Engineering Math

EQT 101: Engineering Mathematics 1 Chapter 4 (Differentiation & Integration)
Universiti Malaysia Perlis

CHAPTER 4 : DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION

4.1 Introduction of Differentiation
4.1.1 Differentiation of Common Functions

Table 1.1

) (x f y =
dx
dy

x 1
n
x
1 n
nx
n
kx
1 n
nkx
Constant 0
x
e
x
e
kx
e
kx
ke
x
a
a a
x
ln
x ln
x
1

kx ln
x
1

x sin
x cos
kx sin kx k cos
x cos
x sin
kx cos kx k sin
x tan
x sek
2

kx tan kx sek k
2

x cot
x ec
2
cos
x sec
x x tan . sec
x ec cos - x x ec cot . cos
x sinh x cosh
x cosh x sinh
x
n
sin
x x n
n
cos . sin
1

x
n
cos
x x n
n
sin . cos
1

x
n
tan
x sek x n
n 2 1
. tan

* k is a constant



Example 1 :

Find
dx
dy
in each of the following cases :

a)
3
13
x
y = b)
5
4x y = c) x y 2 =
d)
2
x
e y = e)
2
cos
x
y = f) x y
3
sin =

Solutions :

a.)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

Example 2 :

Write down the derivatives of the following :

a)
x
e
3
b)
x
2 c) x 3 sin 2

d)
x
e
5
3
e)
2
x x
e e

+
f) 4 cos
2
x
+ 9 - 9
3
x

Solutions :

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)



Example 3 :

Find
dx
dy

a)
x
x x
y
2
3 4 6
2
+
=

b)
2
) 5 ( = x y

c) ( ) 2 + = x x y

d) x
e
y
x
5 ln 8
7
2
2
+ =
e) x e x y
x
2
3
cos 2
6 4
+ =
f) x
x
y 2 cos 4
5
3 2
=
Solutions :

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)



4.2 Techniques of Differentiation
4.2.1 Techniques of Differentiation ;The Chain Rule, Product Rule
and Quotient Rule)
4.2.1.1 The Chain Rule

If y is a function of x then ;

dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
=

Example 4 :

Differentiate ( ) 3 2
2
= x y

Solution :

Example 5 :

Differentiate ( )
4
2
1 + = x y

Solution :



Example 6 :

Differentiate the following :

a)
6
) 5 4 ( = x y b) ( )
5
2
6 3 x x y = c) 2 4 6
2
+ = x x y

d)
4
1
|
\
|
+ =
x
x y e)
( )
2
3
4
1
=
x
y f)
1
2
2
+ +
=
x x
y

Solutions :

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

4.2.1.2 Differentiation of a Product

If y = uv, where u and v are functions of x, then

dx
du
v
dx
dv
u
dx
dy
+ =



Example 7 :

Find
dx
dy

a) ( )( )
2
1 2 + = x x y

b) ) 7 )( 6 ( ) (
4 3
x x x f = c)
4 2 3
) 3 ( 2 ) ( + = x x x f

Solutions:

a) b)

c)

4.2.1.3 Differentiation of a Quotient

If
v
u
y = , where u and v are functions of x, then,
dx
dy
=
2
v
v u v u

Example 8 :

Find
dx
dy

a)
1
1
2
2
+
=
x
x
y

b)
x
x
y
2 1+
=

c)
6
2
) (
3
2
+
+
=
x
x x
x f



Solutions :

a) b)

c)

4.2.2 Implicit Differentiation

A method of finding the derivative of an implicit function by taking the derivative of each
term with respect to the independent variable while keeping the derivative of the
dependent variable with respect to the independent variable in symbolic form and then
solving for that derivative.

If ) , ( y x f y = , where ) , ( y x f is implicit function , then,
dx
dy
y x f
dy
d
y x f
dx
d
dx
dy
+ = ) , ( ) , (

Example 9 :

Assume that y is a function of x . Find
dx
dy
y = for x
3
+ y
3
= 4

Solution :



Example 10 :

Assume that y is a function of x . Find
dx
dy
y = for ) 4 3 sin( y x y + =

Solution :

4.2.3 Parametric Differentiation

Parametric differentiation:

if x = x(t) and y = y(t) then

dt
dx
dt
dy
dx
dy
= ; provided 0
dt
dx

Example 11 :

Find
dx
dy
when t t x =
3
and
2
4 t y = .

