 4 shows a diagram of the system. The dotted lines represent NO switches while the dashed lines represent candidate places for new switches installation. In order to ensure that the electric energy demand is met with quality and economy, within the planning horizon, several expansion alternatives are analyzed: network reconguration by changing the status of NO switches, installed in lines (34), (35), and (36); installation of new switches in lines (33) and (37); rewiring of lines (5), (6), (7), (16), (17), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (28), (29), (30), (31), and (32); installation of DG units at buses (6), (7), (17), (21), (23), (24), (29), (31), and (32). Units with capacity 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 kW based on thermal and wind generation are considered. Three load scenarios and three generation scenarios are considered, totaling nine scenarios with different probabilities of occurrence, as presented in Table VI, where Factor used to obtain different load levels, as follows:

Fig. 2. Algorithm for uncertainties treatmentMethodology I.

on [5] in which the nal solution is determined taking into consideration the solutions obtained in each scenario along with their probabilities of occurrence. The nal solution is composed by the alternatives that have the highest probability of occurrence, calculated by adding the probability of occurrence of the scenarios in which that particular alternative was selected. Therefore, it is noteworthy that the nal solution obtained by the proposed decision-making process may be different from all the solutions for each scenario analyzed individually. In order to calculate the value of each parcel of (2) for the solution determined after the application of Phase II, (3) is used. Therefore, the objective function parcel value is obtained by the sum of the value of that parcel in each scenario, weighted by the probability of occurrence of the respective scenario: (3) where value of the objective function ; value of objective function in scenario ; number of scenarios considered; probability of occurrence of scenario . B. Methodology II The second methodology proposed for uncertainty consideration during expansion planning of active distribution networks, analyzes simultaneously all possible scenarios for each generation of the evolutive process. In this way, a unique solution is obtained at the end of the process and a decision process is not needed.

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TABLE VI CONSIDERED SCENARIOS

TABLE VII REWIRED LINES, INSTALLED SWITCHES, AND NEW TOPOLOGY FOR EACH SCENARIOMETHODOLOGY I

Factor used to obtain different generation levels, as follows:

Fig. 3. Algorithm for uncertainties treatmentMethodology II.

where is the load of bus considering scenario is the nominal load of bus is the generation of bus considering scenario , and is the nominal generation of bus . These scenarios represent the planner expectation about the probable values of load and generation factors. It means that an uncertainty of until 20% on load growth and an uncertainty of until 40% reduction on energy availability from DG need to be evaluated for expansion planning. A. Methodology I The proposals for reinforcements and system conguration changes for each scenario obtained by Methodology I are presented in Tables VII and VIII, where P.L. is the Penetration Level (%) of DG relative to the load of each scenario. Annualized cost values are shown in Table IX and reliability indices and the lowest voltage value for each scenario are shown in Table X. In this paper, all costs are expressed in R$, SAIDI in hours/consumer, and SAIFI in occurrences/consumer. Scenario 0 corresponds to the planning horizon without any expansion investment considering all possible scenarios and their probability of occurrence. The option of installing switches is the same for all the analyzed scenarios. Two possibilities of rewiring were obtained; the difference between them is the rewiring or not of line (20). Table XI presents a percent comparison of costs, lowest voltage value, and reliability indices between the congurations obtained for each scenario and the original conguration of the planning horizon (Scenario 0).

Fig. 4. Test system.

TABLE V COSTS OF LOSSES AND REINFORCEMENTS

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TABLE VIII DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR EACH SCENARIOMETHODOLOGY I

TABLE XII REWIRED LINES, INSTALLED SWITCHES, AND NEW TOPOLOGYMETHODOLOGY IPHASE II

TABLE XIII DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONMETHODOLOGY IPHASE II

TABLE IX ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR EACH SCENARIOMETHODOLOGY I TABLE XIV ANNUALIZED COSTS AND RELIABILITY INDICESMETHODOLOGY IPHASE II

TABLE X RELIABILITY INDICES AND LOWEST VOLTAGE VALUE FOR EACH SCENARIOMETHODOLOGY I

TABLE XV REDUCTION RELATIVE TO SCENARIO 0METHODOLOGY IPHASE II

TABLE XI PERCENT REDUCTION RELATIVE TO SCENARIO 0METHODOLOGY I

Table XV shows a comparison between the results obtained in Phase II and the original conguration of Scenario 0. An annual reduction of R$508 275 or approximately 28.05% of total costs is observed. Phase II provides the expansion solution that is committed with all analyzed scenarios and respective probability of occurrence. However, it may obtain a nal solution with total cost higher than one or more of the individual scenarios. In this case, for example, the nal solution coincides with scenario 8, while scenarios 2 and 4 have lower total costs. However, since the scenarios are uncertain, the decision-making process aims to capture the most probable optimum expansion alternatives selected in the scenarios. B. Methodology II The proposals for reinforcements and system conguration changes are presented in Tables XVI and XVII, and annualized costs, SAIDI, SAIFI, and lowest voltage value are shown in Table XVIII. Table XIX presents a comparison between the results obtained and the original conguration of Scenario 0. An annual reduction of R$512 316 or approximately 28.27% of total costs is observed.

