Appendix D

CHEMISTRY 11 REVIEW
(a) most active lithium (b) most active fluorine chlorine bromine iodine least active

D1 Matter and Chemical Bonding

SUMMARY
mass number (number of protons plus neutrons) (Z + N)

potassium barium calcium sodium magnesium aluminum zinc iron nickel tin lead hydrogen copper silver gold

A Z

atomic number (number of protons) Figure 1 Symbolism representing an individual atom of an element Ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity increase.

Atomic radius and metallic properties increase.

Ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity increase.

least active

Atomic radius and metallic properties increase. Figure 2 Trends in periodic properties

Figure 3 (a) In the activity series of metals, each metal will displace any metal listed below it. Hydrogen is usually included in the series, even though it is not a metal, because hydrogen can form positive ions, just like the metals. (b) The halogens can also be ordered in an activity series.

Table 1 Summary of Bonding Characteristics Intramolecular force Bonding model ionic bond involves an electron transfer, resulting in the formation of cations and anions cations and anions attract each other involves unequal sharing of pairs of electrons by atoms of two different elements bonds can involve 1, 2, or 3 pairs of electrons, i.e., single (weakest), double, or triple (strongest) bonds involves equal sharing of pairs of electrons bonds can involve 1, 2, or 3 pairs of electrons, i.e., single (weakest), double, or triple (strongest) bonds

polar covalent bond

nonpolar covalent bond

806 Appendix D

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Appendix B

Table 2 Summary of Reaction Type Generalizations Reaction type combustion Reactants metal + oxygen nonmetal + oxygen fossil fuel + oxygen element + element element + compound compound + compound binary compound complex compound Products metal oxide nonmetal oxide carbon dioxide + water compound more complex compound more complex compound element + element simpler compound + simpler compound or simpler compound + element(s) B + AC AD + CB

synthesis

decomposition

single displacement double displacement

A + BC AB + CD

Table 3 Classical and IUPAC Names of Common Multivalent Metal Ions Metal iron copper tin lead antimony cobalt gold mercury Ion Fe2 Fe3 Cu Cu2 Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4 Sb3 Sb5 Co2 Co3 Au Au2 Hg+ Hg2+ Classical name ferrous ferric cuprous cupric stannous stannic plumbous plumbic stibnous stibnic cobaltous cobaltic aurous auric mercurous mercuric IUPAC name iron(II) iron(III) copper(I) copper(II) tin(II) tin(IV) lead(II) lead(IV) antimony(III) antimony(V) cobalt(II) cobalt(III) gold(I) gold(II) mercury(I) mercury(II)

Table 4 Prefixes Used When Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Subscript in chemical formula 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Prefix in chemical nomenclature mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca Chemistry 11 Review 807

Table 6 Solubility of Ionic Compounds at SATP Anions Cl, Br, I

High solubility (aq) 0.1 mol/L (at SATP) Low Solubility (s) 0.1 mol/L (at SATP) most

S2
+

OH
+

SO42

CO32, PO43, SO32

+

C2H3O2

NO3

Cations

Group 1, NH4 Group 1, NH4 most Group 1, NH4 most all Group 2 Sr2+, Ba2+, Tl+ All Group 1 compounds, including acids, and all ammonium compounds are assumed to have high solubility in water. Ag+, Pb2+, Tl+, Hg22+ (Hg+), Cu+ most most Ag+, Pb2+, Ca2+, most Ba2+, Sr2+, Ra2+ Ag+ none

Practice
1. Write the chemical name and symbol corresponding to

each of the following theoretical descriptions: (a) 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons (b) 20 protons, mass number 40, and 18 electrons (c) 10 electrons, net charge of 2 (d) 6 protons, 8 neutrons, no charge
2. When a gas is heated, the gas will emit light. Use the Bohr

(k) potassium dichromate (l) cobalt(III) sulfate

9. Write the IUPAC name for each of the following:

model of the atom to explain why this phenomenon occurs.

