Feasibility Assessment For Enterpreneurship Development and Implementation Guide For Koshish Program PDF

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A study report on:

LIVELIHOODS OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
GUIDE ON ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT FOR SHGs UNDER KOSISH-
NEPAL PROGRAM
Submitted by:
Krishna Prashad Tiwari
Enterprise Development Consultant (EDC)
Kathmandu, Nepal
Submitted to:
KOSHISH
Mental health self help organization
Lagankhel, Lalitpir, Nepal
August 2013
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A study report on:
NEPAL PROGRAM
Submitted by:
Kathmandu, Nepal
Submitted to:
KOSHISH
August 2013
1
A study report on:
NEPAL PROGRAM
Submitted by:
Kathmandu, Nepal
Submitted to:
KOSHISH
August 2013
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Reaching to the poorest, either financial or socio-economic capacities, is one of the challenges on
the delivery of livelihoods promoting services. Guiding resource poor rural families and persons
with psycho-social disability on sustainable income generation through enterprise development is
probably the most challenging intervention in development sector. Mental disability has yet not
been defined clearly and also not categorized well by government of Nepal but at the same time,
Koshish, a self help organization of psycho-socially disabled rural people, is working for the
betterment of those. Following the graduation model for social empowerment of the primary
beneficiaries, Koshish collaborated for the prospectus cum feasibility and promotional study of
enterprises at self help group level a survey, key informants information collection, group
discussion before and after the study were undertaken.
In the course of this study, I have received support from different persons and institutions and am
thankful to all of them. Special thanks are due to the staff of Koshish for the facilitation on
organizing group meetings, conducting enterprise development discussion and information they
have provided related to the study. Amongst them, I am thankful to the chairperson of Koshish,
Mr. Matrika Devkota; Koshish staff Mr. Sulav Raj Upreti, Mr. Fanindra Prasad Neupane, and
Mr. Saroj Sapkota who provided invaluable information on the status of social behaviors and
capacity, relation with Koshish, access to resources at beneficiaries' level and probable linkage. I
am indebted to my nephew Krishna Sapkota for his co-operation throughout the period of data
entry and analysis. I am also thankful to target beneficiaries of the project for the information
they provided without which this study could not have produced in the present shape.
Finally, I would like to affirm that any errors and omissions in this report are entirely of mine
and once again I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them for direct or indirect
supports received during the study.
..
September, 2013
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ABSTRACT
This is an end line report of progress evaluation of enterprises supported and report of feasibility
study for the prospectus of new enterprises of the Livelihood Support Component to the self help
groups targeted by Koshish. The intervention areas are situated at Benighat (Malekhu) and
Mahadevsthan VDCs of Dhading and Katunje VDC and Bhaktapur Municipality in Bhaktapur
district of Nepal. After a discussion with Koshish for the finding promotional guide and to have
strategic activities towards sustainability of income generation and in result overall prosperity of
psycho-socially disabled persons that are being supported by Koshish in Dhading and Bhaktapur.
Key informants interview, group discussions, household survey and orientations on feasible
enterprises were performed during May to August, 2013 in covering participants from four SHGs at
Dhading and Bhaktapur district. Collected information from 17 household representatives in total
were entered in SPSS, analyzed and presented wherever necessary. An implementation guide has
also been included that guides implementation of livelihoods activities on the basis of results and
feasible enterprises to those four SHGs. Age and education of the household head and disabled
person, landholding size, irrigation facility, enterprise in practice, skills on their hand, enterprises of
family interests, financial status of present enterprises and satisfaction of family, access to micro-
credit, and market opportunities were considered as the parameters of the study. Information
recorded from key informants and group discussion were tried to match and cross verification the
results from survey as well as supports to the results were given. Promoting agriculture (offseason
vegetable cultivation) and livestock farming for Mahadevsthan, promotion of agriculture
cooperative at Malekhu, re-strengthening winter-sleeper making enterprise at Katunje, and
introducing handicrafts, cap and hat making, and weaving and tailoring at Bhaktapur area were
found feasible. It is recommended that livelihoods program implementing organization would
exercise for designing package of livelihoods support. Firstly, it is suggested to collect enterprise
selection to the individual HHs, re-categorize the members on the basis of type of enterprise, provide
basic entrepreneurship training and assure linkage with market agents and technical
officers/assistants. The entrepreneurship training will be followed by implementation program
planning and skill training packed with startup supports. Further, intensive community mobilization,
follow-ups and backstopping, managing field staffs at the field are also suggested.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Number of respondent households from the SHG areas of Koshish in 2013
Table 2: Business/Enterprise in practice and of interest of SHGs members in Dhading and
Bhaktapur districts in May, 2013
Table 3: Response of members on their monthly income which covers and do not cover the
monthly household expenses
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Number of literate and illiterate HH heads of the SHG members, May, 2013.
Figure 2: Number of literate and illiterate psycho-socially disabled persons/SHG members in
Dhading and Bhaktapur district, May, 2013.
Figure 3: Age of HH heads and disabled persons in SHGs at Bhaktapur and Dhading districts in
May, 2013.