Solution :



Example 12 :

Find
dx
dy
when x = 3 cos t, y = 3 sin t

Solution :

4.2.4 Logarithmic and Trigonometric Differentiation

Table 1.2

y (u is a function of x)
dx
dy

u
n
nu
n-1
dx
du

ku
n
nku
n-1
dx
du

e
u
e
u
dx
du

a
u
a
u
ln (a)
dx
du

ln (u)
dx
du
u
1

sin (u)
dx
du
u) cos(
cos (u)
dx
du
u) sin(
tan (u)
dx
du
u) ( sec
2

sec (u)
dx
du
u u ) tan( ) sec(
cosec (u)
dx
du
u u ec ) cot( ) ( cos
sinh (u)
dx
du
u) cosh(
cosh (u)
dx
du
u) sinh(


Properties of ln ;

a) a n a
n
ln ln =

b) b a ab ln ln ln + =
c) b a
b
a
ln ln ln =

Example 13 :

Differentiate :

a) ) ( sin
2
x y = b) x y
2
sin = c) ( )
2
ln x y =

d)
x
e y
3 sin
= d) ( ) x y 2 cos ln = f) x y 5 cos
3
=

Solutions :

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)



Example 14 :

Determine

a) ( ) [ ] x x
dx
d
3 sin
4
+ b)
x x
e
dx
d
cos
2
+
c) ) 4 3 ( ln x
dx
d
+

Solutions :

a)

b)

c)

Example 15 :

Find
dx
dy

a) x x y tan
2
= b) x x y 3 ln
3
=

c) x x y 5 sin
3
= d) x e y
x
ln
3
=
e) x e y
x
3 ln
4
= f)
) cos( 2 3
) sin(
) (
t
t
t y
=

Solutions :

a)

b)


c)

d)

e)

f)

4.2.5 Tangents and Normals
Theory:
Consider the function: y = f(x), with point (x
1
,y
1
) lying on the function graph. The tangent
line to the function at (x
1
,y
1
) is the straight line that touches
y = f(x) at that point. Both the graph of y = f(x) and the tangent line pass through the
point, and the tangent line has the same gradient, 'm', as the function at that point.

The normal line to function y = f(x) at the point (x
1
,y
1
) is the straight line that passes
through the point making a 90 angle with the graph. The gradient of the normal line is
-
1
/
m
, where 'm' is the gradient of the tangent line at the same point.
For example, consider the function y = x
2
. The tangent and normal lines at the point (1,1)
are shown on the diagram below:


The equation of the tangent line to y = f(x) at the point (x
1
,y
1
):
( 'm' is the gradient at (x
1
,y
1
) )
1 1
) ( y x x m y + =

The equation of the normal line to y = f(x) at (x
1
,y
1
) is:
1 1
) (
1
y x x
m
y + =

The derivative of y = f(x) at (x
1
,y
1
) gives us the gradient 'm'.

Example 16 :

Calculate the tangent and normal lines to the function: y = x
2
,
when x = 1.

Solution :

At x = 1, y = 1
2
= 1. So (x
1
,y
1
) = (1,1)
The gradient 'm' at x = 1 is found by calculating the derivative of the function at that
point. For y = x
2
, x
dx
dy
2 = . At x = 1, 2 ) 1 ( 2 = =
dx
dy
.


So 'm' = 2.
The tangent line is given by:
1 1
) ( y x x m y + =
Substituting, we have: y = 2(x - 1) + 1
Expanding and simplifying: y = 2x - 2 + 1
so: y = 2x 1
Normal line:

1 1
) (
1
y x x
m
y + =

2
3
2
1 ) 1 (
2
1
+ = + =
x
x y

Example 17 :

Find the equation of the tangent and normal line to 7 4 3
2
+ = x x y at x = 1.