3. Use the periodic table to predict the most common

charges on ions of chlorine, potassium, and calcium. Provide a theoretical explanation of your answer.
4. Are the following pairs of atoms more likely to form ionic

or covalent bonds? Give reasons for your answer. (a) chlorine and chlorine (b) potassium and iodine (c) carbon and oxygen (d) magnesium and fluorine
5. Draw a Lewis structure and a structural formula for each

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

CuCl(s) Fe2O3(s) plumbic iodide SF6(l) NH4ClO3(s) Cu(NO3)2(s) hydrochloric acid pentaphosphorus decaoxide SnH4(g) Ca(HCO3)2(s) KMnO4(s) CuSO45H2O(s)

10. For each of the following reactions, write a balanced equa-

of the following: (a) O2 (b) CH4 (c) NH3 (d) PF3 (e) CO2 (a) CH; OH (b) CO; NO (c) CC; CH

(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

N2H4 HCN H2S OH H3O

tion and classify the reaction as synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single displacement, or double displacement: (a) iron + copper(I) nitrate iron(II) nitrate + copper (b) phosphorus + oxygen diphosphorus pentoxide (c) calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide (d) propane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water (e) lead(II) hydroxide lead(II) oxide + water (f) ammonia + sulfuric acid ammonium sulfate (g) potassium phosphate + magnesium chloride magnesium phosphate + potassium chloride
11. For each of the following, use an activity series to deter-

6. Identify the more polar bond in each of the following pairs:

(d) SH; OH (e) HCl; HI

7. Predict whether carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, is a polar or

nonpolar substance. Give reasons for your answer.

8. Write the formula, including state of matter, for each of the

following compounds. (a) aluminum chloride (b) copper(II) sulfate (c) calcium hydroxide (d) lead(II) nitrate (e) sulfuric acid (f) ferrous iodide (g) ammonium nitrate (h) sodium phosphate (i) stannic bromide (j) iron(III) carbonate

mine which single displacement reactions will proceed. For the reactions that do occur, predict the products and complete and balance the equation. Note reactions that do not occur with NR. (a) Cu(s) HCl(aq) (b) Au(s) + ZnSO4(aq) (c) Pb(s) + CuSO4(aq) (d) Cl2(g) + NaBr(aq) (e) Fe(s) + AgNO3(aq)
12. Predict the products potentially formed by double displace-

ment reactions in aqueous solutions of each of the following pairs of compounds. In each case, write a balanced chemical equation indicating the physical state of the products formed, and predict whether the reaction will proceed. (a) copper(II) chloride and magnesium nitrate (b) ammonium sulfate and silver nitrate (c) barium hydroxide and potassium sulfate

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Appendix D

D2 Quantities in Chemical Reactions

SUMMARY
Table 7 Stoichiometry, Symbols and Units Symbol n m M N NA Quantity amount mass molar mass number of entities Avogadros constant, 6.02 1023/mol Unit mol mg, g, kg g/mol atoms, ions, formula units, molecules (a) we have 2.5 mol we have 6.0 mol

Determining the Limiting Reactant

1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction. 2. Select one of the reactants and calculate the amount

in moles available.
3. Use mole ratios in the balanced equation to calculate

the amount in moles needed of the other reactants.

4. Calculate the available amount in moles of the other

reactants. If the available amount of a reactant is more than sufficient, it is in excess. If the available amount is insufficient, it is limiting. (See example, Figure 5)]
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Calculating Mass of Reactants and Products

Begin with a balanced chemical equation, with the measured mass of reactant or product written beneath the corresponding formula.
1. Convert the measured mass into an amount in moles. 2. Use the mole ratio in the balanced equation to predict

need 5.0 mol

the amount in moles of desired substance.

3. Convert the predicted amount in moles into mass

have more than enough

(See example, Figure 4).

