Chandragupta Maurya

Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya
Samraat (Emperor) Titles Born Birthplace Died Place of death Predecessor Successor Consort Offspring Royal House Mother Samraat Chakravartin 340 BCE Pataliputra (Patna), Bihar, India 298 BCE (aged 42) [1] Sravana Belgola, Karnataka, India Dhanananda of Nanda Dynasty Bindusara Durdhara Bindusara Mauryan dynasty Mura

Religious beliefs Hindu, became Jain, gave up his throne and became a Jain monk

Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: ), (born c. 340 BCE, ruled c. 320 BCE,[2] 298 BCE[3]) was the founder of the Maurya Empire. He succeeded in conquering almost all of the Indian subcontinent and is considered the first unifier of India as well as its first genuine emperor.[4] In foreign Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta is known as Sandrokyptos (), Sandrokottos () or Androcottus.[5] Prior to Chandragupta's consolidation of power, small regional kingdoms dominated the northwestern subcontinent, while the Nanda Dynasty dominated the middle and lower basin of the Ganges.[6] After Chandragupta's conquests, the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam[7] in the east, to Afghanistan and Balochistan,some part of the eastern and south-east Iran in the west, to Kashmir and Nepal[8] in the north, and to the Deccan Plateau in the south.[9] Tradition holds that Chandragupta abdicated his throne to become a Digambara Jain monk and led such an ascetic life that he starved himself to death. He was succeeded by his son Bindusara in 298 BC. Chandragupta's achievements, which ranged from conquering Macedonian satrapies in the northwest and conquering the Nanda Empire by the time he was only about 20 years old, to achieving an alliance with Seleucus I Nicator and establishing centralized rule throughout the Indian Subcontinent, remain some of the most celebrated in the history of India. Over two thousand years later, the accomplishments of Chandragupta stand out in the history of India. Many Indian literary traditions connect him with the Nanda Dynasty in modern day Bihar in eastern India. More than half a millennium later, the Sanskrit drama Mudrarakshasa calls him a "Nandanvaya" i.e. the descendant of Nanda (Act IV). Again more than a millennium later, Dhundiraja, a commentator of 18th century on Mudrarakshasa states that Chandragupta was the son of the Nanda king Sarvarthasiddhi by a wife named Mura, daughter of a Vrishala (Shudra). Mudrarakshasa uses terms like kula-hina and Vrishala for Chandragupta's lineage. This reinforces Justin's contention that Chandragupta had a humble origin.[10][11] On the other hand, the same play describes the Nandas as of Prathita-kula, i.e. illustrious, lineage. The medieval commentator on the Vishnu Purana informs us that Chandragupta was the son of a Nanda prince and a Hindi: dasi (English: maid) named Mura. The poets Kshmendra and Somadeva call him Purvananda-suta, son of the genuine Nanda, as opposed to Yoga-Nanda, i.e. pseudo-Nanda. The Nanda dynasty was started by Mahapadma Nanda, who is considered the first Shudra king of Magadha.

Chandragupta Maurya The Buddhist text the Mahavamsa calls Chandragupt a member of a division of the Khattiya (Kshatriya) clan called the Moriya (Maurya). Divyvadna calls Bindusara, son of Chandragupt, an anointed Kshatriya, Kshatriya Murdhabhishikata, and in the same work King Ashoka, son of Bindusara, is also styled a Kshatriya. The Mahaparinibbana Sutta states that the Moriyas (Mauryas) belonged to the Kshatriya community of Pippalivana. These traditions indicate that Chandragupt came from a Kshatriya lineage. The Mahavamshatika connects him with the Shakya clan of the Buddha, a clan which also belongs to the race of dityas. A medieval inscription represents the Maurya clan as belonging to the solar race of Kshatriyas. It is stated that the Maurya line sprang from Suryavamsi Mandhatri, son of prince Yuvanashva of the solar race. chandragupt was a student of chankya.