Solution :



4.3 Introduction of Integration

Definitions

Given a function f(x) an anti-derivative of f(x) is any function F(x) such that
) ( ) ( x f x F =
If F(x) is any anti-derivative of f(x) then the most general anti-derivative of f(x) is called
an indefinite integral and denoted,
+ = c x F dx x f ) ( ) ( , c is any constant
In this definition the is called the integral symbol, f(x) is called the integrand, x is
called the integration variable and the c is called the constant of integration.

4.3.1 The Indefinite Integrals
Table 1.3

dx x
n
C
n
x
n
+
+1

dx
x
1
ln x + C
+
dx
b ax
1
C b ax
a
+ + ln
1

dx e
x
e
x
+ C
dx e
kx
C
k
e
kx
+
dx a
x
C
a
a
x
+
ln

( ) dx b ax + C b ax
a n
n
+ +
+
+1
) (
) )( 1 (
1

dx x sin C x + cos
dx x cos C x + sin
dx x tan C x + sec ln
dx x cot C x + sin ln
dx x
2
sec tan x + C
dx x ec
2
cos C x + cot
dx x x tan sec C x + sec


dx x x ec cot cos C x ec + cos
dx x sinh cosh x + C
dx x cosh sinh x + C
( )
+ dx b ax sin ( ) C b ax
a
+ + cos
1

( )
+ dx b ax cos ( ) C b ax
a
+ + sin
1

( )
+ dx b ax
2
sec ( ) C b ax
a
+ + tan
1

dx
x
2
1
1

C x +
1
sin
dx
x
2
1
1

C x +
1
cos
+
dx
x
2
1
1

C x +
1
tan
+
dx
x 1
1
2

C x +
1
sinh
dx
x 1
1
2

C x +
1
cosh
dx
x
2
1
1

C x +
1
tanh

Let p and q be the functions of x then ;

( )
+ = + dx q dx p dx q p

( )
= dx q dx p dx q p

= dx p k dx kp where k is a constant

Example 18 :

Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals.

a) ( )
+ dt t t
2 3
6 5
b) ( )

dx x x
4 4

c)
dy
d) ( )( ) [ ]
+ dw w w w
2 3
4



Solution :

a) b)

c) d)

4.3.2 The Definite Integrals
A definite integral is an integral
b
a
dx x f ) (
with upper and lower limits it mean f(x) continuous on closed interval [a, b] and F(x) is
the antiderivative (indefinite integral) of f(x) on [a,b], then
[ ]
=
b
a
b
a
a F b F x F dx x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( (Fundamental Theorems of Calculus)

Example 19 :
Evaluate the integrals
a) ( )
+
2
1
2 3
6 5 dt t t
b) ( ) x d x x
4
1
4 4

c)
5
0
dy
d) ( )( ) [ ]
+
1
0
2 3
4 dw w w w

Solutions :

a) b)

c) d)



4.3.3 The u-substitution; change of variables

If u = g(x) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and f(x) continuous on
I, then

= du u f dx x g x g f ) ( ) ( )) ( ( where ) , ( I

Example 20 :

Evaluate each of the following integrals.

a)
+ dx x 1 6
b)

dx
x
x
2
4 1

c)
( )

2
1
2
5 3 y
dy

d)
( )
(
(
+
+
1
2
3
4
3
2
1 2
dw
w w
w
Solutions :

a)

b)

c)

d)



4.4 Techniques of Integration
4.4.1 Integration by-parts

Integration by parts formula is given by ;

= dx v u uv dx v u
Or

= dx x f x g x g x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

Example 21 :

Determine + dx x x 2 cos ) 1 5 (

Solution:

Example 22 :
Evaluate the integrals
a) dx x x
) sin(
2

b)
+ dx x x )) 1 (
2

c)
0
)) 3 (sin( dt t t
Solutions :
a)



b)

c)

4.4.2 Using Partial Fraction

Consider the rational function
) (
) (
) (
x Q
x P
x f = where P and Q are polynomials

The rules of partial fractions are as follows ;

a) The degree of P(x) must be less than the degree of Q(x). We factorize the
denominator, Q(x) into its prime factor. It is important to determine the shape of the
partial fractions.

