NUMERICAL LITERACY

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ABSTRACT

Tessellation and polyhedral are two types of art. Tessellations have been around for centuries and are still quite prevalent today. However the study of tessellations in mathematics has a relatively short history. In 1619, Johannes Kepler did one of the first documented studies of tessellations when he wrote about the regular and semi regular tessellation, which are coverings of a plane with regular polygons. Through history, polyhedral have been closely associated with the world of art. The peak of this relationship was certainly in the Renaissance. For some Renaissance artists, polyhedral simply provided challenging models to demonstrate their mastery of perspective. For others, polyhedral also were symbolic of deep religious or philosophical truths. For other artists, polyhedral simply provide inspiration and a storehouse of forms with various symmetries from which to draw on. This is especially so in twentieth century sculpture, free of the material and representational constraints of earlier conceptions of sculpture. In this assignment, we are going to provide two models of polyhedral and two designs of tessellation for each member. Besides that, we are ordered to provide the notes of both. In this report, we also will show the procedures or steps to create the models. The explanations comprised here are so helpful. Hopefully the whole contents of this particular assignment could help those deeply want to know about polyhedral and tessellation.

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2.0

POLYHEDRAL 2.1 NOTES OF POLYHEDRAL

A polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons) is often defined as a geometric solid with flat faces and straight edges. The word polyhedron has slightly different meanings in geometry and algebraic geometry. In geometry, a polyhedron is simply a three-dimensional solid which consists of a collection of polygons, usually joined at their edges. The word derives from the Greek poly (many) plus the Indo-European hedron (seat). A polyhedron is the three-dimensional version of the more general polytope (in the geometric sense), which can be defined in arbitrary dimension. The plural of polyhedron is "polyhedra" (or sometimes "polyhedrons").

A convex polyhedron can be formally defined at the set of solutions to a system of linear inequalities.

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2.1.1 DEFINITION Any polyhedron can be built up from different kinds of element or entity, each associated with a different number of dimensions: 3 dimensions: The body is bounded by the faces, and is usually the volume enclosed by them.

2 dimensions: A face is a polygon bounded by a circuit of edges, and usually including the flat (plane) region inside the boundary. These polygonal faces together make up the polyhedral surface.

1 dimension: An edge joins one vertex to another and one face to another, and is usually a line segment. The edges together make up the polyhedral skeleton.

0 dimensions: A vertex (plural vertices) is a corner point. -1 dimension: The nullity is a kind of non-entity required by abstract theories.

A defining characteristic of almost all kinds of polyhedra is that just two faces join along any common edge. This ensures that the polyhedral surface is continuously connected and does not end abruptly or split off in different directions. A polyhedron is a 3-dimensional example of the more general polytope in any number of dimensions.

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2.1.2 TYPES OF POLYHEDRAL There are three types of common polyhedral which are platonic solid or known as regular polyhedral, prisms and pyramids.

2.1.1.1

Platonic Solid or Regular Polyhedral

There are only five regular polyhedral known to mathematics as the Platonic Solids which are; tetrahedron (four equilateral triangles); hexahedron (aka cube, six squares); octahedron (eight equilateral triangles); dodecahedron (12 pentagons); and icosahedrons (20 equilateral triangles).

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Types of Platonic Solid Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedrons

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Characteristics

Four faces Four vertices Six edges

Six faces Eight vertices Twelve edges

Eight faces Six vertices Twelve edges

Twelve faces Twenty vertices Thirty edges

Twenty faces Twelve vertices Thirty edges

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As a conclusion, it will call Platonic Solids or Regular Polyhedral if it is vertextransitive, edge-transitive and face-transitive (this implies that every face is the same regular polygon; it also implies that every vertex is regular).

2.1.1.2

Prism

A prism is also a polyhedron, which means the cross section will be polygon ( a straight-edged figure). A prism has the same cross section all along its length. That is mean, all sides will be flat. It has no curve sides. For example, a cylinder is not a prism. There are two kinds of prism which are regular prism and irregular prism. A regular prism is when the cross section is regular or in the other words, it is a shape with equal edge lengths. And the irregular prism is when the edge lengths of a shape not equal. A prism is named according to the shape of its base. Below are the examples of regular prism: 1) Regular Prism

Types of Regular Prism Triangular Prism

Cross-section

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Square Prism

Cube Prism

Pentagonal Prism

2) Irregular Prism

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These models are called irregular prism because the pentagon is not regular in shape. But, the models are still known as prism and polyhedral. 2.1.1.3 Pyramid

A particularly popular polyhedron is the pyramid. If we restrict ourselves to regular polygons for faces, there are three possible pyramids which are triangular pyramid, square pyramid and pentagonal pyramid. All the pyramids are named after the shape of their base.

Types of Pyramids Triangular Pyramid

Base

Square Pyramid

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Pentagonal Pyramid

2.2 DESIGNS OF POLYHEDRAL

In this assignment, we had created two types of polyhedral. For this part, we will show the procedures or steps to make the models and also a brief explanation about the both models. Besides, the procedure also have diagram and picture in order to simplify others to create these polyhedral too.