Early life
Very little is known about Chandragupt's youth. What is known is gathered from later classical Sanskrit literature, as well as classical Greek and Latin sources which refer to Chandragupta by the names "Sandracottos" or "Andracottus". Plutarch reports that he met with Alexander the Great, probably around Takshasila in the northwest, and that he viewed the ruling Nanda Empire in a negative light: Androcottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth. Plutarch,Parallel Lives: Life of Alexander 62.9 [12] According to this text, the encounter would have happened around 326 BCE, suggesting a birth date for Chandragupta around 340 BCE. Plutarch and other Greco-Roman historians appreciated the gravity of Chandragupta Maurya's conquests. Junianus Justinus (Justin) describes the humble origins of Chandragupta, and explains how he later led a popular uprising against the Nanda king.

Foundation of the Maurya Empire

Chandragupt Maurya, with the help of Chanakya/kautilya, defeated the Magadha kings and the army of the Chandravanshi clan. Following his victory, the defeated generals of Alexander settled in Gandhara (the Kamboja kingdom), today's Afghanistan. At the time of Alexander's invasion, Chanakya was a teacher in Takshasila. The king of Takshasila and Gandhara, Ambhi (also known as Taxiles), made Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE. a peace treaty with Alexander. Chanakya, however, planned to defeat the foreign invasion and sought help from other kings to unite and fight Alexander. Parvateshwara (Porus), a king of Punjab, was the only local king who was able to challenge Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes River, but he was defeated. Chanakya then went further east to Magadha, to seek the help of Dhana Nanda, who ruled the vast Nanda Empire which extended from Bihar and Bengal in the east to Punjab and Sindh in the west,[13] but Dhana Nanda refused to help him. After this incident, Chanakya began to persuade his disciple Chandragupta of the need to build an empire that could protect Indian territories from foreign invasion. It is also said that Chandragupta was sent to Greece in Europe by Chanakya to receive military and war training.

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Nanda army
According to Plutarch, at the time of the Battle of the Hydaspes River, the Nanda Empire's army numbered 200,000 infantry, 80,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots, and 7,000 war elephants, which discouraged Alexander's men and prevented their further progress into India:

The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda circa 323 BCE.

"As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-atarms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants. And there was no boasting in these reports. For Androcottus, who reigned there not long afterwards, made a present to Seleucus of five hundred elephants, and with an army of six hundred thousand men overran and subdued all India." Plutarch, Parallel Lives, "Life of Alexander" 62.1-4

[14]

In order to defeat the powerful Nanda army, Chandragupta needed to raise a formidable army of his own.[13]

Conquest of the Nanda Empire

Chanakya had trained and guided Chandragupta and together they planned the destruction of Dhana Nanda. The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta as well as the Jain work Parisishtaparvan talk of Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka, sometimes identified with Porus.[15] It is noted in the Chandraguptakatha that Chandragupta and Chanakya were initially rebuffed by the Nanda forces. Regardless, in the ensuing war, Chandragupta faced off against Bhadrasala, the commander of Dhana Nanda's armies. He was eventually able to defeat Bhadrasala and Dhana Nanda in a series of battles, culminating in the siege of the capital city Pataliputra[13] and the conquest of the Nanda Empire around 321 BCE,[13] thus founding the powerful Maurya Empire in Northern India by the time he was about 20 years old.

Chandragupta's empire when he founded it c. 320 BCE, by the time he was about 20 years old.

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Conquest of Macedonian territories in India

After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Chandragupta, turned his attention to Northwestern India (modern Pakistan), where he defeated the satrapies (described as "prefects" in classical Western sources) left in place by Alexander (according to Justin), and may have assassinated two of his governors, Nicanor and Philip.[4][13] The satrapies he fought may have included Eudemus, ruler in western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE; and Peithon, son of Agenor, ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure for Babylon in 316 BCE. The Roman historian Justin described how Sandrocottus (Greek version of Chandragupta's name) conquered the northwest:

Chandragupta had defeated the remaining Macedonian satrapies in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent by 317 BCE.