Example : dx
x x x
x x
+
+
2 3 2
1 3
2 3
2

b) The degree of P(x) greater than the degree of Q(x). Divide out by long division.

Example : dx
x
x x
+
1
3



c) Factorize the denominator into its prime factors.
d) A linear factor ) ( b ax + gives a partial fraction of the form :
b ax
A
+

e) Factors ( )
2
b ax + give partial fractions :
( )
2
b ax
B
b ax
A
+
+
+

f) Factors ( )
3
b ax + give partial fraction :
( ) ( )
3 2
b ax
C
b ax
B
b ax
A
+
+
+
+
+

g) A quadratic factor ( ) c bx ax + +
2
gives a partial fraction
c bx ax
B Ax
+ +
+
2

Example 23 :

Find
+
+ +
dx
x
x x
1
1 3
2

Solution :

Use long division

2 3
3
2 2
1 2
3 3
1 3 1
2
2

+
+
+ + +
x
x
x
x x
x x x
1
3
2 3
1
1 3
2
+
+ =
+
+ +
x
x
x
x x

c x x
x
dx
x
x
x
x x
+ + + = |
\
|
+
+ =
+
+ +

1 ln 3 2
2
3
1
3
2 3
1
1 3
2 2

Example 24 :

Find

+
dx
x
x x
1
3

Solution :



Example 25 :

Evaluate the following integrals

a) dx
x x x
x
+ + +
+
6 11 6
1
2 3
2

b) dx
x x
x x

2 3
2
7
49 14 2

c)
+ +
+ + +
dx
x x
x x x
3 3
3
2 4
2 3

d)
+ +
+
x x x
x x x
3 5
3 2
2
2 1

Solution :

a)

b)



c)

d)



4.4.3 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

Example 26 :

Determine

a) dx x 3 cos b) dx x x 2 cos 4 sin

Solutions :

a)

b.)

Example 27 :

Find

a) dx
x

2
36 4
1
b) dx
x
x
+ 9
4

c) dx
x
4
1
0 2
4 1
1

Solutions :

a)

b)

c)



4.5 Applications of Differentiation and Integration

4.5.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

Given an equation for the displacement of a moving object, find an equation for its
velocity and an equation for its acceleration, and use the equations to analyze the
motion.

Example 1
Suppose a football is punted into the air. As it rises and falls, its displacement
(directed distance) from the ground is a function of the number of seconds since it
was punted.
y = -16t
2
+ 37t + 37
where y is the footballs displacement in feet and t is the number of seconds since it
was punted.

The velocity of the ball gives its speed and the direction in which its going. Because
velocity is the instantaneous rate of change, it is a derivative.

velocity = dy/dt = y = -32t + 37

Find velocity at t = 1

at t = 2

The dy/dt symbol reminds you of the units for velocity (ft/sec).

Speed is the absolute value of velocity. Speed tells how fast an object is going
without regard to its direction.
Describe the speed and velocity at t = 1 and t = 2 sec.

Note that the velocity changes from t = 1 to t = 2 sec. The instantaneous rate of
change in velocity is called acceleration. Using v for velocity, v = -32t + 37.
Find acceleration.

The dv/dt symbol for the derivative gives the units of acceleration. dv/dt is in
(feet/second)/sec and written ft/sec
2

Interpret the idea of negative acceleration.
PROPERTIES: Velocity, Speed, and Acceleration
If x is the displacement of a moving object from a fixed plane (such as the ground), and t
is time, then
Velocity: v = x = dx/dt

Acceleration: a = v = dv/dt = x = d
2
x/dt
2

Speed: |v|


Note that the acceleration is constant, -32 ft/sec
2
, for an object acted on only by
gravity.

To tell quickly whether an object is speeding up or slowing down, compare the signs
of the velocity and acceleration.

Example 2
The position of a ball thrown into the air is observed to be described by the equation
2
16t 12t 20 y(t) + =
where y is in feet. We wish to determine the equation of its velocity, and its
acceleration.
Solution:

The word indefinite is used because an antiderivative always has an unspecified
constant, C, added. This constant is called the constant of integration. The velocity
of a moving object is the antiderivative of the acceleration, and the displacement of
the object is the antiderivative of the velocity.