CH4(g) is limiting reagent (b) step 3 moles of required substance need 3.0 mol CH4(g) we have 2.5 mol + O2(g) is in excess 2 O2(g) we have 6.0 mol CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

measured mass of substance step 1 moles of measured substance

mass of required substance

step 2

Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g)
143.0 g step 1 0.8952 mol step 2 Figure 4 Steps showing calculations
NEL

2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)
100.0 g step 3 1.790 mol CH4(g) is limiting reagent O2(g) is in excess have less than needed

Figure 5 Steps showing limiting reagent Chemistry 11 Review 809

Practice
1. Calculate the molar mass of each of the following. Express

your answers in g/mol. (a) nitrogen gas (b) C8H18(6) (c) oxygen gas (d) nickel(II) nitrate (e) zinc hydrogen carbonate (f) CuSO45H2O(s) (g) helium gas (h) sulfur trioxide liquid (i) ammonia gas (j) hydrochloric acid
2. What is the amount (in moles) of each type of atom in

(e) (f) (g) (h)

MnO2(s) HCl(aq) MnCl2(aq) Cl2(g) H2O(l) Al2O3(s) Al(s) O2(g) Ni(s) AgNO3(aq) Ag(s) Ni(NO3)2(aq) KOH H3PO4 K3PO4 H2O

9. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the fol-

each of the following samples? (a) 3.0 mol of chlorine gas (b) 2.0 mol of iron(III) nitrate (c) 4.5 mol of potassium dichromate (d) 1.5 mol of liquid nitrogen (e) 5.0 mol of ammonium sulfate
3. Calculate the mass of each of the following:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

2.5 mol of Mg(OH)2(s) 0.25 mol of glucose, C6H12O6(s) 6.75 mmol of oxygen molecules 1.20 1024 atoms of copper 3.01 1022 molecules of methane, CH4(g).

lowing reactions: (a) phosphorus oxygen diphosphorus pentoxide (b) aluminum sulfate calcium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide calcium sulfate (c) ammonia oxygen nitrogen water (d) calcium chloride nitric acid calcium nitrate hydrochloric acid (e) ammonium sulfide lead(II) nitrate ammonium nitrate lead(II) sulfide (f) aluminum sulfate ammonium bromide aluminum bromide ammonium sulfate (g) sodium nitrate sodium nitrite oxygen (h) potassium phosphate magnesium chloride magnesium phosphate potassium chloride (i) ammonia sulfuric acid ammonium sulfate (j) mercury(II) hydroxide phosphoric acid mercury(II) phosphate water
10. Methanol, CH3OH(l), burns in excess oxygen to produce

carbon dioxide and water, according to the following equation: 2 CH3OH(l) 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) 4 H2O(g) (a) What amount of oxygen is required to completely burn 5 mol of methanol? (b) What amount of carbon dioxide is produced when 12.5 mol of methanol is completely burned?
11. Magnesium metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce

4. Calculate the amount (in moles) of each of the following

samples: (a) 10.00 g of H2O(l) (b) 1.50 kg of aluminum oxide (c) 2.35 mg of sodium phosphate (d) 1.20 105 g of hydrogen (e) 1.00 1025 molecules of CO2(g)
5. Calculate the percentage composition of each of the

following: (a) H2SO4(l) (b) 2.50 g of AgNO3(s) (c) NH4NO3(s)

6. An oxide of nitrogen was found to contain 36.8% nitrogen

magnesium chloride. (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (b) What mass of magnesium metal is needed to completely react with 15.00 g of chlorine gas? (c) What mass of magnesium metal is required to produce, in excess chlorine, 8.00 g of magnesium chloride?
12. Calcium hydroxide reacts with aqueous sodium carbonate

by mass. (a) Find the empirical formula for this compound. (b) The molar mass of this compound was found to be 76.02 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of this compound?
7. A gaseous compound contains 16.0 g of hydrogen and