2.2.1

SPINNER (OCTAHEDRON)

One of many wonderful designs by the late Lewis Simon, this model combines two standards bases, the Waterbomb base and the Preliminary base, to form a rigid modular construction. Use 12 sheets of fairly sturdy paper. The outer colour of the entire model will be the same as the outer colour of the Preliminary bases. 2.2.1.1 PROCEDURE

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Step 1: Fold six Waterbomb and six Preliminary bases. Open out one of each base slightly, and allow the Preliminary base to wrap around the outside of the Waterbomb base, lining up the creases in the two bases.

Step 2: Mountains fold each of the four corners of the Preliminary base inward, over the outer raw edges of the Waterbomb base, locking the sheets of paper together.

Step 3: Allow the Waterbomb base to reform, two sheets folded as one. Repeat for remaining bases. the the

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Step 4: Join any two units together by slipping the raw (Waterbomb) point of the first unit over the raw point of the other, but underneath the raw edge created by the Preliminary base. Push in all the way, until the two edges of what were the Preliminary bases meet.

Step 5: In the same way, join adjacent points of the first two units into similar points of a third unit, forming a triangular section in the centre, as shown.

Step 6: Add the final units in the same way the last unit is the most difficult to achieve. To activate the model place the points of the completed spinner into the centre of your palms, holding firmly. Blow hard against the top point of the model and the spinner will really spin.
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2.2.1.2

DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE MODEL

For the first model, we had constructed the octahedron. To construct this model, we used 21cm x 21cm colour papers in order to construct the model. Besides, to construct this octahedron we need to cut 12 pieces of square paper and in order to construct this model, we made 6 units of module and join it together.

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Actually, the model named as Spinner. It is because the model is easy to be spin. It also was functioning as a toy for kids. They love to spin and play with because it is easy to hold and not too hard. So, teachers can do origami for this model to use in the class. Besides, this model also suitable to be a decoration element. It is suit to be placed anywhere except in the toilet. The most appropriate place to be shown is on the table especially on the study table. It is because the pattern and shape are suitable to be laid on. And of course the colour itself can make the watcher feels happy due to the colouring style. So, hopefully this model is helpful to use in any condition as an art material. Octahedron

See the octahedron rotating around the x, y, z axis.

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Properties of the Octahedron Faces: 8 triangles Vertices: 6, each with 4 edges meeting Edges: 12 Dihedral angle: 10928'

The Symmetry

Surface Area

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Let r = the distance from centres to one vertex. The length (a) of edge, by the Pythagoras Theorem, = r2.

Then the area of one triangle is (a h) / 2, where h = [a - (a/2)]. And the area of the octahedron is 8 the area of one triangle.

Volume

The octahedron can be divided into two pyramids.

The volume of one pyramid = (base area height) /3. In the case of the regular

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octahedron, the base area = a. And so, the volume of the octahedron = 2 the volume of pyramid. V = (2 / 3)a Introduction to regular octahedron: In geometry, an octahedron is a polyhedron with eight faces. A regular octahedron is a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each vertex. An octahedron is the three-dimensional case of the more general concept of a cross polytope. A regular octahedron is shown in the below figure.

The properties and Cartesian coordinates of a regular octahedron are given below in detail. (Source: Wikipedia) Properties and Cartesian of Regular Octahedron:

Number of faces in an octahedron = 8. i.e., it has 8 equilateral triangular faces.

Number of vertices in an octahedron = 6

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Number of edges in an octahedron = 12 An octahedron is a regular convex deltahedron. An octahedron has a Schlafi symbol of {3, 4}

In octahedron, the vertices has the cartesian coordinates of (1, 0, 0); (0, 1, 0); (0, 0, ). The area and volume of regular octahedron is explained below with examples which help you to learn more about regular octahedron. 2.2.2 JAPANESE BROCADE (HEXAHEDRON) This design, by Minako Ishibasi, makes attractive earrings, when folded from extremely small squares, say 4 x 4cm/ 11/2 x 11/2in. for a practice version, begin with six squares of fairly sturdy paper. This modular design is very original, featuring curved surfaces, which seem to create the illusion of rings encircling the central cube shape. Only one shows on the finished unit, so begin with this colour face down. Two squares each of three different colours can also be used, as here.

2.2.2.1

PROCEDURE

Step 1:

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Begin by folding the square in half in one direction, to establish the centre line. Fold upper and lower edges into meet this crease.

Step 2: Fold the right vertical edges upward on a diagonal crease to lie along the upper edge. Fold the left vertical edge downward to lie on the lower edge.

Step 3: Unfold the paper completely.

Step 4: Fold all four corners inward to lie on the horizontal quarter creases. Two of these creases will already have been made.

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Step 5: Hold the upper and lower edges into lie along the horizontal quarter creases.

Step 6: Fold the lower right flap inward on existing crease , made in step 2.

Step 7: Peel back the inner vertical edge of the flap folded in step 6, on an existing parallel crease, while at the same time folding up the lower edge, also on the existing crease. This perform on both a swivel and a squash fold.

Step 8:
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Step 7 completed.