Figure 4: Number of informants in SHG areas at Dhading and Bhaktapur district with access and
no-access to micro/financial services.
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: A sample of questionnaire used for the survey
Appendix 2: Number of literate and illiterate SHG members and HH heads in Dhading and
Bhaktapur district, May, 2013
Appendix 3: number of HH heads and disabled persons at Dhading and Bhaktapur districts
within different age groups, in May 2013
Appendix 4: Responses of SHG members of Dhading and Bhaktapur district toward access to
micro-/financial services to the area in May, 2013
Appendix 5: Total land and cultivable land owned by SHG member households in Dhading and
Appendix 6: Business/Enterprise in practice HHs under SHGs in Dhading and Bhaktapur
districts in May, 2013
Appendix 7: Categorized Income per month of the respondents at Bhaktapur and Dhading SHG
in May, 2013
Appendix 8: Major questions followed on the group discussions
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF APPENDICES iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 2
3. METHODOLOGY 2
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3
4.1 Literacy status 3
Household heads 4
Psycho-socially Disabled members 4
4.2 Age group 5
4.3 Access to Micro-credit 6
4.3 Landholding 7
4.4 Irrigation facility 8
4.5 Market opportunities 8
4.6 Enterprise in practice: 9
Reasons behind changing the enterprise in practice 10
4.7 Household income and expenses 11
5. WAY FORWARD PROMOTING FEASIBLE ENTERPRISES 12
6. FEASIBLE ENTERPRISES 12
Malekhu SHG 12
Mahadevsthan SHG 13
Katunje SHG 13
SHG at Bhaktapur municipality area 14
7. IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE 14
8. CONCLUSION 15
APPENDICES
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1. INTRODUCTION
Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own
potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is
able to make a contribution to her or his community. It is not just the absence of mental disorder
however, World Health Organization defines mental health as a state of well being where the
individual can take an active part in society and cope with the normal stresses of life(WHO,
2010). But sometimes a persons mental health can be challenged beyond means. The result is
what we can call mental illness or distress. In these situations the mentally distressed person will
often need support to get on their feet, and be able to enjoy life and relationships with friends,
family and community.
Despite the importance of mental health, this aspect of peoples health is a neglected aspect of
the Nepali Health Care System. Mentally distressed persons in Nepal often find themselves in a
highly vulnerable position. The lack of appropriate support for this group is a tragedy both for
the mentally distressed themselves, and their families. There is a need to find ways to meet these
persons respectfully within the national health care system and our local communities. The
encouragement of individual resources and skills, and improvements in the socio-economic
environment are among the strategies used. Mental health promotion requires multi-sectoral
actions. Even less priority has been given available for mental health promotion in case of Nepal.
Mental health is highly overlooked and neglected in Nepal. Despite the fact that mental health
problem is one of the most prevalent health and human rights conditions in the world, according
to the World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Gap Action Programme (MHGAP),
over 90 percent population who need mental health services have no access to treatment as well
as there are routine and rampant cases of worst human violations targeted towards people with
mental health problems. For mental health treatment, there is scarcity of resources such as
trained manpower, service centers with proper infrastructures. The services that are available are
centered in urban areas, which are costly and solely dependent on medication. In the context,
Koshish Nepal (an NGO) has been counseling for in-house care and care support to poor families
suffered from mental disability. Koshish is a pioneer mental health self-help organization
working with a rights-based perspective for persons with mental disability in Nepal. The
organization is lobbying to get public and policy attention for persons with mental disability and
has been involved in the rehabilitation of dozens of people affected by mental illness.
Realizing the situation of the system of care for mental illness in Nepal, Koshish Nepal has been
providing emergency relief, proper care of psycho-social disability and creating an environment
of socially empowered mentally disables. For the in-house care and love to the disabled
livelihoods support to the household becomes a part of empowerment. The same has been in
practice by Koshish since more than a year ago in Bhaktapur municipality and Dhading districts.
Supports to income generation by introducing and scaling up livelihoods opportunities through
skill enhancement and entrepreneurship development of the vulnerable community were
performed in different Self Help Groups (SHGs). Psycho-socially disabled person along with the
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household heads have been united into the SHGs. Assuming that counseling for transforming the
trends of treats and behaves to the psycho-socially disabled person within household needs
livelihoods supports that ultimately will, at least, be able to rescue disability and would cover
costs of care/treatment to a greater extent gradually. Startup supports and operational skills were
transferred to the SHGs for their income generation through micro-enterprises selected by the
SRGs themselves. The supports were on mushroom farming, candle making, bee keeping, and
sleeper/shoe making that were started after skill transfer training for a single time. Unfortunately,
the complexity of the situation around the SRGs community hindered further progress of the
enterprises and the income generation was not absorbed progressive.