Applying Phase II of Methodology I, to determine a unique expansion solution considering all analyzed scenarios and their probabilities of occurrence, the proposals of reinforcement and system conguration changes obtained are shown in Tables XII and XIII. Annualized cost values, SAIDI, SAIFI, and the lowest voltage value are shown in Table XIV.

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TABLE XVI REWIRED LINES, INSTALLED SWITCHES, AND NEW TOPOLOGYMETHODOLOGY II

TABLE XX NEW SCENARIOS

TABLE XVII DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONMETHODOLOGY II

TABLE XVIII ANNUALIZED COSTS AND RELIABILITY INDICESMETHODOLOGY II

TABLE XXI CONDITION OF THE PLANNING HORIZON BEFORE EXPANSIONNEW SCENARIOS

TABLE XIX REDUCTION RELATIVE TO SCENARIO 0METHODOLOGY II

TABLE XXII REWIRED LINES, INSTALLED SWITCHES, AND NEW TOPOLOGYNEW SCENARIOSMETHODOLOGY I

TABLE XXIII DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONNEW SCENARIOSMETHODOLOGY I

The solution found using Methodology II is better than the solution obtained by Methodology I in relation to cost and reliability indices. In fact, the solution obtained by Methodology II coincides with the solution of scenario 2 of Methodology I, which is indeed the scenario with the lowest total cost. This good behavior is explained because all the scenarios are analyzed simultaneously in Methodology II while in Methodology I, each scenario is analyzed individually and only during the second phase the best expansion alternative is obtained through a decision-making process. However, Methodology I offers a set of possible solutions and not just one as with Methodology II, allowing the planner to have more exibility to decide. C. Changes in Scenarios The system behavior was observed under more pessimistic factors of load and generation uncertainties as well as under new probabilities of occurrence of each scenario as shown in Table XX. These scenarios consider a larger uncertainty around the forecasted load (until 60%) and the possibility of much lower energy availability from DG (until 20%). Annualized costs, reliability indices, and lowest voltage value relative to the original conguration of the planning horizon are presented in Table XXI considering the new scenarios.

The proposals for reinforcements and system conguration changes for each scenario analyzed, obtained by Methodology I, are presented in Tables XXII and XXIII. The solution obtained in Phase II of Methodology I, considering the nine scenarios, is the same shown in Table XII for rewiring and switches. However, it is not indicated any distributed generation installation. This result demonstrates the inuence of the generation uncertainty factor when obtaining the best solution. In this study, pessimistic generation availabilities were considered, which caused the non-installation of distributed generation, because the benets brought by DG are small although their costs are constant, depending only on the installed capacities. Since there is no power generation at DG

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TABLE XXIV ANNUALIZED COSTS AND RELIABILITY INDICESNEW SCENARIOSMETHODOLOGY IFASE II

TABLE XXV ANNUALIZED COSTS AND RELIABILITY INDICESNEW SCENARIOSMETHODOLOGY II

Fig. 5. New load points connection.

units, the load is entirely attended by the energy imported from the transmission network. Annualized costs, SAIDI, SAIFI, and lowest voltage value are shown in Table XXIV. Methodology II obtained the same solution found for scenario (7) of Methodology I, which is the installation of 180 kW of DG in both buses (17) and (32). Table XXV shows the annualized costs, reliability indices, and lowest voltage value obtained by Methodology II. As occurred in the previous case, the solution found using Methodology II is better than the solution obtained by Methodology I in relation to cost and reliability indices. On the other hand, Methodology I has the advantage of providing a larger portfolio of expansion options, since it obtains an optimal solution for each one. In a general manner, it can be concluded that the solution with relation to rewiring, installed switches, and topology do not or slightly change when the scenarios are modied. The variation of uncertainties factors for loads and DG and scenarios probabilities is signicant in determining the DG capacities to be installed in the system. When more pessimistic uncertainty factor for generation are considered, there is a trend to reduce or even not install DG due to the fact that the benets to the system are reduced while the installation cost remains the same. D. New Load Points For this test, the necessity of attending three new load points represented by buses (34), (35), and (36) is considered. They can be connected to one of four possible connection points as shown in Fig. 5 and detailed in Table XXVI. Methodology I was applied in order to represent the uncertainties with the same scenarios and probabilities shown in Table VI. The solution obtained in Phase II is the same shown in Table XII for rewiring and switches. Results for distributed generation are shown in Table XXVII, while Table XXVIII shows the connection points selected for the new load points