Step 9: Repeats step 6-7 for the top left flap.

Step 10: Pull out the lower border, and allow the flap folded in the step 9 to tuck in behind it. Flatten the model once more.

Step 11: Step 10 completed.

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Step 12: Turn the model over, and fold each of sharp points to obtuse angles of the parallelogram, as shown. the

Step 13: Allow the flaps folded in step 12 to be unfolded slightly, to rest at right angles to the central squares shape. Make five more identical units.

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Step 14: To assemble, slide the point of any one unit under the central section of another unit as shown.

Step 15: Continue by adding a third unit, piece.

assembling the central cube piece by If holding with two units of three different colours, you should add unit of same colours opposite each other. All units are joined in the same way, all the around the model.

the the way

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Step 16: Under construction.

Step 17: Assembly finished.

Step 18: Finally, squeeze together the four that appear on each of the six of the central cube, allowing them project upward slightly and form circular bands around the model. flaps faces to the

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2.2.2.2

DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE MODEL

The second model is the cube or hexahedron. To make this cube, almost any type of paper can be used. As long as the paper is square, it can be folded. But, in our cube design, we used colour paper. Actually, the name was given for the model is Japanese Brocade. We wonder how they got the name, but the most important thing is the shape of the models. Whether it is interesting to watch or vice versa. It shapes like cube and clearly can be seen as cube after done. And our cube also can transform to another shape. It looks like a flower when it is opened. Thats meant, the model have an ecstatic value on it. That is why we decided to choose it and felt happy after finished it.

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The model is appropriate to be placed anywhere. It is because it is look more natural and peace. Moreover, if we are great in colouring, it will become more priceless. All people love flower. Even animals also make the flower as a part of their life. So, we thought that we have to expose a natural phenomenon for this assignment. Finally, we felt closer to nature. Perhaps, we can teach students the hexahedron origami so that they know how to make friend with nature in order to save our world from being destroyed. Hexahedron

Cube A cube is a region of space formed by six identical square faces joined along their edges. Three edges join at each corner to form a vertex. The cube can also be called a regular hexahedron. It is one of the five regular polyhedrons, which are also sometimes referred to as the Platonic solids.
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Parts of a cube Face Also called facets or sides. A cube has six faces which are all squares, so each face has four equal sides and all four interior angles are right angles. In the figure above, drag the 'explode' slider to see the faces separated for clarity.

Edge

A line segment formed where two edges meet. A cube has 12 edges. Because all faces are squares and congruent to each other, all 12 edges are the same length.

Vertex

A point formed where three edges meet. A cube has 8 vertices.

Face Diagonals Space Diagonals

Face diagonals are line segments linking the opposite corners of a face. Each face has two, for a total of 12 in the cube. Space diagonals are line segments linking the opposite corners of a cube, cutting through its interior. A cube has 4 space diagonals.

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Properties of a cube Volume The volume is s3 where s is the length of one edge.

Surface Area The surface area of a cube is 6s2, where s is the length of one edge. The Cube The cube might also be called a regular hexahedron. It has 6 square faces, 8 vertices, and 12 edges. Three faces meet at each vertex. Of the Platonic solids, the cube does not have the least number of faces or vertices, but it is surely the simplest by any other measure. For that reason, this page will not waste too much effort on tedious derivations of obvious measures. In the following, we consider a cube of edge length s.

area of each face

s2

Each face is a square of side length s.

6s2

because there are six faces Each edge is perpendicular to the adjacent edges, so this follows from the definition of the diheral angle.

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The distance between two opposite faces can be measured along an edge, so s is the diameter of the inscribed sphere. The inradius must be half of that.

s3

Other Properties The cube has 48 symmetries. The cube is the dual of the octahedron. Connect the centres of the adjacent faces of a cube results in an octahedron, and vice verse.

One other Platonic solid can be found inside the cube. Pick four of the vertices and fit a tetrahedron. A cross-section of a cube can be an equilateral triangle, a square, or a regular hexagon.
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A planar projection of a cube can be a square or a regular hexagon.

3.0

TESSELLATION 3.1 NOTES OF TESSELLATION

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In Latin, tessella is a small cubical piece of clay, stone or glass used to make mosaics. The word "tessella" means "small square" (from "tessera", square, which in its turn is from the Greek word for "four"). It corresponds with the everyday term tiling which refers to applications of tessellations, often made of glazed clay. Tessellations are tiling of the same shape. The tiles join together without gaps or overlaps and with a pattern that allows the tessellation to continue in both directions infinitely. If two shapes are used, it is called a semi-tessellation. Tessellations work because angles at a point add up to 360. Certain regular polygons will tessellate and other special polygons will also tessellate. Triangles and quadrilaterals can tessellate as well as other shapes. Often the special shapes that tessellate are actually based on transferring a section of a tessellating shape from one side to another so that the area is conserved. These are often called nibble tessellations and they were used as starting points in Eschers art. When two regular shapes are used together to cover space, they are called semi-regular tessellations. Tessellations are important as they form the basis of area measurements, they are needed to make walls and floors of buildings, they are found in nature, and they can be used effectively in artistic creations. Many cultures have developed interesting tessellating and other patterns.