As the expected income generation and the promotion of those ways of livelihoods were not felt
up-scaled, Koshish Nepal negotiated with an external consultant support to find further ways to
promote the existing enterprises and/or to have a clear guide on promotion of livelihoods of the
vulnerable target group. Finally, a meeting was set between livelihoods/enterprise development
consultant and Koshish Nepal in April, 2013 after a few telephone conversations and decided to
perform a "livelihoods opportunity assessment" that will help to have a clear guide for the
strategic actions for the implementation of livelihoods component by Koshish Nepal in the days
ahead.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study took the following objectives:
To assess the suitable opportunities for income generation of the SHGs
To find the ways to promote present enterprises in practice
To make a general guideline for implementing the livelihoods activities in future
To find training needs and capacity building of the SHGs for the enterprise development
To have guiding points for Koshish Nepal, based on the lessons from present IGAs, on
implementing future projects with livelihoods
3. METHODOLOGY
The study collected information through group discussions, households' survey and social
mapping in May, 2013. Group discussion was performed in presence of ED consultant, staff
representative from Koshish-Nepal and the members of the SHGs. The survey was conducted in
2 districts of intervention area of Koshis Nepal that includes 4 SHGs where livelihoods support
has been in practice. The households' survey sampled 17 key informants that were randomly
chosen from each of the SHGs member list. As the objectives of the study were focused for the
livelihoods interventions in the 4 SHGs of the 2 districts, at least 2 member households of the
SHGs were taken into consideration. The data tracked from the questionnaire were entered into
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SPSS (software program) and analyzed was done. Microsoft Excel was also used to present some
of the data.
The four SHGs areas are namely in Malekhu and Mahadevsthan of Dhading and Bhaktapur
municipality and Katunje VDC of Bhaktapur district. Ten members were surveyed from
Malekhu area and 2-3 HHs were included in the study from other areas (Table 1). A
questionnaire was developed including 10 major parts of questions. The questions were of both
open and closed ended. Sample of the questionnaire has been kept under Appendix 1. The major
part of questions followed on the group discussions is in Appendix 8.
Apart from the above information tracking, review of the online materials and manuals based on
the past works performed by various humanitarian international and governmental agencies was
performed however the review part has not been included into the report.
Table 1: Number of respondent households from the SHG areas of Koshish in 2013
SN Self Help Group/Area Number of HHs Valid Percent
1 Malekhu 10 58.8
2 Mahadevsthan 3 17.6
3 Katunje 2 11.8
4 Bhaktapur Municipality 2 11.8
Total 17 100.0
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Literacy status
The literacy status was categorized into 2 parts viz. literate and illiterate. The literate persons
include those who are able to keep financial activities records simply, calculate the basic
transactions (addition, subtraction) and can read and write. In our survey, literate persons include
those who have formal education up to SLC level from grade 2 or 3. Persons who are unable to
read and write have been categorized under illiterate. Literacy (basic) has been taken as an
important requirement for the successful enterprise development (starting and improving micro-
enterprise).
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Household heads
The literacy status of household heads of the members (psycho-socially disabled) were found
cent percent in case of Malekhu and Mahadev-sthan area (Dhading district) and some of them in
Katunje area were literate and the HH heads in Katunje while all of them were illiterate in
Bhaktapur municipality (BMC).
It can be said from the figures above that majority of the HH heads of SHG members in BMC
are illiterate and a mixture of literate and illiterates are there in Katunje. But most of those are
literate in case of both of the SHG areas in Dhading (Mahadev-sthan and Malekhu). This
indicates that it will be very easy to train the members and the education level has profound
contribution to the ease of entrepreneurship development. For the training tools to be used and
the mobilization intensity should differently be provided to the SHGs. Bhaktapur area needs
more simple tools and intensive technical backstopping in this regard.
Psycho socially Disabled (members of SHGs)
The literacy of the psycho socially disabled persons or the member of the SHG was found cent
percent in case of both areas of Bhaktapur district and in Mahadev-sthan (Figure 2) but only a
few of the members were found literate (3 out of 7) in Malekhu area. The detail figure of literate
and illiterate disabled persons/members of SHGs is shown in Appendix 1. In long run for
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Malekhu
9
Household heads
Malekhu Mahadevsthan Katunje Bhaktapur Municipality
Literacy rate of disabled members
Illiterate Literate
9
Household heads
Bhaktapur Municipality
10
livelihoods intervention, high literacy rates of the disabled members will lead an ease to promote
entrepreneurship in comparatively shorter period apart from the ease on counseling for in-house
psycho-social rehabilitation. In case of literate household head and disabled member, many of
the ways to improve income generation and upscaling of enterprises have been observed even if
the family is not full of resources such as land. This is particularly successful after linkage with
microfinance services, financial literacy and essential non-financial/technical backstopping.
Dhading and Bhaktapur district, May, 2013
4.2 Age group
From the past rural developmental interventions at villages and towns, it has been experienced
that the age group of the target community heads and/or direct target members has great
influence on the pace of livelihoods promotion, rate of upscaling of income generation, or even
on the success or failure keeping other factors remaining unchanged. People of economic age,
and adults has been generally taken as effective to mobilize for transforming certain trends at
community but it does not mean that mobilizing older persons or adolescents does not have
influential role in transforming stigmas of society. A mix group based on ages that includes a
few persons over 45 or 50 years old and a few of around 20 or 25 might be good if in case the
older/experienced are the guides or local leaders and younger are the examples of active
members.