96.0 g of carbon. If the molar mass of this compound is 28.06 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
8. Balance the following equations. (You can use whole or

to produce sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. (a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction. (b) What mass of sodium carbonate is needed to completely react with 175.0 g of calcium hydroxide? (c) What mass of sodium hydroxide is produced when 175.0 g of calcium hydroxide is completely reacted in an excess of sodium carbonate?
13. A single displacement reaction occurs when zinc metal is

fractional coefficents.) (a) NH3(g) O2(g) NO(g) H2O(l) (b) NO2(g) H2O(l) HNO3(aq) NO(g) (c) C12H22O11(s) O2(g) CO2(g) H2O(l) (d) KClO3(s) KCl(s) O2(g)

immersed in lead(II) nitrate solution. (a) Predict the products of the reaction. (b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (c) Predict the mass of lead formed when 4.55 g of zinc is completely reacted in an excess of lead(II) nitrate. (d) What mass of zinc metal is required to produce 50.0 g of lead in this reaction, in an excess of lead(II) nitrate?

810 Appendix D

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Appendix D

14. Propane, C3H8(g), burns in oxygen to produce carbon

16. When a solution containing 15.0 g of aluminum chloride is

dioxide and water, according to the following equation: C3H8(g) 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) 4 H2O(g) Which is the limiting reagent if: (a) 1 mol of propane and 1 mol of oxygen are available. (b) 5 mol of propane and 5 mol of oxygen are available. (c) 2 mol of propane and 5 mol of oxygen are available. (d) 2 mol of propane and 12 mol of oxygen are available. (e) 0.36 mol of propane and 1.60 mol of oxygen are available.
15. In a blast furnace, iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon

mixed with a solution containing 15.0 g of sodium hydroxide, a double displacement reaction occurs. (a) Predict the mass of aluminum hydroxide produced. (b) What mass of the excess reagent remains unreacted?
17. Silicon tetrafluoride is produced from the reaction of

monoxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide. (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (b) Identify the limiting reagent if 2.50 mol of iron(III) oxide and 6.50 mol of carbon monoxide are available. (c) Identify the limiting reagent if 200.0 g of iron(III) oxide and 100.0 g of carbon monoxide are available. (d) Predict the mass of iron produced in the reaction when 200.0 g of iron(III) oxide and 100.0 g of carbon monoxide are available.

silicon dioxide and hydrofluoric acid, with water as the other product. (a) What mass of silicon tetrafluoride can be produced from 15.00 g of silicon dioxide in excess hydrofluoric acid? (b) If the actual yield of silicon tetrafluoride is 17.92 g, what is the percentage yield?
18. When 8.40 g of zinc metal is placed in a solution in which

11.6 g of HCI(g) is dissolved, hydrogen gas and zinc chloride are produced. (a) Calculate the expected yield of hydrogen gas. (b) If 0.19 g of hydrogen gas is produced, what is the percentage yield?

D3 Solutions and Solubility

SUMMARY
Molar Concentration (mol/L) molar concentration n C , v
amount of solute (in moles) }}}

Hydrogen Ion Concentration and pH pH is the negative power of ten of the hydrogen ion concentration.
pH log[H (aq)] or
pH [H (aq)] 10

n vC,

n v C

Preparing Standard Solution by Diluting Stock Solution viCi vfCf where vi initial volume (volume of stock solution used) Ci initial concentration (concentration of stock solution used) vf final volume (volume of dilute solution) Cf final concentration (concentration of dilute solution)

solution:
[H+ (aq)]: pH:

>107 <7

acidic

neutral
107 7

<107 >7

basic

Note the inverse relationship between [H+ (aq)] and pH. The higher the hydrogen ion molar concentration, the lower the pH.