"Some time after, as he was going to war with the generals of Alexander, a wild elephant of great bulk presented itself before him of its own accord, and, as if tamed down to gentleness, took him on its back, and became his guide in the war, and conspicuous in fields of battle. Sandrocottus, having thus acquired a throne, was in possession of India, when Seleucus was laying the foundations of his future greatness; who, after making a league with him, and settling his affairs in the east, proceeded to join in the war against Antigonus. As soon as the forces, therefore, of all the confederates were united, a battle was fought, in which Antigonus was slain, and his son Demetrius put to flight. " Junianus Justinus, Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV, XV.4.19

[16]

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Expansion
By the time he was only about 20 years old, Chandragupta, who had succeeded in defeating the Macedonian satrapies in India and conquering the Nanda Empire, had founded a vast empire that extended from the Bay of Bengal in the east, to the Indus River in the west. In later years he would expand this empire.

Conquest of Seleucus' eastern territories

Seleucus I Nicator, a Macedonian satrap of Alexander, reconquered most of Alexander's former empire and put under his own authority the eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus (Appian, History of Rome, The Syrian Wars 55), until in 305 BCE he entered into conflict with Chandragupta: Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward. Appian,History of Rome, The Syrian Wars 55
[17]

Silver coin of Seleucus I Nicator, who fought Chandragupta Maurya, and later made an alliance with him.

The exact details of engagement are not known. As noted by scholars such as R. C. Majumdar[18] and D. D. Kosambi, Seleucus appears to have fared poorly, having ceded large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. Due to his defeat, Seleucus surrendered Arachosia, Gedrosia, Paropamisadae, and Aria.

Chandragupta extended the borders of his empire towards Seleucid Persia after his conflict with Seleucus c. 305 BCE.

Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush, modern day Afghanistan, and the Balochistan province of Pakistan.[19][20] Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka, are known as far as Kandhahar in southern Afghanistan. After having made a treaty with him [Sandrakotos] and put in order the Orient situation, Seleucos went to war against Antigonus. Junianus Justinus,Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV, XV.4.15 [21]

Chandragupta Maurya It is generally thought that Chandragupta married Seleucus's daughter to formalize an alliance. In a return gesture, Chandragupta sent 500 war-elephants,[18][22][23][24][25][26] a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 302 BCE. In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar state). Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.[27] Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus: And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters [as to make people more amorous]. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love. Athenaeus of Naucratis,Deipnosophistae, I.32 [28]

Southern conquest
After annexing Seleucus' eastern Persian provinces, Chandragupta had a vast empire extending across the northern parts of Indian Sub-continent, from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea. Chandragupta then began expanding his empire further south beyond the barrier of the Vindhya Range and into the Deccan Plateau except the Tamil regions (Pandya, Chera, Chola and Satyaputra) and Kalinga (modern day Orissa).[13] By the time his conquests were complete, Chandragupta had succeeded in unifying most of Southern Asia. Megasthenes later recorded the size of Chandragupta's army as 400,000 soldiers, according to Strabo: Megasthenes was in the camp of Sandrocottus, which consisted of 400,000 men. Strabo,Geographica, 15.1.53 [29] On the other hand, Pliny, who also drew from Megasthenes' work, gives even larger numbers of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 war elephants: But the Prasii surpass in power and glory every other people, not only in this quarter, but one may say in all India, their capital Palibothra, a very large and wealthy city, after which some call the people itself the Palibothri,--nay even the whole tract along the Ganges. Their king has in his pay a standing army of 600,000-foot-soldiers, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 elephants: whence may be formed some conjecture as to the vastness of his resources. Pliny,Natural History VI, 22.4 [30]