TABLE XXVI NEW LOAD POINTS AND POSSIBLE CONNECTION POINTS

TABLE XXVII DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONNEW LOAD POINTSMETHODOLOGY IPHASE II

TABLE XXVIII CONNECTION POINTS OF NEW LOAD POINTSMETHODOLOGY IPHASE II

TABLE XXIX ANNUALIZED COSTS AND RELIABILITY INDICESNEW LOAD POINTSMETHODOLOGY IPHASE II

and Table XXIX shows the solution costs and reliability indices. The necessity of attending new load points did not cause changes in relation to the solution obtained for rewiring, switches, and grid topology of Section IV-A. However, in relation to DG installation, 90 kW of extra generation has to

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be added to attend the load. A cost increase of R$254 702 or approximately 19.53% is observed due to the necessity of a system load increase of 15.22%. V. CONCLUSION Uncertainties on the power generated by distributed generation units and the variation of demand are inherent to the problem of active distribution networks expansion planning. Two methodologies were proposed for representing uncertainties. Methodology I considered the individual analysis of each scenario, and an expansion alternative for each scenario was determined in a rst phase. In a second phase, a decision-making process was applied aiming at obtaining a unique solution considering the solutions obtained in the rst phase as well as the probabilities of occurrence of each scenario considered. In Methodology II, the scenarios were analyzed simultaneously together with their probabilities of occurrence, directly obtaining a unique solution. The obtained results indicate that most of the times, the solution obtained by Methodology II was better than the solution obtained by Methodology I in terms of cost and reliability. This can be explained because in Methodology II, all the scenarios are analyzed simultaneously while in Methodology I, each scenario is considered individually and only in a second phase, the best expansion alternative is obtained by a decision-making process. Nonetheless, Methodology I offers a set of solutions and not just one, allowing the planner to have more exibility in choosing the best solution. The computer effort required is similar for both methdologies. In a general manner, consideration of uncertainties during the optimization process allows obtaining a solution more committed with reality, since several scenarios with their probabilities of occurrence are analyzed. A realistic planning can provide a great improvement in terms of system efciency as well as a great reduction of costs. In modern active distribution networks, an integrated planning facing all alternatives together with generation and load uncertainties is an important requirement in order to mostly explore the benets without extra investment costs or system risks. REFERENCES
[1] S. Chowdhury, S. P. Chowdhury, and P. Crossley, Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks. London, U.K.: IET, 2009.

[2] R. I. J. Rosado and B. J. L. Agustin, Genetic algorithm applied to the design of large power distribution systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 696703, May 1997. [3] V. Miranda and M. A. C. C. Matos, Distribution system planning with fuzzy models and techniques, in Proc. CIRED, Brighton, U.K., 1989, vol. 6, pp. 472476. [4] N. Kagan and R. N. Adams, Electrical power distribution systems planning using fuzzy mathematical programming, Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 191196, 1994. [5] V. Calderaro, V. Galdi, and A. Picolo, Distribution planning by genetic algorithm with renewable energy units, in Proc. Bulk Power Systems Dynamics and Control, Italy, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 375380. [6] G. Celli et al., A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for the sizing and sitting of distributed generation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 750757, May 2005. [7] K. H. Kim et al., Dispersed generator placement using fuzzy-GA in distribution systems, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting, 2002, vol. 13, pp. 11481153. [8] G. Carpinelli et al., Distributed generation siting and sizing under uncertainty, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 750757, May 2001. [9] V. F. Martins, Heuristic algorithm dedicated to reconguration of distribution networks, (in Portuguese) M.Sc. thesis, Federal Univ. Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil, 2003. [10] C. L. T. Borges and D. M. Falcao, Optimal distributed generation allocation for reliability, losses, and voltage improvement, Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 413420, 2006. [11] A. P. Leite, C. L. T. Borges, and D. M. Falcao, Probabilistic wind farms generation model for reliability studies applied to Brazilian sites, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 14931501, Nov. 2006. [12] M. Baran and F. Wu, Network reconguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 14011407, May 1989. Vinicius F. Martins received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil, in 2001 and 2003, respectively, and the D.Sc. degree from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (COPPE/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2009. He has been an Energy Researcher at EPEBrazilian Energy Research Company since 2006. His general research interests are in the area of power system analysis, optimization, transmission, and distribution systems planning.

Carmen L. T. Borges (S97M99SM07) received the B.Sc. degree from the Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1984 and the M.Sc. and D.Sc. degrees from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (COPPE/UFRJ) in 1991 and 1998, respectively. She has been a Professor of electrical engineering at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro since 1996. Her general research interests are in the area of computer methods for power system analysis, optimization, reliability, and high performance computing.