Bond polarity, polarity of molecules & intermolecular Forces 1.

The table below shows the electro negativity values of some elements. H Electronegativity 2.1 (a) State the meaning of the term electronegativity. (b) (i) Draw an ammonia molecule, NH3, & methane, CH4 showing its three-dimensional shape. (ii)Name the shape and state the bond angle. Explain why these molecules have this shape. (c) (i) Why are nitrogen-hydrogen bonds polar? (ii) Explain why the methane has no permanent dipole whereas ammonia molecule has (d) State the strongest type of intermolecular force in the following (i) Methane (CH4 ) (ii) Ammonia (NH3 ) (e) The curve below shows the boiling temperatures of the hydrides of group 5 from NH3 to SbH3 (f) (i) Identify the strongest intermolecular forces present in the liquid form of each hydrides. (i) Explain why NH3 has a higher boiling temperature than the other hydrides (ii) Explain why there is increase from PH3 to SbH3 2. This question is about ethanethiol, CH3CH2SH. Thiols are like alcohols, but the oxygenatom has been replaced by a sulfur atom. They react in a similar way to alcohols. (a) (i) Draw a dot and cross diagram for ethanethiol, showing outer electrons only. (iii) Give the value for the CSH bond angle in ethanethiol. Justify your answer. (b) There are hydrogen bonds between ethanol molecules but not between ethanethiolmolecules. (i) Explain why the bond angle around the hydrogen atom involved in a hydrogenbond is 180. (ii) Explain why there are no hydrogen bonds between ethanethiol molecules. (c) (i) Describe the formation of London forces. (ii) Explain why the London forces in ethanethiol are stronger than those in ethanol. 3. The graph below shows the boiling temperatures of the hydrides of Group 7. C 2.5` N 3.0 O 3.5

(a) (i) Identify the type of intermolecular force that gives rise to the unusually highboiling temperature of hydrogen fluoride. (ii) State and explain whether the electronegativity of fluorine is greater than,similar to or less than, that of bromine. Hence explain why hydrogen fluoride can form the type of intermolecular forcenamed in (a)(i) but hydrogen bromide cannot. (iii) Use the graph to predict what the boiling temperature of hydrogen fluoridewould be without the presence of the type of intermolecular force named in (b) Propanone, CH3COCH3, is a useful solvent for cleaning glassware in laboratories. (i) Why is propanone able to dissolve a wide range of substances? (ii) Propanone can be used to remove both water and octane from glassware. For each of these substances, identify the strongest intermolecular force formedwith propanone and the feature of the propanone molecule involved.

1.The diagram shown below represents the allotropes of carbon.

(i) ( ii ) ( iii ) (a) Which of this diagram represents the structure of carbon nanotubes. A (i) A (i) B ( ii ) B ( ii ) C ( iii ) C ( iii )

( iv ) D ( iv ) D ( iv )

(b) Which of this allotrope has a slippery feel because of its tendency to cleave from the crystal in thin layers

(c) Which of this allotrope has its uses in drilling, cutting and grinding and as bearings? A A (i) (i) B B ( ii ) ( ii ) C ( iii ) C ( iii ) D ( iv ) D ( iv ) (d) Which of this allotrope has medicinal application in the treatment of patient suffering from caner? (e) The bonding in buckminsterfullerene is similar to the bonding in graphite. Which of the following is true? A All the bond angles in buckminsterfullerene are 120. B The melting temperature of buckminsterfullerene is higher than that of graphite. C There are delocalized electrons in buckminsterfullerene. D On complete combustion, buckminsterfullerene forms carbon dioxide and water. 2. *(a) Why are the bonds within a layer of carbon atoms in graphite stronger than thebonds between the layers of carbon atoms? (b) The data below gives the relative electrical conductivity of a pure graphite crystal.

Explain why the relative electrical conductivity of graphite differs with direction. (c) Suggest why the strength of the bond between the layers in graphite would increaseif some carbon atoms were replaced with nitrogen atoms.