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Jainism and Sallekhana

Chandragupt gave up his throne in 298 BCE, when he was 42 years old, and became an ascetic under the Jain saint Acharya Bhadrabahu, migrating south with them and ending his days in "sallekhana" at ravaa Begoa in present day Karnataka, though fifth-century inscriptions in the area support the concept of a larger southern migration around that time.[31] A small temple marks the cave (Bhadrabahu Cave) where he is said to have died by fasting. There are two hills in ravaa Begoa, Chandragiri (Chikkabetta) and Vindyagiri. The last shruta-kevali, Purportedly the mark of Chandragupta's footprints in Karnataka, India, not far from the cave where he starved himself to death in Bhadrabahu and his pupil Chandragupta Maurya, are accordance with Jain beliefs. believed to have meditated there. Chandragupta Basadi, which was dedicated to Chandragupta Maurya, was originally built there by Emperor Ashoka in the third century BCE.

Successors
Chandragupta Maurya renounced his throne to his son, Bindusara, who became the new Mauryan Emperor. Bindusara's son Ashoka the Great became one of the most influential kings in India's history due to his important role in the history of Buddhism.

In popular culture
Chanakya's role in formation of the Mauryan Empire is the essence of a historical/spiritual novel The Courtesan and the Sadhu by Dr. Mysore N. Prakash.[32] Santosh Sivan's 2001 epic Hindi language film Asoka. The sword of Chandragupt plays an important role in the film. The television series Chanakya is an account of the life and times of Chanakya, based on the play "Mudra Rakshasa" (The Signet Ring of "Rakshasa"). Also there is a television series on Imagine TV called Chandragupt Maurya[33] The Indian Postal Service issued a commemorative postage stamp honoring Chandragupta Maurya in 2001.[34]

References
[1] Chandragupta Maurya and his times (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q& f=false) By Radha Kumud Mookerji, 4th ed. 1966, p.40. ISBN 81-208-0405-8; 81-208-0433-3 [2] Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (1998) [1986]. A History of India (Third ed.). London: Routledge. p.59. ISBN0-415-15481-2. [3] Kulke and Rothermund 1998:62 [4] Boesche, Roger (January 2003). "Kautilya's Arthastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India" (http:/ / muse. jhu. edu/ demo/ journal_of_military_history/ v067/ 67. 1boesche. pdf). The Journal of Military History 67 (1): 937. doi:10.1353/jmh.2003.0006. ISSN0899-3718. . [5] William Smith (ed), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, Vol 3 p. 705-6 (http:/ / www. ancientlibrary. com/ smith-bio/ 3038. html) [6] Shastri, Nilakantha (1967). Age of the Nandas and Mauryas. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p.26. ISBN81-208-0465-1. [7] Vaughn, Bruce (2004). "Indian Geopolitics, the United States and Evolving Correlates of Power in Asia". Geopolitics 9 (2): 440459 [442]. doi:10.1080/14650040490442944. [8] Goetz, H. (1955). "Early Indian Sculptures from Nepal". Artibus Asiae 18 (1): 6174. doi:10.2307/3248838. [9] The Span of the Mauryan Empire (http:/ / www. kamat. com/ kalranga/ ancient/ maurya. htm), Kamat's Potpurri (http:/ / www. kamat. com/ index. htm), accessed 9 September 2007