3.1.1

DEFINITION

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A tessellation is called when a shape created is repeated over and over again covering a plane without any gaps or overlaps. In geometrical terminology a tessellation is the pattern resulting from the arrangement of regular polygons to cover a plane without any interstices (gaps) or overlapping. The patterns are usually repeating. Tiles with certain designs can be tessellated to produce a myriad of interesting patterns and continuous curve designs. For example, see the diagram below. Tessellations of 2D shapes are a way of considering area. Tessellations of 3D shapes are a way of considering volume.

Example: Curve design. 3.1.2 TYPES OF TESSELLATION

There are three types of tessellation which is regular tessellations, semiregular tessellations and non-regular tessellations. 3.1.2.1 Regular tessellations Regular tessellations are made up entirely of congruent regular polygons all meeting vertex to vertex. There are only three regular tessellations which use a network of equilateral triangles, squares and hexagons. Since the regular polygons in a tessellation must fill the plane at each vertex, the interior angle must be an exact divisor of 360 degrees. This works for the triangle, square, and hexagon and this is the reason only they can tessellate the Euclidean plane.

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These three tessellations have interesting features. For the triangular tessellations, it can be folded up into three of the five platonic solids which are tetrahedron, octahedron and icosahedrons. The square tessellations can be folded up into one of the five platonic solids which is cube. For hexagons, it cannot fold up on itself into a 3D object without the introduction of key shapes such as the triangle or the pentagon. By the same token, if one were try to create a regular tessellation on a plane with other shapes such as octagons (eight sided figures) , dodecagons (twelve sided figures), decagons (ten sided figures) or dodecagons (nine sided figure) or pentagons (five sided figures), there will always be gaps no matter how there are arranged.

Example: Regular tessellations. Rules of regular tessellations :

o

The tessellation must tile a floor (that goes on forever) The tiles must be regular polygons and all the same

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Each vertex must look the same. For vertex, we need to use regular polygons that add up to 360.

What is a vertex? Where all the corners meet (90 + 90 + 90 = 360)

Example 1: Hexagon

Example 2: Triangle

3.1.2.2

Semi-regular tessellations

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A semi-regular tessellations is made of two or more regular polygons. The pattern at each vertex must be the same. There are only eight semi-regular tessellations which comprise different combinations of equilateral triangles, squares, hexagons, octagons and dodecagons.

Example 3: Triangles and hexagons.

Example 4: Octagons and triangles.

3.1.2.3

Non-regular tessellations or demiregular tessellation

There are also demiregular tessellations, but mathematics disagree on what they actually are. These types of tessellations are those in which there are no restrictions on the order of the polygons around vertices. Some people allow shapes (not just polygons) so you can have tessellations like these:

Example 5: Curvy shapes

Example 6: Eagles

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3.1.3 3.1.3.1

BASIC OPERATIONS IN CREATING TESSELLATIONS Rotation

Rotate the polyiamond in the plane. The rotation operation can be applied to all polyiamonds which do not possess circular symmetry, for example the hexagonal hexiamond, which remains unchanged following rotation through 60 or multiples thereof.

From the picture, we see that tessellation are same shape but have been turned or rotation. One side of a square can be changed and this change can be rotated 90 to an adjacent side. This same change can be rotated 180 and 270 so that it appears on all sides. Start with a square and change one of the sides, trace the change and rotate the change to the remaining sides as shown below. Each rotation requires that the center of rotation be the vertex between the source side and the destination side.

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3.1.3.2

Reflection

Reflect the polyiamond in the plane, as if being viewed in a mirror. The reflection operation is limited to polyiamond which are enantiomorphic. An enantiomorphic polyiamond is one which cannot be superimposed on its reflection, its mirror image. Sometimes, a shape does not change when it is reflected. This property is called line symmetry. The example is:

3.1.3.3

Translation

The transformation that changes one of these shapes into any other one in the set is called a translation. This is sliding without turning, from one position to another. To describe such as translation, it need concepts of direction, such as up, down, left, right, forwards and backwards. Slide the polyiamond along the plane. The translation operation can be applied to all polyiamond. Example of translation is:

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3.2

DESIGNS OF TESSELLATION

In this section, we are going to show various designs of tessellation. Every single member will create two types of tessellation which is simple and complex. The procedure and short explanation also had been note here .

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3.2.1

MUHAMMAD AMIR AL-HAFIZ

PROCEDURE OF MY TESSELLATION (A) For my presentation tessellation, I had done the tessellation by using the basic shape of square. For my presentation I had done by using a computer. Let figure out how my tessellation had been finished.

Step 1: First, I had draw a square shapes like this:

Step 2: Then I continue it by cut the shade region.

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Then I get the new shape just like above.

STEP 3 For next step, I had made the reflection to the shape.

image

object

line of reflection

new shape

STEP 4: Then, I had made the same reflection to the new shape.

object

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line of reflection new shape image

STEP 5 Then, I had made the same reflection to the new shape. object line of reflection image

STEP 6 Then repeat 5 until get shape like below .

