Math 101 Winter 2011

Midterm Solutions
Question 1.
(a) Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = sin x, y = sin 2x,
x [0, ].
Solution.
First we nd the points of intersection of the two curves.
sin x = sin 2x
sin x sin 2x = 0
sin x 2 sin x cos x = 0
sin x(1 2 cos x) = 0
sin x = 0 or cos x =
1
2
x = 0, ,

3
The region consists of two parts. For x [0, /3] we have sin 2x sin x,
while for x [/3, ] we have sin x sin 2x. Thus the area of the region
equals
A =
_
/3
0
(sin 2x sin x)dx +
_

/3
(sin x sin 2x)dx
= (
1
2
cos 2x + cos x)

/3
0
+ (cos x +
1
2
cos 2x)

/3
= (
1
2
cos
2
3
+ cos

3
) (
1
2
cos 0 + cos 0) + (cos +
1
2
cos 2) (cos

3
+
1
2
cos
2
3
)
= (
1
4
+
1
2
) (
1
2
+ 1) + (1 +
1
2
) (
1
2

1
4
)
=
5
2
(b) Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region between the
curves x = 2y and x = y
2
about the axis y = 2.
Solution.
1
Points of intersection of the two curves:
y
2
= 2y
y = 0, 2
Method of cylindrical shells:
V = 2
_
2
0
(y + 2)(2y y
2
)dy = 2
_
2
0
(4y y
3
)dy
= 2(2y
2

1
4
y
4
)

2
0
= 2(8 4) = 8.
Question 2.
(a) Evaluate the integral
_
1
0
x arctan xdx
Solution.
_
1
0
x arctan xdx =
_
u = arctan x, du =
1
x
2
+ 1
dx
dv = x dx, v = x
2
/2
_
=
1
2
x
2
arctan x

1
0

1
2
_
1
0
x
2
x
2
+ 1
dx =

8

1
2
_
1
0
x
2
+ 1 1
x
2
+ 1
dx
=

8

1
2
_
1
0
_
1
1
x
2
+ 1
_
dx =

8

1
2
(x arctan x)

1
0
=

8

1
2
_
1

4
_
=

4

1
2
.
(b) Find a reduction formula for I
n
=
_
(sec x)
n
dx, where n 2 is an integer.
Solution.
I
n
=
_
sec
n
xdx =
_
sec
n2
x sec
2
xdx
=
_
u = sec
n2
x, du = (n 2) sec
n3
x sec x tan xdx
dv = sec
2
x dx, v = tan x
_
= sec
n2
x tan x (n 2)
_
sec
n2
x tan
2
xdx
= sec
n2
x tan x (n 2)
_
sec
n2
x(sec
2
x 1)dx
2
= sec
n2
x tan x (n 2)
_
sec
n
xdx + (n 2)
_
sec
n2
xdx
= sec
n2
x tan x (n 2)I
n
+ (n 2)I
n2
Thus, we have an equation for I
n
:
I
n
= sec
n2
x tan x (n 2)I
n
+ (n 2)I
n2
(n 1)I
n
= sec
n2
x tan x + (n 2)I
n2
I
n
=
1
n 1
sec
n2
x tan x +
n 2
n 1
I
n2
Question 3.
Evaluate the following integrals:
I
1
=
_
sin
4
x cos
3
x dx
I
2
=
_
sec
4
x

tan x
dx .
Solution.
For I
1
, isolate cos xdx and use the identity cos
2
x = 1 sin
2
x:
I
1
=
_
sin
4
x cos
2
x cos x dx
=
_
sin
4
x(1 sin
2
x) cos x dx
=
_
(sin
4
x sin
6
x) cos x dx .
Now substitute u = sin x and du = cos xdx so that
I
1
=
_
(u
4
u
6
) du
=
1
5
u
5

1
7
u
7
+ C
=
1
5
sin
5
x
1
7
sin
7
+C .
For I
2
, isolate sec
2
xdx and use the identity sec
2
x = 1 + tan
2
x:
I
2
=
_
sec
2
x sec
2
x

tan x
dx
=
_
(1 + tan
2
x) sec
2
x

tan x
dx .
3
Now make the substitution u = tan x and du = sec
2
xdx so that
I
2
=
_
(u
1/2
+ u
3/2
) du
= 2u
1/2
+
2
5
u
5/2
+ C
= 2

tan x +
2
5

tan
5
x + C .
Question 4.
Evaluate the following integrals:
I
1
=
_

x
2
4
x
dx ,
I
2
=
_
sin t
cos
2
t

1 + cos
2
t
dt .
Solution.
For I
1
, substitute x = 2 sec and dx = 2 sec tan d so that
I
1
= 2
_
sec
2
1
2 sec
2 sec tan d
= 2
_
tan
2
d
= 2
_
(sec
2
1)d
= 2 tan 2 + C
= 2 tan
_
sec
1
x
2
_
2 sec
1
x
2
+ C
=

x
2
4 2 sec
1
x
2
+ C .
For I
2
, make substitution u = cos t and du = sin tdt so that
I
2
=
_
du
u
2