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
Malekhu Mahadevsthan
10
4.2 Age group
members.
Mahadevsthan Katunje Bhaktapur
Municipality
Illiterate Literate
10
4.2 Age group
members.
Total
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Knowing the age group is necessary to find strategies of implementation by finding ways,
approaches to be adopted and tools to be used for community mobilization. It also guides
developmental organizations know the training methods, package of supports, and introduction
of technologies and possible interlinks for the concerned enterprise.
Psycho socially Disabled (members of SHGs): The number of disabled persons within the age
groups has been shown in figure 3 and Appendix 3. Surveyed data on number of disabled
persons reflects that 47 % of them were aged between 26 to 49 years followed by older persons
aged more than 49 years. It was also observed that disabled persons within the age group of 17 to
25 years and children only constitute 12 % of the total disabled surveyed.
Figure 3: Age of HH heads and disabled persons in SHGs at Bhaktapur and Dhading districts in
May, 2013
Household heads: Maximum numbers of HH heads were found in the range of 26 to 49 year age
(41% of the total respondents) followed by older persons aged 50 or more years (35%) and the
minimum were of the young aged between 17 to 25 years old (24%). The number of HH heads
within the age groups has been shown in figure 3 and Appendix 3.
4.3 Access to Micro-credit
Access to financial institutions, saving and credit cooperatives, micro-finance has been played
very important role in poverty reduction in Nepal, and has been observed very effective than in
6%
6%
47%
41%
Age of the disabled persons
Upto 16 years 17-25 years
26-49 years More than 49 years
24%
41%
35%
Age group of HH heads
17-25 years 26-49 years More than 49 years
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other countries. Especially the aces too financial cooperatives and micro-financial services
provide micro-loans to the marginal societies without collateral apart from financial literacy and
capacity building from some angles. And, accordingly, this factor has also been given priority
under this study.
Figure 4: Number of informants in SHG areas at Dhading and Bhaktapur district with access and
no-access to micro/financial services
Analyzing present study results, members of SHG at Katunje area said no access to micro-
financial and banking services while others said that they have access however, the access
mentioned here does not necessarily mean they are already joined members of
microfinance/finance institutions. The detail of the results on access to micro-/financial services
is in Appendix 4 and figure 4.
4.3 Landholding
Agriculture and livestock based farming is not only subsistence level in almost all parts of Nepal
it is also tradition for the livelihoods of the families. Due to the tradition of agriculture and
livestock farming those enterprises are also easily be handled b by the rural families even if they
are unskilled from many aspects. Government policy has not been formulated as rent farming
friendly. Since Nepal is passing over the challenging transformational period and most land
ownership and farming policies are assumed to be changed in near future especially after II
public movement in 2062/63 BS. Thus, taking land in lease for farming/enterprise has not been
easy for rural small scale farmers as the land owners do not want to take risks associated being
not able to cultivate in their own land themselves. In this context, a land resource owned by the
households becomes the prime factors to be considered for development of agro and livestock
based enterprises.
0 2 4 6 8 10
Malekhu
Mahadevsthan
Katunje
Number of informants
S
H
G

a
r
e
a
s
No access
Access
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Further, commodities marketed nearby and the trend of transaction of goods and services are
directly related with agriculture and livestock products. Considering the facts, semi-commercial
vegetable farming (seasonal and off-season, cultivating high value spice crops) and livestock
(goat for meat and dairy cow farming) seems suitable enterprises for the areas where landholding
size of a household is more than two ropani of (1000 m
2
).
In Malekhu SHG area, higher landholding size was observed where 2 out of 5 households own
lands of 1-5 ropani and 1 HH out of 5 HH own more than 5 ropani (2500 m
2
) of land with a few
than that land size owned are cultivable. SHG member HHs follows the landholdings of HHs of
Malekhu SHG area where 2 out of 3 HHs had more than 5 ropani of land. The case in Katunje
and Bhaktapur municipality area showed some disparity to the above. Most of the member HHs
in both of the SHG areas in Bhaktapur district had less than 1 ropani of landholding with very
few of land size available as cultivable. The detail of number of member HHS with the size of
their landholdings is shown in Appendix 5.
In the aspect of size of landholdings of member HHs, tremendous opportunity for agriculture and
livestock based enterprise development especially, high value crop production, collection,
processing, and marketing opportunities prevails for and both of the SHG areas at Dhading. But
in Bhaktapur district, due to lack of production resources for such enterprises collection,
processing and marketing opportunities also have some sort of limitation.
4.4 Irrigation facility
Mahadevsthan was found superior for irrigation facility as the member HHs of the SHG has a
very good source of irrigation. A continuous running water canal to operate a local micro hydro
project is there from which irrigation has become very easy to the members of SHG at
Mahadevsthan.
Respondent's view on water resources available reflects that the area suffers for water resources.