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STEP 7 Then reflect the shape in the step 6. object

line of reflection

Image

STEP 8 Repeat step 7 until get the full tessellation.

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STEP 9 Colour the tessellation.

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EXPLAINATION OF MY TESSELLATION (A) The basic shape of my tessillation is square. From square, I cut the shade region. Then, I get a new shape, from that the shape was reflect to the side. The step was repeted for few time. Then I get a new shape. Again, from here the shape was reflect to the below. Then I get a real shape of my tessillation. To get the full tessillation, the new shape was reflacted to the below for a several time. Then I colour it.

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My

shape of the tessellation just look like a star. It also look moden

desing.The desing also look like a islamic desing. My desing also are used at the mouque as the decoration of the wall. This dising, also beautiful and simple. For your information, if you are interested in a dising of shape you can made my tessillation as a wallpaper to the laptop or computer. This tessillation also can become more beautiful if you made a combination of colour. For example combination colour, green, blue, yellow, and purple. Last but not list, many people use my tessillation desing as a wraping paper. This is all about my tessillation.

PROCEDURE OF MY TESSELLATION (B)

For my presentation tessellation, I had done the tessellation by using the basic shape of square. For my presentation I had done by using a computer. Let figure out how my tessellation had been finished.
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Step 1: First, I had draw a triangle shapes like this:

Step 2: Then I continue it by made a 90 unticlock wise rotation to the basic shape. Object Point of rotation

Image

Then I get the new shape just like above. STEP 3 For next step, I had made the same a 90 unticlock wise rotation to the color of shape .

Image
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object

STEP 4: For next step, I had made the same a 90 unticlock wise rotation to the color shape

image

Object

STEP 5 Then, I had made a reflection to the new shape.

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STEP 6 Then repeat 5 until get shape like below .

STEP 7 Then reflect the shape in the step 6. object

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line of reflection

image STEP 8 Repeat step 7 until get the full tessellation

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STEP 9 Colour the tessellation.

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EXPLAINATION OF MY TESSELLATION (B) My shape of the tessillation just look like a star. It also look moden desing. It was create by a rotation 90 anticlock wise of the triangle. The step was repeted for three time. Then I get a new shape. To get the full tessillation, the new shape was reflacted to the right side, then to the below. Then I colour it. The desing also look like a islamic desing. My desing also are used at the mouque as the decoration of the wall. This dising, also beautiful and simple. For your information, if you are interested in a dising of shape you can made my tessillation as a wallpaper to the laptop or computer. This tessillation also can become more beautiful if you made a combination of colour. For example combination colour, green, blue, yellow, and purple. Last but not list, many people use my tessillation desing as a wraping paper. This is all about my tessillation

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3.2.2

MUHAMMAD RIDHUAN

PROCEDURE OF MY TESSELLATION (A) This first tessellation usually can be finding in batik design or wood craft and others. There are some steps to form this tessellation look like diamond and stripe. But, to get this shape, this tessellation must be arranged properly to make sure the line are correct to another. Step 1:

This is the basic shape of this tessellation. From this shape, I had made some reflection to get the diamond and stripe. Step 2: [ line of reflection ]

From the basic shape, I had made a reflection to get the second shape. This step I repeat for several times to form such a line.

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Step 3:

[ line of reflection ]

In this step, I had made reflection from the upper shape to get the bottom shape. This reflection had form a diamond shape as shown.

Step 4:
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[ diamond shape ]

[ stripe ]

This is my tessellation after had arrange from the reflection process. There are diamond and stripes as shown. Some colours are used to make a different between the shapes to another.

EXPLAINATION OF MY TESSELLATION (A)

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This tessellation is form from the basic shape that shown in procedure. Then this basic shape is reflecting to its side and its bottom to build some design like diamond and stripes. The diamond shape clearly can be seeing between the basic shape and the reflection shape at the bottom reflection. Usually, we can see this design at batik craft and wood craft. Rumah Kampung usually arranges their wall that had built from wood. From this arrangement we can see the design likes a line. To make like stripe, more color need to use to show the different between another. But this color most suitable if use to design batik craft and not too suitable for house. It is because the stripe produces really very beautiful if the colors are truly matching. Now a day, if we see at the new building, there are some traditional craft on their built. Some of them are using wood. Sometimes they used this arrangement to make their building look familiar.

PROCEDURE OF MY TESSELLATION (B)

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This second tessellation most referred to simple tessellation. Comes from the square as the basic shape, I also use the reflection technique to get another shape. The step in making this tessellation is shown below.

Step 1:

The basic shape is square. In the square there are six triangles that form one one square at the center. But I had use circle in both triangles angle.

Step 2:

[ line of reflection ]

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Second step, I had used the reflection technique to get another shape. I used the color to show the shapes that are form from this reflection process.

Step 3:

[Line of reflection]

From step 2, I made once the reflection to the bottom.

Step 4:
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So, come from both reflection from step 2 and 3, the arrangement of this tessellation as shown.