TECHNIQUE: Speeding Up or Slowing Down
If velocity and acceleration have the same sign, the object is speeding up.
If velocity and acceleration have different signs, the object is slowing
down.
DEFINITION: Antiderivative, or Indefinite Integral
Function g is an antiderivative (or indefinite integral) of function f iff g(x) = f(x).


4.5.2 Related Rates

The term rate implies a change in a quantity with respect to another quantity, often
time. A cars rate, for example, is its speed and is the distance traveled in a unit of
time. If two rates are related, the rate of change of one quantity is tied to the rate of
change of another quantity. The Chain Rule offers ways to treat such problems.
Example 3
Suppose air is blown into a spherical balloon at a rate of 36 in
3
/sec. How fast is the
radius of the balloon increasing at the instant that the radius is 3 inches?
Solution:
A procedure for handling a related rates problem like the one above is as follows:
1 Draw a picture of the situation.

2 Introduce variables for quantities that are
changing.
Let V be volume and r the radius
of the balloon.
3 Write down explicitly what rates are
involved.
We know that
dt
dV
= 36 in
3
/sec.
We want
dt
dr
when r = 3 in.
Note: decreasing quantity means a
negative derivative.
4 Find an equation relating the quantities
involved.
V = (
3
4
) r
3
.
5 Differentiate both sides with respect to t
(like implicit differentiation), considering
the changing quantities as functions of t.
V = (
3
4
) r
3
, so
dt
dV
= (
3
4
) (3 r
2

dt
dr
)
= 4 r
2

dt
dr

Warning: don't forget the chain
rule!
6 Substitute the given rates and other
constants.
36 = 4 3
2

dt
dr

Warning: this comes after


A few relationships that we will find useful are concentrated in the table shown below

Volume of sphere
3
3
4
r V =
Surface area of sphere
2
4 r S =
Area of circle
2
r A =
Perimeter of circle r P 2 =
Volume of cylinder h r V
2
=
Volume of cone h r V
2
3
1
=
Area of rectangle
xy A =
Perimeter of rectangle
y x P 2 2 + =
Volume of box
xyz V =
Sides of Pythagorean triangle
2 2 2
b a c + =

Example 4
The area of an ink blot at time t is A
2
cm , where t t A + =
2
3 . Determine the rate of
change in the blot area when t =5.

Solution:

differentiating!
7 Solve for the desired rate.
dt
dr
=
) 3 4 (
36
2
=
36
36
=
1
.
So
dt
dr
is approximately 0.32 in/sec


Exercises
1. The position of an object is observed to be described by the equation,
10 3 5 8 ) (
2 3
+ = t t t t s
where s is in meters. We wish to determine the equation of its velocity, and its
acceleration.
2. The position of an object is observed to be described by the equation

2
) 4 3 ( = t s
where s is in meters. We wish to determine the equation of its velocity, and its
acceleration.
3. At time t, the volume V
3
cm of water leaking tank is V, where

2
3 100 t t V = .
Find the rate of water flow from the tank at t = 6 seconds.

4. The radius, r , of a spherical balloon at time t is given by t t r + =
2
. Express
the volume if the balloon
3
Vcm in terms of t and find the rate of change of the
volume at 4 = t seconds.

5. The radius r cm of a circle increases at a constant rate of 0.5
1
cms . If the
initial radius is 3.5cm, find the radius of the circle after 10 seconds.

6. The radius of the circle is increasing at the rate of 5cm per minute. Find
(a) the rate of change of the area of the circle when its radius is 12 cm.
(b) the radius of the circle when its area is increasing at a rate of 50
1 2
s cm .

7. The volume of a constant height cone is decreasing at a rate of 4
1 3
s cm . Find
the rate of change in its cross sectional radius when the radius is 5 cm and the
height is 8 cm.

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EQT 101: Engineering Mathematics 1 Chapter 4 (Differentiation & Integration)

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

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