Even they have to wait a long to get drinking water at common water taps. For irrigating their
lands, similar case they have to face but this is not true during rainy to autumn season. During
spring and summer, land gets drought for a long spell and people are reluctant to let it due to
scarcity of water resource even however the area is not far from the riverbank. Due to lack of
water harvesting technology water from the river is yet to be tapped.
Both of the SHG members at Bhaktapur lack land resources for agricultural activities where the
issue of irrigation did not come important. Accordingly, the facility of irrigation was not covered
under discussion.
4.5 Market opportunities
All of the SHG areas had profound market access to sell the products of agriculture and livestock
based enterprises. Both SHGs at of Bhaktapur district and Malekhu SHG area of Dhading are
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situated very near to the market centers. Mahadevsthan of Dhading is situated more than 10
kilometers far from market center but the products can easily be sold to market center nearby
(Malekhu of Dhading). Jeep and tractors are the facilities available for transportation
between Mahadevstahn and Malekhu.
Malekhu is situated on the way to Kathmandu highway which is also known as a market center
for fresh vegetable, meat, fish and milk as many of the hotels in Malekhu are the major sources
to consume the products locally. Malekhu is also a tourism area (internal tourism) and is the
food/snacks station for long root vehicles that run to and from Kathmandu valley. In this regard,
Malekhu SHG area possesses great advantage of market centre.
Bhaktapur district is one of the popular cities in Kathmandu valley and it surrounds highway to
eastern hilly region of Nepal. It also has many cross roads to popular cultural heritage areas,
historical places, and many other tourism areas. The district is only 10 kilometers farm from
Kathmandu (capital city of Nepal), densely populated and everywhere in Bhaktapur district
seems as town area. Agriculture, livestock (dairy and poultry), prepared costumes, mats and hats,
BHADGAULE TOPI (a popular locally made hat, and identity of Bhaktapur district) including
various handicrafts are the goods that have established markets in Bhaktapur. In this context,
SHGs at Bhaktapur might get benefits of the established marketing channels, infrastructures and
location through minimal efforts on enterprise development.
4.6 Enterprise in practice:
Table 2 and Appendix 6 describe the enterprise or profession in practice at present and that of
interest of the SHG areas in detail. HHs at Mahadevsthan had been involved in agricultural and
livestock based enterprises and they also keep their interests on some other income generation
activities such as tailoring and weaving (Hojiyary). They, further, did not want to leave the
profession based on agricultural and livestock farming.
Members/HH heads in Malekhu SHG area were found to be involved in various activities such
as mushroom production, candle making, retail shops, and hotel and so on as they find location
based advantage towards higher level of choice of enterprises. Some of them also keep interests
to start bee keeping, candle making, CHURA-POTE (ladies ornaments) making, and tailoring.
Members of Katunje SHG area were involved in shoe and sleeper making and they did not
showed interest to change the enterprise. They just want to promote the enterprise to their best.
Group discussion with the members of Katunje area found that lunching no other enterprise to
them was feasible. Besides the interest of the members, harnessing capacity of the disabled
persons that are involved in shoe/sleeper making was found suitable intervention strategy as they
have long been involved and seen a positive future of the business themselves however the
current situation of the enterprise was not observed as profit oriented. Some of the management
issues, introducing noble technology or change of a few production processes (raw materials and
product looks) to reduce cost of production and marketing linkage were found necessary to adopt
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as soon as possible. To change the looks and reduce cost of production, ways might be to focus
the members to use minimum number of ornamentation beads (beads of POTE), using a thin and
cheap sole material, adding arts to the design and some similar on.
Members of SHG at Bhaktapur municipality were found to be involved in statue making and
handicrafts, cap/hat making, weaving sweaters, and mushroom farming. Interests of them are not
different from the present enterprises however they have been involved in the shoe/sleeper
making enterprise in Katunje area. They wear not interested to jointly work for the enterprise
because they have to come to Katunje area for shoe/sleeper making which takes at least 40
minutes walk to come to working area. Since they have been united into a different self help
group, a question raised into discussion "Why to waste time for such a long walk which yet has
not been profit worthy? The issue seems genuine for the micro-enterprise management and group
mobilization perspective.
Table 2: Business/Enterprise in practice and of interest of SHGs members in Dhading and
Area/Groups Enterprises/profession in practice Interested Enterprises
Malekhu Hotel, shop and other business, candle
business, job, statue making,
agriculture, mushroom farming, candle
making
Beekeeping, Tailoring, CHURA-
POTE, Weaving
Mahadevsthan Agriculture, job, Bee keeping, livestock
farming
Vegetable, goat farming and other
livestock (milk), Tailoring and
Hojiyari
Katunje Sleeper/shoe making, mushroom
farming, Job, Unskilled laborer
Bhaktapur
Municipality
Statue making and handicrafts, cap
making, Hojiyari, mushroom farming
Cap/hat making, Statue making and
handicrafts
Some of the members (including HH heads) in both of the districts except in Katunje expressed
their interest to change the enterprise in search of best suitable and more profitable business.