1 + u
2
.
Now make substitution u = tan and du = sec
2
d so that
I
2
=
_
sec
2
d
tan
2

1 + tan
2

=
_
sec d
tan
2

=
_
cos d
sin
2

.
4
Now make the substitution v = sin and dv = cos d so that
I
2
=
_
dv
v
2
=
1
v
+ C
= csc + C
= csc[tan
1
(cos t)] + C
=

1 + cos
2
t
cos t
+ C .
Question 5. Evaluate the following integrals:
(a)
_
x 1
x
4
+ x
2
dx
Solution.
x 1
x
4
+ x
2
=
x 1
x
2
(x
2
+ 1)
=
A
x
+
B
x
2
+
Cx + D
x
2
+ 1
x1 = Ax(x
2
+1)+B(x
2
+1)+(Cx+D)x
2
= (A+C)x
3
+(B+D)x
2
+Ax+B
A = 1, B = 1, A + C = 1 + C = 0, C = 1, B + D = 1 + D = 0, D = 1
_ _
1
x
+
1
x
2
+
x + 1
x
2
+ 1
_
dx = ln |x| +
1
x

_
x
x
2
+ 1
dx + arctan x
For
_
x
x
2
+ 1
dx, let u = x
2
+ 1, du = 2x dx,
_
x
x
2
+ 1
dx =
1
2
_
1
u
du =
1
2
ln u =
1
2
ln(x
2
+ 1)
_
x 1
x
4
+ x
2
dx = ln |x| +
1
x

1
2
ln(x
2
+ 1) + arctan x + C
(b)
_
e
2x
e
2x
+ 4e
x
+ 5
dx
Solution.
_
e
2x
e
2x
+ 4e
x
+ 5
dx =
_
u = e
x
, du = e
x
dx

=
_
u
u
2
+ 4u + 5
du
=
_
u
(u + 2)
2
+ 1
du =
_
tan = u + 2, sec
2
d = du

5
=
_
tan 2
tan
2
+ 1
sec
2
d =
_
(tan 2)d = ln | sec | 2 + C
= ln
_
1 + tan
2
2 + C = ln
_
1 + (u + 2)
2
2 arctan(u + 2) + C
=
1
2
ln(u
2
+ 4u + 5) 2 arctan(u + 2) + C
=
1
2
ln(e
2x
+ 4e
x
+ 5) 2 arctan(e
x
+ 2) + C
Question 6.
(a) Evaluate the improper integral
_
1/e
0
dx
x(ln x)
2
or show that it diverges.
Solution. First lets evaluate the indenite integral to nd an antideriva-
tive. Using the substitution y = ln x,
_
dx
x(ln x)
2
=
_
1
y
2
dy =
1
y
+ c =
1
ln x
+ c.
Now, the given integral is improper at the lower limit of integration, so
_
1/e
0
dx
x(ln x)
2
= lim
t0
+
_
1/e
t
dx
x(ln x)
2
= lim
t0
+
_

1
ln x
_

1/e
x=t
= lim
t0
+
_
1
ln(1/e)

1
ln t
_
= lim
t0
+
_
1
1
ln t
_
= 1 .
(b) Solve the dierential equation:

x + 2 y

xy = 0.
Solution.

x + 2 y

= xy
dy
y
=
x

x + 2
dx
_
dy
y
=
_
x

x + 2
dx
6
_
x

x + 2
dx =
_
x = t 2, dx = dt

=
_
t 2

t
dt
=
_
(t
1/2
2t
1/2
)dt =
2
3
t
3/2
4t
1/2
+ C =
2
3
(x + 2)
3/2
4(x + 2)
1/2
+ C
Thus,
ln |y| =
2
3
(x + 2)
3/2
4(x + 2)
1/2
+ C
|y| = e
2
3
(x+2)
3/2
4(x+2)
1/2
+C
y = e
2
3
(x+2)
3/2
4(x+2)
1/2
+C
Introducing a new constant A = e
C
, we get
y = Ae
2
3
(x+2)
3/2
4(x+2)
1/2
7