Table 12.

2 The First 10 Straight-Chain Alkanes

Name

Molecular Formula (CnH2n+ 2)

Condensed Structural Formula

Number of Possible Isomers

methane CH4

CH4

ethane

C2H6

CH3CH3

propane C3H8

CH3CH2CH3

butane

C4H10

CH3CH2CH2CH3

pentane C5H12

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

hexane

C6H14

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

heptane C7H16

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

octane

C8H18

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

18

nonane

C9H20

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

35

decane

C10H22

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

75

Figure 12.1 The Three Simplest Alkanes

Figure 12.3 Members of a Homologous Series

Each succeeding formula incorporates one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms more than the previous formula.

Table 12.4 Common Alkyl Groups

Parent Alkane

Alkyl Group

Conde nsed Struct ural Formu la

me tha ne

met hyl

CH3

eth ane

eth yl

CH3CH 2

Parent Alkane

Alkyl Group

Conde nsed Struct ural Formu la

pro pan e

pro pyl

CH3CH 2CH2

iso pro pyl

(CH3)2 CH

Parent Alkane

Alkyl Group

Conde nsed Struct ural Formu la

but ane

but yl*

CH3CH 2CH2C H2

*There are four butyl groups, two derived from butane and two from isobutane. We will introduce the other three where appropriate.

Table 12.5 Physical Properties of Some Alkanes

Molecular Name

Formula

Melting Point (C)

Boiling Point (C)

Density (20C)*

Physical State (at 20C)

methane

CH4 C2H6

182

164

0.668 g/L

gas

ethane

183

89

1.265 g/L

gas

propane

C3H8

190

42

1.867 g/L

gas

butane

C4H10 C5H12

138

2.493 g/L

gas

pentane

130

36

0.626 g/mL

liquid

hexane

C6H14

95

69

0.659 g/mL

liquid

octane

C8H18 C10H22

57

125

0.703 g/mL

liquid

decane

30

174

0.730 g mL

liquid

*Note the change in units going from gases (grams per liter) to liquids (grams per milliliter). Gas densities are at 1 atm pressure.

Table 12.4 Common Alkyl Groups

Parent Alkane

Alkyl Group

Condensed Structural Formula

metha ne

methyl

CH3

ethane

ethyl

CH3CH2

propan e

propyl

CH3CH2CH2

Parent Alkane

Alkyl Group

Condensed Structural Formula

isoprop yl

(CH3)2CH

butane

butyl*

CH3CH2CH2C H2

*There are four butyl groups, two derived from butane and two from isobutane. We will introduce the other three where appropriate.

Table 13.1 Physical Properties of Some Selected Alkenes

IUPAC Name ethene propene 1-butene 1-pentene 1-hexene 1-heptene 1-octene C2H4 C3H6 C4H8

Molecular Formula

Condensed Structural Formula CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 CH2=CHCH2CH3 CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3 CH2=CH(CH2)3CH3 CH2=CH(CH2)4CH3 CH2=CH(CH2)5CH3

Melting Point (C) 169 185 185 138 140 119 102

Boiling Point (C) 104 47 6 30 63 94 121

C5H10 C6H12 C7H14 C8H16