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[10] "He (Seleucus) next made an expedition into India, which, after the death of Alexander, had shaken, as it were, the yoke of servitude from its neck, and put his governors to death. The author of this liberation was Sandrocottus, who afterwards, however, turned their semblance of liberty into slavery; for, making himself king, he oppressed the people whom he had delivered from a foreign power, with a cruel tyranny. This man was of mean origin, but was stimulated to aspire to regal power by supernatural encouragement; for, having offended Alexander by his boldness of speech, and orders being given to kill him, he saved himself by swiftness of foot; and while he was lying asleep, after his fatigue, a lion of great size having come up to him, licked off with his tongue the sweat that was running from him, and after gently waking him, left him. Being first prompted by this prodigy to conceive hopes of royal dignity, he drew together a band of robbers, and solicited the Indians to support his new sovereignty. Some time after, as he was going to war with the generals of Alexander, a wild elephant of great bulk presented itself before him of its own accord, and, as if tamed down to gentleness, took him on its back, and became his guide in the war, and conspicuous in fields of battle. Sandrocottus, having thus acquired a throne, was in possession of India" ( Justin "Epitome of the Philippic History" XV-4 (http:/ / www. forumromanum. org/ literature/ justin/ english/ trans15. html)) [11] There is a controversy about Justin's account. Justin actually refers to a name Nandrum, which many scholars believe is reference to Nanda (Dhana Nanda of Magadha), while others say that it refers to Alexandrum, i.e., Alexander. It makes some difference which version one believes [12] http:/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/ Thayer/ E/ Roman/ Texts/ Plutarch/ Lives/ Alexander*/ 9. html#62. 9 [13] Radha Kumud Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, 4th ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988 [1966]), pp. 31, 2833. [14] http:/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/ Thayer/ E/ Roman/ Texts/ Plutarch/ Lives/ Alexander*/ 9. html#62 [15] John Marshall Taxila, p. 18, and al. [16] http:/ / www. forumromanum. org/ literature/ justin/ english/ trans15. html [17] http:/ / www. livius. org/ ap-ark/ appian/ appian_syriaca_11. html [18] Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 81-208-0436-8. [19] Vincent A. Smith (1998). Asoka. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1303-1. [20] Walter Eugene, Clark (1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology". Classical Philology 14 (4): 297313. doi:10.1086/360246. [21] http:/ / www. forumromanum. org/ literature/ justin/ trad15. html [22] Ancient India, (Kachroo ,p.196) [23] The Imperial Gazetteer of India, (Hunter,p.167) [24] The evolution of man and society, (Darlington ,p.223) [25] Tarn, W. W. (1940). "Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita". The Journal of Hellenic Studies 60: 8494. doi:10.2307/626263. [26] Partha Sarathi Bose (2003). Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy. Gotham Books. ISBN 1-59240-053-1. [27] Pliny the Elder, "The Natural History", Chap. 21 (http:/ / perseus. mpiwg-berlin. mpg. de/ cgi-bin/ ptext?lookup=Plin. + Nat. + 6. 21) [28] http:/ / digicoll. library. wisc. edu/ cgi-bin/ Literature/ Literature-idx?type=turn& entity=Literature000701860036& isize=M& pview=hide [29] http:/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/ Thayer/ E/ Roman/ Texts/ Strabo/ 15A3*. html#1. 53 [30] http:/ / www. mssu. edu/ projectsouthasia/ history/ primarydocs/ Foreign_Views/ GreekRoman/ Megasthenes-Indika. htm [31] Digambaras (http:/ / philtar. ucsm. ac. uk/ encyclopedia/ jainism/ digam. html), Overview of World Religions (http:/ / philtar. ucsm. ac. uk/ encyclopedia/ index. html), accessed 9 September 2007 [32] The Courtesan and the Sadhu, A Novel about Maya, Dharma, and God, October 2008, Dharma Vision LLC., ISBN 978-0-9818237-0-6, Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934274 [33] TV, Imagine. "Channel" (http:/ / www. imagine. tv/ in/ shows/ subhome/ 123/ 1779/ ). TV Channel. . [34] COMMEMORATIVE POSTAGE STAMP ON CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ archieve/ lreleng/ lyr2001/ rjul2001/ 19072001/ r190720012. html), Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India

Further reading
Kosambi, D.D. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1985 Bhargava, P.L. Chandragupta Maurya, New Delhi:D.K. Printworld, 160 pp., 2002. Habib, Irfan. and Jha, Vivekanand. Mauryan India: A People's History of India,New Delhi:Tulika Books, 2004; 189pp Swearer, Donald. Buddhism and Society in Southeast Asia (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Anima Books, 1981) ISBN 0-89012-023-4 Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas (Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, [1967] c1952) ISBN 0-89684-167-7 Bongard-Levin, G. M. Mauryan India (Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division May 1986) ISBN 0-86590-826-5 Chand Chauhan, Gian. Origin and Growth of Feudalism in Early India: From the Mauryas to AD 650 (Munshiram Manoharlal January 2004) ISBN 81-215-1028-7