Reasons behind changing the enterprise in practice:
Member respondents' responses towards the reason behind changing the enterprise in practice or
the reasons of dissatisfaction were as follows:
Malekhu:
- Hard work, tedious job but not profitable
- Difficult to cut hey and shortage of water for mushroom farming
- Interested towards weaving who have skill in their hands
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- Skilled on artistic designs ornamenting SAARI (ladies ware) were interested to utilize the
skill with machine
- Less profit in Mushroom and candle business according to labor and investment
Mahadevsthan: Not getting benefits from present micro-enterprises
Bhaktapur Municipality: Not Profitable
No matter what type of problem they had shared it strictly was seen to be adjoined with the
management of the enterprise and process of production/service. Entering into little more depth,
some technical aspects might have made the enterprise as a tedious job. Further, conducting of
the enterprise might also have been done without the assessment of the resources and capacity of
the HHs. Present study found the technical, and management problems along with market
opportunity, feasibility to the location and obviously the interest of the members/HHs of the
SHGs.
4.7 Household income and expenses
The information collected on household income and expenditure might not true as it just base on
a single talk for a short time with a single person of a family. But, this does not mean that general
economic and financial context at the HHs/SHGs under study could not be predicted. Table 3
gives the response of the members towards the general financial and/or economic situation of
those HHs in the aspect of financial balance and saving within family. Appendix 7 shows the
monthly income of the HHs.
Table 3: Response of members on their monthly income which covers and do not cover the
monthly household expenses
SHG area Income excess to Expense
Total Yes No
Malekhu 3 7 10
Mahadevsthan 2 1 3
Katunje 0 2 2
Bhaktapur
Municipality
2 0 2
Total 7 10 17
When it comes to financial balance with the family, members in Katunje and Malekhu SHGs
were not getting satisfactory income from the enterprises in the practice. "Satisfactory" reflects
that the income covers the general HHs expenses. Only 3 members out of 7 had found the
income that covers their HHs expenses (expenses for daily needs and for regular payables).
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Mahadevsthan and Bhaktapur were found having income that at least covers their general HH
expenses.
5. WAY FORWARD PROMOTING FEASIBLE ENTERPRISES
Analyzing the present context on the base of capacity of the members, resources available,
location advantages and market opportunities along with the interest of members, catching better
benefits than at present seems general quest of all members and of supporting organization.
According to the findings of this assessment, this quest is obvious to address adopting some
unique strategies of execution. The strategies may include intensive community mobilization,
frequent follow ups and creating marketing facilities and linkages with technical personnel. For
the first, at least one session or for a day of "Basic Entrepreneurship Training" seems necessary
to provide which will be followed by the skill training (related to particular/selected enterprise)
packed with essential startup supports thereafter. The enterprise selection will be better if it
differs from individual to individual. By this way, within a single SHG more than one enterprise
will supported to start and grow up. There might be same enterprise to be promoted to many
members in different SHGs. Regrouping of members based on type of enterprise must be
performed before finding training package design.
6. FEASIBLE ENTERPRISES FOR SHGs
Saying to the platform of assessed information, different enterprises are to be promoted within a
single SHG which will address the suitability harnessing location based opportunities, resource
available, member's interest and benefit of scale enterprise.
Malekhu SHG: Members were seen keenly interested towards cooperating farming of
mushroom and some other high value products. They also have registered a "Mushroom farming
cooperative" and have started to work under cooperative involving 44 members as
shareholders/promoters in May 2013. A group discussion with the members in Malekhu area
guides the following points.
- The cooperative farming should be promoted by guiding some basic cooperative
development tips.
- Transfer of knowledge on small scale production on available land, collection of the
products marketed by cooperative and marketing skills.
- Capacity building on maintaining accountability, record keeping, book keeping, and
share management (public share, promoters share, member share).
- Follow ups for technical backstopping and building linkages with shareholders
(government, non-government, and private agencies).
18
- Addressing interests and skills of some of the members as they already have and want to
utilize for income generation (skills on sewing, ornamenting ladies wares i.e. Kadhai,
Chura and Pote).
Mahadevsthan SHG: The members have large landholding size than in other areas as most of
them were found owning landholding in the range of 1 to 5 ropani and some own more than 5
ropani of cultivable of land with a good irrigation facility. Not only the resources available but
also the indigenous knowledge, interest of the members, market opportunities and tradition of
agriculture and livestock were observed clearly during group discussion. Thus, high value
agriculture crop (offseason vegetable) cultivation, goat farming (meat purpose), dairy cow
farming are recommendable. Because a few members were neither having sufficient resources
nor interested for agro-livestock farming, they must be scaled up towards tailoring, hojiyari
(weaving woolen wares) and a few will be there for marketing (employment creation).
Katunje SHG: Most of the members have been involved in sleeper/shoe making which was
supported by and have been backed up with non-financial support by Koshish Nepal. The
members were not found with land and other resources they own (ASK: attitude, skill and
knowledge) suitable for other enterprises than shoe/sleeper making. Current enterprise was seen
the best suitable to be promoted further however, members were dissatisfied with the income
from the enterprise even though they have become able to make sleepers/shoe and had already
sold one lot of production. Present context of production was not bad as the working area had
happily been provided by a local club which is not far from residence of the members; and a
production guide (skilled human resource on sleeper/shoe making) who was also available
always and has been providing best efforts from her side to make quality product.