EXPLAINATION OF MY TESSELLATION (B)

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This tessellation showed more similar like chemical bonding. Besides, it looks simpler than the first tessellation. To form this design, the same techniques are used that is reflection. There is some basic shape that had been combining together and then reflected to get another shape. Although this tessellation looks simpler than the first one, this tessellation need more process including in reflection process for side reflection and bottom reflection. Thats why dont judge the book by its cover. I dont think that this shape suitable for batik handicraft like first tessellation. But, I think, if this tessellation is using for pictures frame in the house, it also quite beautiful. The arrangement makes this tessellation like wave if using suitable color. But may be for a person that obsesses with design like that, they used this tessellation design to paint their house or class and others. It had different thinking between another.

3.2.3

MUHAMMAD AMINUL KHALIL

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PROCEDURE OF MY TESSELLATION (A) Tessellation is created when a shape is repeated over and over again covering a plane without any gaps or overlaps. For this part, I would like to show my work on tessellation. Actually, it had been decorated by using the basic shape of triangle and trapezium. Then, it was shaped become other object. So, lets we study how the design work and produced.

Step 1: First, draw a triangle shapes like this:

Step 2: Add a trapezium shape at the bottom of the triangle.

+
Step 3:
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To create something different, double the object oppositely.

Step 4: To form a tessellation, do a reflection of the object. So, it becomes more and multiple.

object Line of reflection

image

Step 5:

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To construct another side of reflection, the image also can be formed to lower side.

object

Line of reflection

image

Step 6: Actually, the image will become wider when it is translated. Let say, it is translated one step to the right, and one step down (1, 1). The image will be seen like:

first translation

object
2

second translation / image Step 7:

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Besides, to form another rules of tessellation, the object also can be rotated. It will be described as rotation clockwise or anti clockwise for 90 and so on. The most important thing is the point of the rotation. Let say, we rotate the object likes:

point of rotation

Step 8: The rotation, reflection and translation as shown in step 5, 6 and 7 could be drawn anywhere as long as there has a suitable point, line and coordinate placed. Finally, the image of the repeated process of the tessellation might cover or occupied the space of the plane as shown like the diagram below:

Step 9:
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Since a tessellation should be clear and attractive, try to play with colour to give the impact. Colour the whole design properly.

EXPLAINATION OF MY TESSELLATION (A)

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As shown in the procedure before this, it was clearly seen that the pattern is simple and typical. It also always been seen at our surroundings like tiles, wallpaper, mat and so on. Actually, the design was started from a triangle and a trapezium to form a lamp or pelita. Since the Eid Days just around the corner, I felt the lamp is suitable to be drawn over the plane. But, after alter it to produce something interesting by doing some rules of tessellation like rotation, reflection and translation; I noticed that the original shape could become other attractive object. So, the design undergoes transformation from a typical shape into marvellous shape. Finally, after it joined together and also coloured well, the art was appeared. I think this design of tessellation is suit to be placed at wallpaper especially for the wall of brown or pink. It is because, the drawing could be seen alive when combines with the colours. The shape will look highlighted with the fantastic colouring on the wall. But, perhaps it is not suitable to be drawn at the tile especially in toilet because it would be weird and strange. I hope I can produce more beautiful design one day in order to improve my skills and virtual spatial tense.

PROCEDURE OF MY TESSELLATION (B)

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For the second design of tessellation, I had created a bit complex to try a new skills plus to test my ability. It was about a bird flying in the air. But, I emphasized at the head of bird part in the tessellation design. So, lets we try the new one. Step 1: First, draw a triangle shapes like this:

Step 2: Add up two more triangles at the bottom and above. Make sure it is joined closely.

Step 3:

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Now, draw two trapezium fit to the below of the triangles formed on step 2 like:

Step 4: Then, double the object oppositely or reflect it to form a side of the bird eye.

object reflection

image reflection

Line of reflection

Step 5:
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Then, double the eye by doing reflection rules also. Make sure the eyes will be formed.

object reflection

image

Line of reflection

Step 6: Next, after get the shape of the eyes, add two diamond shape and place them at the bottom and above of the eyes. Put them in the middle to show the shape of birds crown and its forehead.
1

forehead

=
2

bill

Step 7:
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In the making of tessellation, the head of bird object do a reflection of the object. So, it becomes more and multiple. obejct

image Line of reflection Step 8: Actually, the image will become wider when it is translated. Let say, it is translated one step to the right, and one step down (1, 1). The image will be seen like:
1

first translation

object

second translation / image Step 9:

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Besides, to form another rules of tessellation, the object also can be rotated. It will be described as rotation clockwise or anti clockwise for 90 and so on. The most important thing is the point of the rotation. Let say, we rotate the object likes:

object

point of rotation

image

Step 10:
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The rotation, reflection and translation as shown in step 7, 8 and 9 could be drawn anywhere as long as there has a suitable point, line and coordinate placed. Finally, the image of the repeated process of the tessellation might cover or occupied the space of the plane as shown like the diagram below:

Step 11:

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Since a tessellation should be clear and attractive, try to play with colour to give the impact. Colour the whole design properly.