Practice
1. Write equations to represent the dissociation of the fol-

lowing ionic compounds when they are placed in water: (a) sodium chloride (b) potassium sulfate (c) ammonium nitrate
2. Calculate the molar concentration (mol/L) of each of the

(a) 0.174 mol of sodium hydroxide dissolved in water to a final volume of 0.250 L of solution (b) 60.0 g of NaOH(s) dissolved in water to a final volume of 750.0 mL of solution (c) 15.0 g of glucose, C6H12O6(s), dissolved in water to a final volume of 125.0 mL of solution

following solutions:

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Chemistry 11 Review 811

3. What volume of a 0.36-mol/L solution of KCl(aq) contains

(c) a strong base and a weak base

17. Calculate the pH of each of the following solutions:
2 mol/L (a) a vinegar solution with [H+ (aq)] 1 10 (b) an antacid solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 4.5 1011 mol/L 3 mol/L (c) orange juice with [H+ (aq)] 5.5 10 + (d) a household cleaner with [H (aq)] 7.2 1010 mol/L

0.09 mol of the solute?

4. What mass of sodium carbonate is required to make

0.500 L of a 0.12 mol/L solution?

5. The solubility of NaCl in water at 0C is 31.6 g/100 mL.

What mass of NaCl(s) can be dissolved in 375 mL of solution at 0C?

6. Calculate the molar concentration of a solution that con-

18. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions

tains 13.8 g of potassium bicarbonate in 354 mL of solution.

7. A 0.500-L sample of a sodium sulfate solution contains

0.320 mol of the solute. Calculate the molar concentration of (a) sodium sulfate (b) sodium ions (c) sulfate ions
8. Calculate the amount, in moles, of solute in 24.9 mL of a

with the following pH values: (a) pH 5.00 (b) pH 2.1 (c) pH 9.88 (d) pH 7.00
19. The pH of a hydrochloric acid solution was measured to

0.200 mol/L solution of NaOH(aq).

9. What mass of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate is needed to

be 1.1. (a) Write an ionization equation for hydrochloric acid. (b) What is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution? (c) What is the concentration of the HCl(aq) solution?
20. How do acids differ from bases

prepare 150.0 mL of a 0.125 mol/L solution?

10. A 15.0-mL sample of 11.6 mol/L HCl(aq) is added to water to

(a) according to the Arrhenius definitions? (b) according to the Brnsted-Lowry definitions?
21. Identify the two acidbase conjugate pairs in each of the

make a final volume of 500.0 mL. Calculate the concentration of the final HCl(aq) solution.
11. What volume of concentrated 17.8 mol/L stock solution of

sulfuric acid would you need in order to prepare 2.00 L of 0.215 mol/L sulfuric acid?
12. The density of water is 1.00 g/mL.

following reactions: + (a) H3O+ (aq) NH3(aq) H2O(l) NH4 (aq)

2 (b) OH (aq) HSO3(aq) H2O(l) SO3(aq) 2 (c) HPO42 (aq) HSO4(aq) H2PO4(aq) SO4(aq) 2 (d) HS (aq) HCO3(aq) CO3(aq) H2S(aq)

(a) Calculate the mass of H2O in 1.00 L of water. (b) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H2O(l) in 1.00 L of water. (c) What is the molar concentration of water? (d) Does the concentration of water change?
13. Write the net ionic reaction for each of the following

22. A 25.0-mL portion of 0.125 mol/L hydrochloric acid

requires 21.4 mL of potassium hydroxide solution for neutralization. Calculate the molar concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution.
23. A 20.0-mL portion of sulfuric acid solution requires

reactions: (a) aqueous barium chloride and aqueous sodium sulfate (b) aqueous copper(II) sulfate and aluminum (c) aqueous lead(II) nitrate and aqueous potassium iodide
14. A 27.5-mL sample of 0.112 mol/L CuSO4(aq) solution is

16.8 mL of 0.250 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution for neutralization. Calculate the molar concentration of the sulfuric acid solution.
24. A 10.0-mL portion of calcium hydroxide solution neutral-

izes 15.5 mL of 0.100 mol/L nitric acid. Calculate the molar concentration of the barium hydroxide solution.
25. Calculate the molar concentration of a solution of phos-

added to 45.0 mL of 0.088 mol/L Na2CO3(aq). A precipitate is formed. (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (b) Identify the limiting reagent in the reaction. (c) Calculate the mass of CuCO3 that is produced in the reaction.
15. When 5.00 mL of a solution of KCl(aq) is added to an excess

phoric acid if 17.8 mL of it neutralizes 20.0 mL of 0.050 mol/L calcium hydroxide.