All the processes up to the product design and finish were found gradually improving but lack of
marketing policy and linkages were found as the major constraints. Once a marketing agent had
collected all the products from the start but yet the amount has to be received. Further, the cost of
production was the issue to be addressed as soon as possible. A thick layer was seen which was
used between the sole and upper layer of winter-sleeper. Similarly, bright bead like material had
been in use for making looks of the sleeper attractive. Unfortunately, these materials had greatly
maximized the cost of production.
Such observations had reduced the energy of members to further production and ultimately led to
a very small scale of production due to sparse work by the members. The economy of scale also
became one factor to be considered because lack of efficiency of the enterprise has become one
more issue that had increased cost of production. To promote the enterprise is coming days,
addressing the above bottlenecks is necessary. Since all of the members would not like to join
the same enterprise, a few persons having different skills such as cap/hat making, statue and
handicrafts may also be promoted.
19
SHG at Bhaktapur municipality area:
Members were found to be involved in winter-sleeper making enterprise in coordination with
Ktunje SHG. Only a few members were found actively participated due to the long walking
distance as they had to come to Katinje VDC to be a part of the enterprise. Interest of the
members towards enterprise and skills on their hand were also found different. The interests and
skills were on weaving (hojiyari), BHAKTAPURE TOPI (a locally popular cap) and hat making,
tailoring ladies costumes. Land resources were not found supportive for agro-livestock farming.
In this context, addressing the interests of the individual members would be suitable after
assessing the individual capacity further.
7. IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE
Some of the guiding points to implement livelihoods interventions by implementing organization
(Koshish Nepal) in have been summarized hereunder in the following steps:
I. Group assessment collecting enterprises of interest amongst the feasible enterprises
on individual basis.
II. Addressing the assessed enterprises in the Detail Implementation Plan (DIP) of
implementing organization for individual HHs.
III. Providing the "Basic Entrepreneurship Training-one day".
IV. Skill training for the entrepreneurs (SHG members or HH heads) such as offseason
vegetable and livestock (goat farming, dairy cow farming) for some of the members
at Mahadevsthan, cooperative development training for the members at Malekhu,
enterprise management and linkage for Katunje SHG, etc.
V. Startup supports on major input to start the enterprise for the first time.
VI. Play a supportive role on creating easy marketing channel by coordination and
facilitations. Support for market infrastructure development.
VII. Building member's linkages and access to financial/micro-financial services such as
Nirdhan Uthhan bank Ltd. and Deprosc Nepal (micro-financial institutions) are
available in Dhading.
VIII. Building a relation for livelihoods personnel (might be contracting consultants such
as "Livelihoods Advisor") who will be liable to take responsibility for livelihoods
program planning and support for implementing staffs
IX. Building relations with the marketing agencies, agriculture and livestock officers,
Technical Assistants of district agriculture and livestock offices under Gov. of Nepal.
X. Building relations with marketing agents (collectors, wholesalers, transporters)
related to the products of the enterprises supported.
XI. Assuring linkages SHGs with marketing agents, technical assistants, other NGOs
working in livelihoods sector at the concerned areas.
XII. Cooperative developments in Mahadevsthan and Bhaktapur areas in future before the
products of the enterprise are marketed.
20
XIII. Intensive follow ups and technical backstopping to the members activities.
XIV. Retaining field officers/assistants in close and at easily accessible areas of the SHGs.
XV. Staff capacity building - providing technical guides to the field staffs (capacity
building on enterprise development).
8. CONCLUSION
Koshish Nepal has been implementing livelihoods activities in some of the SHGs at Bhaktapur
and Dhading districts since more than a year back but the expected outputs of the project were
not felt impact worthy. The enterprises promoted by the project were not found satisfactorily
income generating for the members and the members were not in the situation to happily go on
with those enterprises in future. It was decided to conduct a livelihoods assessment in four
SHGs formed by Koshish Nepal to know the present context with the SHGs, major bottlenecks
of the enterprises, possible ways to go with in future, and opportunity assessment for future
planning.
A survey was conducted covering 17 HHs from two SHGs of Dhading and two SHGs of
Bhaktapur districts. Group discussions were also carried out in those four SHGs of Dhading and
Bhaktapur area. Information through HHs survey and group discussions was concerned on
livelihoods opportunities, practice and feasibility. With the help of SPSS (computer software)
collected data were analyzed, interpreted and presented.