EXPLAINATION OF MY TESSELLATION (B)

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As shown in figure of the design, the tessellation had formed birds head and it seems like flying on the air. The blue colour background of the plane showed the element of cloud. It is clearly to see the arrangement of the birds on the blue air. Actually, I inspired to design this after seeing a bird flying at the hostel. Coincidently, I was struggling to get any idea to create the complex tessellation. So, why not I trying to create a new vision of art like that. Then, I felt so eager to complete my imagination plus I never did something artistic before this. This design is able to be placed at high. For example, it can be hang up at the door to show the movement of the bird perhaps. I think people will attract to watch it many times to get the real meaning of the design. It was so artistic and natural. I hope, I can do more interesting design that can give affective impact or emotions to others so that the value of art would be glowing.

4.0

REFLECTION 4.1 MUHAMMAD AMIR AL-HAFIZ

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On 13 August 2010, I and all my classmates had been given an assignment from our Numerical Literacy lecturer, Pn. Nazimah Binti Abdullah. This assignment is including in the Spatial Sense topic and consisted of two different tasks. In the first task, we have to create a 2-D tessellation design using any suitable tools and give a description of our design and explain how we created the design. We have to do this task, individually. In the second task, in groups of 3, we have to construct physical model of two different types of polyhedral. In order to complete this task, we have to search the internet for information on various types of polyhedral. We also need to give a description of your models and explain how we constructed the models. Basically, when I got this assignment, I was wondering and quiet not understand about what I suppose to create. It is because the words tessellation and polyhedral are new for me. Before this, I am never hear the words of tessellation and polyhedral. I am also did not know the actual feature of tessellation and polyhedral. In order to overcome this problem, I had taken some actions that can help me understand more about tessellation and polyhedral. First, I was listening to the explanation that had been given by Pn. Nazimah about the definition and the features of tessellation and polyhedral. From this explanation, I am already know about tessellation and polyhedral. Besides that, Pn. Nazimah also show us the real model of tessellation and polyhedral and from that I can see the actual features of tessellation and polyhedral that I suppose to construct. Besides that, in order to increase my knowledge and information about tessellation and polyhedral, I had surfed the internet. From the research, I had found many new information about tessellation and polyhedral, their features and the examples of

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tessellation and polyhedral models from all over the world that were very interesting for me. From the information that I got from the lecturer and the internet, I began to create my own tessellation design and polyhedral model. Both of these tasks teach me about the actual meaning of patient and diligence. I have to sacrifice a lot of my time in order to create the tessellation design and construct the polyhedral model. Sometimes, I feel give up to continue this works because they are so complicated. However, when I see the tessellation design and the polyhedral model that I created, I think my efforts had paid off. It is quiet difficult for me to believe that I had created my own design. At the same time, I feel proud of myself because I had successfully overcome my giving up feeling. From this I had learned that, if we want to create something that is good in the future, we must dare to face any obstacles that come. It is because, behind the bad thing, there must be a good thing. Besides that, this task also had give me many information about tessellation and polyhedral. If in the pass I did not know what are tessellation and polyhedral, but from now on, I had know that both of tessellation and polyhedral are the formations that are unique in their features. I also already know the definition of both of the formation and their differences. Lastly, I hope that all the experiences that I gain from doing this project will be useful for me when I become the teacher next time. I am also hope to do the interesting project like this project again and hope that this project will become a guide for everybody to gain more information and knowledge about tessellation and polyhedral. 4.2 MUHAMMAD RIDHUAN

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Firstly, a lot of thank to Allah because giving his chance to finished this assignment in time given successfully. This short term assignment needs to do with group of three. So, I, Amir and Khalil had work on collaboration during the time given in way to finish this assignment. A lot of memory had I written during working towards this assignment. Memory that I hope can be used in school soon. On 13 August 2010, I and all my classmates had been given an assignment from our Numerical Literacy lecturer, Pn. Nazimah Binti Abdullah. This assignment is short term course that including in the Spatial Sense topic and consisted of two different tasks. In the first task, by individual we need to create a 2-D tessellation design using any suitable tools and need to give a description and explanation on how the tessellation are formed. For the second task, by groups of 3, we need to construct physical model of two different types of polyhedral. Basically, when I got this assignment, I was quiet not understand about what I suppose to do. It is because the words tessellation and polyhedral are very new for me although I had studied about translation in secondary school. So, to make sure our assignments are correct, we need to collaborative do some research on that. For both work, to get the description, I had make some research including all source such as internet, book and sometimes by asking our senior. From this, I had decided the best tessellation that I can draw for individual task. Although there are references, to get my best tessellation, I need to draw about ten shapes. These individual tasks really teach me who the patient teachers in teaching are. From the explanation that had been given by Pn. Nazimah also, I had use it to apply in our assignment such as about the definition and the features of tessellation
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and polyhedral. From this explanation, I got some idea about tessellation and polyhedral. Besides that, Pn. Nazimah also show us the real model of tessellation and polyhedral that had been done by senior and from that I can imagine the actual features of tessellation and polyhedral that we suppose to construct. From zero information about polyhedral, I really very-very happy on our design. This is because, before this we dont know anything about this polyhedral, but with good collaborative, finally in two days, we can finished that. Other team were jealous with our group because in short time, we can finish the polyhedral model than their team. This situation, I think, when there are good collaborative, may be in one day two or three model can be finished. So to get this target, we need to work more collaborative soon. Finally, I hope, from effort that I give as individual such as forget sleeping time, short rest and others can be my best experiences to me. It is because I veryvery confident, the target of this assignment to add more input to student had reached. Thats all. Thank You.