Chandragupta Maurya Keay, John. India: A History (Grove Press; 1 Grove Pr edition May 10, 2001) ISBN 0-8021-3797-0 Radha Kumud Mukherji. Chandragupta Maurya aur Uska Kaal (Rajkamal Prakashan, Re Print 1990) ISBN-81-7171-088-1

External links
Shepherd boy Chandragupta Maurya (http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/ search?q=cache:p94jguEdtEQJ:rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/p1.asp+was+chandragupta+ maurya+a+shepherd&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk) 1911encyclopedia.org article on Chandragupta Maurya (http://46.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CH/ CHANDRAGUPTA_MAURYA.htm) Chandragupta Maurya by Purushottam Lal Bhargava (BTM format) (http://www.third-millennium-library.com/ readinghall/GalleryofHistory/CHANDRAGUPTA/MAURYA-DOOR.html) Chandragupta Maurya mentioned in Bhagavata Purana (http://www.vaniquotes.org/wiki/ This_brahmana_will_enthrone_Candragupta,_whose_son_will_be_named_Varisara. _The_son_of_Varisara_will_be_Asokavardhana)

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Chandragupta Maurya Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=534600249 Contributors: A. Parrot, ABoerma, AMMYJD, ASHOKBINDUSARA, Aayush18, Abhijeetrana5665, Agam Singh, AgarwlGaurav, Ahoerstemeier, Ajaypp, Alansohn, Aldux, Alphachimp, Alren, Amarnath Chakravarty, Amaury, American Idiot1, Amiyashrivastava, Andres rojas22, Andrew Dalby, Angr, Animefreak234, Anir1uph, Anirbanpal, Ankur, AnsarParacha, Anupam, AnwarInsaan, Aquillion, Ariobarzan, Arjayay, Arl123wiki, Ashwatham, Atmamatma, Baa, Bakasuprman, Benjitheijneb, Bhadani, Biblioteca TM, Bigdogmat, Blacksun, Bobo192, Born2killx, BrightStarSky, Brockert, Bwats2, CalJW, Calmypal, Camw, Carl.bunderson, Cevlakohn, Chirags, Chounra, ChrisCork, CiteCop, ClaretAsh, Clarityfiend, CommonsDelinker, Cosmos416, CrazybutLost192, Crypteia, Cureden, Dangerous-Boy, Danny, Darrendeng, Deeptrivia, Dejvid, Denisarona, Derild4921, Devanampriya, Deville, Dewan357, Dgw, Dhiraajbanerjee, Dinkoarun, Discospinster, Dobermanji, Dougweller, Dpv, DrMKVaish, Drilnoth, Dwaipayanc, Dysprosia, Electriccatfish2, EoGuy, Epbr123, Ericcub7, Essjay, Everyking, Falcon8765, Fastily, Fconaway, Flurfy, FlyingOnFloor, Fraggle81, Freakofnurture, Fylbecatulous, Gaius Cornelius, Ganesha1, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Garwig, Giani g, Gobonobo, GoingBatty, GoonerDP, Gpuri, Gurch, Hagerman, Hamsasergio, Hannabeprakash, Hans Dunkelberg, Hemanshu, Hetalpatel33, Heywardb, Hims4u, Hmains, HolyKaw, Ida Shaw, Igiffin, Imc, Indian Chronicles, Ingabinga, Ipsingh, Istabraq, J.delanoy, JSquish, JaGa, Jagged 85, Jaggipatel, Jalajsinghpal, January, Jaraalbe, Javaboy.ms, Jaxl, Jay, Jcbarr, Jeff G., Jeff3000, Jeffrey Mall, JegaPRIME, Jethwarp, Jguk, Jguk 2, Jncraton, Joebobpa, Johan Magnus, John, John Hill, Jordi Roqu, Joshua.Li, Jschnur, Juliancolton, Katharineamy, Keilana, Kempcoach, Kh7, Kimchi.sg, KnowledgeOfSelf, Koavf, Krishnaswami.rajendren, Kubigula, L Kensington, LLothaire, LRBurdak, Lacrimosus, Last Emperor, Lerdsuwa, Limitsouls77, Llywrch, LordSimonofShropshire, Loupiotte, M.O.X, Madhava 1947, Madhu Gopal, MadhuGopaldasa, Mahanchian, Malleus Fatuorum, Man