The study revealed that most of members of Mahadevsthan had sufficient landholding situated
near market area and with good irrigation facility. They also they keep interest to be involved on
improved agricultural and livestock based enterprises for their livelihoods promotion while
others were not found owning land resources. In malekhu area, SHG members had just registered
an agricultural cooperative (mushroom farming cooperatives) which had been leading by 44
shareholders. They had experienced mushroom farming for a year which was supported by
Koshish last year. Interest to keep on mushroom farming was also known but some of them were
also found interested to start new business utilizing the skill they already had. Members at
Katunje SHG had been involving in winter-sleeper making enterprise however some level of
dissatisfaction towards income and marketing of the products were observed. No other
enterprises could be listed as more feasible and that of interest in Katunje area. Some of the
members of Bhaktapur municipality area were involved in the enterprise operated in Katunje but
the participation was not found demand driven, just they were reluctantly joining to the
enterprise which is far from the Bhaktapur municipality. Because of the distance they had to
cover to participate in making winter-sleepers. The members also were interested to work at their
own area with some other enterprises which were concerned with the utilization of the skills on
their hands (such as weaving sweaters and woolen wares/hojiyari, Cap and hat making,
handicrafts and statue making).
21
Promoting agriculture (offseason vegetable cultivation) and livestock farming for Mahadevsthan,
promotion of agriculture cooperative at Malekhu, re-strengthening winter-sleeper making
enterprise at Katunje, and introducing handicrafts, cap and hat making, and weaving and
tailoring at Bhaktapur area have been found feasible.
Present assessment is in position to recommend implementing organization to go with package
of livelihoods support. Firstly, it is suggested to collect enterprise selection to the individual
HHs, re-categorize the members on the basis of type of enterprise, provide basic
entrepreneurship training and assure linkage with market agents and technical officers/assistants.
The entrepreneurship training will be followed by implementation program planning and skill
training packed with startup supports. Further, intensive community mobilization, follow-ups
and backstopping, managing field staffs at the field are also suggested.
THANK YOU!
22
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: HHs survey questionnaire
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23
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24
Appendix 2: Number of literate and illiterate SHG members and HH heads in Dhading and
Bhaktapur district, May, 2013
Group/ Area Educational level of HH Head Educational level of
Disabled
Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate
Malekhu
Mahadevsthan
Katunje
10
3
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
3
2
2
7
0
0
0
Total 14 3 10 7
Appendix 3: number of HH heads and disabled persons at Dhading and Bhaktapur districts
within different age groups, in May 2013
Age group Number of person Percentage
HH heads
17-25 years
26-49 years
More than 49 years
4
7
6
23.5
41.2
35.3
Disabled members
Up to 16 years
17-25 years
26-49 years
More than 49 years
1
1
8
7
5.9
5.9
47.1
41.2
Appendix 4: Responses of SHG members of Dhading and Bhaktapur district toward access to
micro-/financial services to the area in May, 2013
SN Group/ Area
Access to MFIs/
Co-operative
Access to
Banking
Yes No Yes No
1
2
3
4
Malekhu
Mahadevsthan
Katunje
9
3
0
2
1
0
2
0
9
0
1
0
1
3
1
2
25
Appendix 5: Total land and cultivable land owned by SHG member households in Dhading and
Group/ Area Total land in Ropani Cultivable land in Ropani
<1
Ropani
1 to 5
Ropani
>5
Ropani
<1
Ropani
1 to 5
Ropani >5 Ropani
Malekhu
Mahadevsthan
Katunje
2
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1 2 1
2
Appendix 6: Business/Enterprise in practice HHs under SHGs in Dhading and Bhaktapur
districts in May, 2013
Enterprise/job involved at present Number of
respondents Percent
(Missing) 4 23.5
Agriculture 1 5.9
Business 2 11.8
Agricultural shop and related business 1 5.9
cap making and job at a hotel 1 5.9
Hotel business 1 5.9
Husband's income and candle business 1 5.9
Job at private companies/hotel 3 17.6
Statue and handicrafts 1 5.9
Shop (retal) 1 5.9
Work at private company 1 5.9
Total 17 100.0
26
Appendix 7: Categorized Income per month of the respondents at Bhaktapur and Dhading SHG
in May, 2013
Income per month (NRs.)
Total
Group/ Area Up to 10000 10000 - 20000 20000 - 30000 More than 30000
Malekhu 5 1 0 1 7
Mahadevsthan 1 1 1 0 3
Katunje 1 0 0 0 1
Bhaktapur
Municipality
0 1 0 1 2
Total 7 3 1 2 13
Appendix 8: Major questions followed on the group discussions
1. Self Help Group name and address
2. Number of psycho-socially disabled persons and households united into SHG
3. Name of the enterprise being followed
4. Supports for the enterprise obtained so far (from I/NGOs, Gov. agencies, other actors)
5. Members opinion about the working environment
6. Is the enterprise profitable for the involved HHs or not?
7. What strategies have been taken to promote the enterprise by SHG members
8. What is the production process
9. What types of products have been produced
10. Is it easy to sell the products
11. Who are the collectors and what price they want to pay
12. Are the orders from marketing agents/costumers have been fulfilled or can be fulfilled in
future
13. What are the opportunities and strengths for members becoming a part for the enterprise
14. What are the major constraints to promote the enterprise
15. What might be done from your side to overcome the bottlenecks observed and to make
the enterprise more profitable
THANKYOU!!!

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