4.3

MUHAMMAD AMINUL KHALIL

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The task consists of two parts of questions. The first question required us to create a 2-D tessellation design using any suitable tools. We have to create them individually and also give a very brief description for the designs besides explain the procedures or steps of all the designs. The second questions need us to constructs models of two different types of polyhedral. For tessellation as individual task, I noticed that it make me more concern about art. I know I am very poor on that, so I feel nervous before going start do all the projects. But, after learned from my group members which are Amir and Ridhuan, I feel like it was not too difficult and enjoy doing it as long as we always practice frequently. To complete this task, we need to search the internet to find the information on the various designs of tessellation. Actually, there are so many types of tessellation. Either it is easy or vice versa, it is still have to do properly and patient. I found so many beautiful and colourful designs on the internet, but I did not feel satisfied if do the same pattern like them. It was proven when I felt eager to complete the designs from the beginning until the last dot. So, I decided to create my own designs even though it was look simple and typical. At least, I can be proud of myself. The most important thing I had learned from the tessellation task is the usage of them. Although tessellation is part from mathematical field, it also could be used for decoration. It is because tessellation is art. That is why we can found them on clothes, tiles, drawing and so on. Actually, almost all the designs created in this world comprising tessellation element. Even in the toilet. Secondly, the question asked to produce two physical models of polyhedral. Frankly, I never heard about polyhedral before this. But, after the great explanation
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and lesson from our lecturer, slowly it comes to my mind and heart. But it is still difficult if we did not try to do it and practice. Luckily, I had matched with two persons that so creative and good in virtual spatial quotient. They always help me and teach me how to become softer when work on art. After doing research on the internet, we found two models of polyhedral that we felt suitable and interesting to be shown. Finally, we decided to choose Spinner and Japanese Brocade. Both are represented types of polyhedral of octahedron and hexahedron respectively. Totally, it is difficult to do but by referring to many sources, we can do it better. Actually, there are so many sources and references in the internet and also for books. So, we will study the procedure and steps well without feeling confused. Polyhedral is defined as a geometric solid with flat faces and straight edges. Polyhedral can be built up from different kinds of element or entity; each associated with a different number of dimensions for example 3-D dimension, 2-D dimension and 1-D dimension. But, it will be seen attractive when shown by 3-D dimension. That is what we do in the project. Paper folding skills are essential in order to make it perfect. Moreover, colour also need to emphasize to gleam the models. Lastly, again I would like to thank to all individual person that involved in this project. Because this course work is more to communicative and constructive learning that enable students do it by hands-on. So, for sure all members of both classes PISPM 2B and PISMP 2C involving together. Hopefully, this assignment would help others to know about the art in mathematical lesson. Thank you. 5.0 COLLABORATION
RECORD OF COLABORATION
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GROUP MEMBERS:

i) ii) iii)

MUHAMMAD AMINUL KHALIL BIN ZAINI MUHAMMAD RIDHUAN BIN GHANI MUHAMMAD AMIR AL-HAFIZ BIN ZULKIFLI

DATE

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DISCUSSION

SIGNATURES OF GROUP MEMBERS

SIGNATURES OF LECTURER

Briefing from Puan Nazimah about assignment. Discussing all of the outlines to decide the models. Search information about polyhedral and tessellation. Discussing with group members to divide the tasks. Show our polyhedral models to lecturer. Make the models for polyhedral. Print out the assignment. Submit the assignment.

6.0

REFERENCES 6.1 BOOKS

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Albert B. Bennett, Jr. and L. Ted Nelson. (2004). Mathematics for Elementary Teachers, A Conceptual Approach, Sixth Edition . New York: Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Derek Haylock, Anne Cockburn. (2003). Understanding Mathematics in the Lower Primary Years. Paul Chapman Publishing. John A. Van De Walle. Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally, Fifth Edition. Pearson. 6.2 INTERNET

___________. (2010, June 2). Prism (geometry). Retrieved August 18, 2010, from Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(geometry) ___________. (n.d.). Polyhedron. Retrieved August 12, 2010, from Math Is Fun?: http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/polyhedron.html ___________. (n.d.). Tessellation. Retrieved August 17 , 2010, from Math Is Fun?: http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/tessellation.html Hart, G. W. (1996). Pyramids, Dipyramids, and Trapezohedra. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from Virtual Polyhedra: http://www.georgehart.com/virtualpolyhedra/pyramids-info.html Hatter, K. (n.d.). How To Draw a Tessellation. Retrieved August 16 , 2010, from eHOW: http://www.ehow.com/how_5158327_draw-tessellation.html 7.0 APPENDIX

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