with one red shoe, Mana Excalibur, Manishjain31, Marco polo, Maurya300, Maverick.Mohit, Mdmday, Mejda, Metalello, Mets501, Meye0875, Mkamat, Mmanya01, Mmounties, Moe Epsilon, Moksha Point, MonoAV, More random musing, Moriya, MrBoo, MsMojoRising, Murtasa, N419BH, Naniwako, Nanouk, Napoleon 100, Navneeth, NearThatTown, Neelraxit, Neilabh92, Neveready, Nick Number, Nicke Lilltroll, Nicknack009, Nirvana888, Nishkid64, O.Koslowski, Omerlives, Ornil, Orphan Wiki, Pavasta, Peacefulvalley, Per Honor et Gloria, Persian Poet Gal, Phantomsteve, Phil wink, Pleasant n serene, PoccilScript, Podzemnik, Polylerus, Ponyo, Pramod 3 Maurya, PranksterTurtle, Prolog, Qaramazov, Qrsdogg, ROONEYGIBBS6, Rajaashoka, Rak3sh, Raz1el, Reahad, Reject, Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rkmlai, RogDel, Royboycrashfan, Rumpelstiltskin223, Ruth-2013, SDC, SDFraserValley, Sai2020, Salamurai, SanjayMohan, Satbir Singh, Sauveer, Schmatt, Segregold, Shail kalp, Shell Kinney, Sherurcij, Shibo77, Shiva's Trident, Shovon76, Shubhajeet roy, Shyamsunder, Siafu, Sidsahu, Sitush, Skyscrap27, Sleigh, Smsarmad, Solarra, SpacemanSpiff, Spinningspark, Srleffler, StAnselm, Stevenmitchell, Suchpa, Sunray, Suthechamp, Svick, Swardhuni, Swaroopch, Sze cavalry01, Tabletop, Terrymacro, TexasAndroid, The Master of Mayhem, The Rambling Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, Thisthat2011, Tide rolls, Timo Laine, Tintin1107, Tom Radulovich, Tuncrypt, Ubmaurya, Unsigned1, Utcursch, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Vanished user qwqwijr8hwrkjdnvkanfoh4, Varana, Varanwal, Varlaam, Vastu, Vikas k singh, Viscious81, Vishvas vasuki, Vuvar1, Wahabijaz, Wayne Slam, Wikiaccacount, Wildtornado, Will Beback, William.e.block, Winston786, Woohookitty, Woudloper, Wtmitchell, Xanchester, Xiaopo, YellowMonkey, ZackTheJack, Zzuuzz, , , 832 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:MauryanCoin.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MauryanCoin.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: en:User:PHG (now en:User:Per Honor et Gloria) aka User:PHGCOM (now User:World Imaging) on Commons Image:Nanda Empire.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nanda_Empire.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Jagged 85 at en.wikipedia Image:Chandragupta Empire 320 BC.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chandragupta_Empire_320_BC.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Ellywa, Roland zh Image:EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bibi Saint-Pol, Dejvid, Origamiemensch, Roland zh, TcfkaPanairjdde, World Imaging Image:SeleucosCoin.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SeleucosCoin.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: PHGCOM Image:Chandragupta mauryan empire 305 BC.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chandragupta_mauryan_empire_305_BC.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Jagged 85 at en.wikipedia Image:Chandragiri footprints.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chandragiri_footprints.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: romana klee from usa

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