26. A solution of KOH is prepared by dissolving 2.00 g of KOH

of 1.00 mol/L Pb(NO3)2(aq), a precipitate of PbCl2(s) is formed. The mass of the precipitate is found to be 0.075 g. (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (b) Calculate the molar concentration of the KCl(aq) solution.
16. Write a sentence to distinguish between the terms in each

in water to a final volume of 250 mL of solution. What volume of this solution will neutralize 20.0 mL of 0.115 mol/L sulfuric acid?
27. Oxalic acid dihydrate, (COOH)2 2H2O, reacts with sodium

hydroxide according to the following equation: (COOH)22 H2O(s) 2 NaOH(aq) (COONa)2(aq) 4 H2O(l) If a 0.118-g sample of oxalic acid dihydrate is dissolved in water and exactly neutralized with 10.4 mL of a NaOH solution, what is the molar concentration of the NaOH solution?

of the following pairs: (a) dissociation and ionization (b) a strong acid and a weak acid

812 Appendix D

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Appendix D

D4 Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry

combined gas law:
p1v1 T1 p2v2 T2

SUMMARY
Gas Laws
STP: 0C and 101.325 kPa (exact values) SATP: 25C and 100 kPa (exact values) 101.325 kPa 1 atm 760 mm Hg (exact values) or 101 kPa (for calculation) absolute zero 0 K or 273.15C, or 273C (for calculation) T (K) t (C) 273 (for calculation) Boyles law: p1v1 p2v2 (for constant temperature and amount of gas) Charless law: (for constant pressure and amount of gas) pressuretemperature law: (for constant volume and amount of gas)
T1 T2 p1 p2 T1 T2 v1 v2

(for constant amount of gas)

Ideal gas law: pv nRT where n amount (in moles) R 8.31 kPaL/(molK)

Other Concepts
Daltons law of partial pressures the total pressure of a mixture of nonreacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. ptotal p1 + p2 + p3 + ... Avogadros theory equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules molar volume the volume that one mole of a gas occupies at a specified temperature and pressure VSTP 22.4 L/mol; VSATP 24.8 L/mol

Practice
1. A balloon filled to 2.00 L at 98.0 kPa is taken to an altitude 11. A sample of a mixture of gases contains 80.0% nitrogen

at which the pressure is 82.0 kPa, the temperature remaining the same. What is the new volume of the balloon?
2. What volume will a sample of gas occupy at 88C if it

gas and 20.0% oxygen gas by volume. Calculate the mass of 1.00 L of this mixture at STP.
12. Hydrogen gas reacts with nitrogen gas to produce

occupies 1.50 L at 32C?

3. A sample of gas in a metal cylinder has a pressure of 135.0

kPa at 298 K. What is the pressure in the cylinder if the gas is heated to a temperature of 398 K?
4. A balloon has a volume of 2.75 L at 22.0C and 101.0 kPa.

ammonia gas. In an experiment, 75.0 L of hydrogen gas is reacted with an excess of nitrogen gas. All gases are at the same temperature and the pressure is kept constant. (a) What volume of nitrogen gas is required to react completely with the hydrogen gas? (b) What volume of ammonia gas is produced?
13. In a laboratory, hydrogen gas was collected by water dis-

What is its volume at 37.0C and 90.0 kPa?

5. A sample of gas occupies 1.00 L at 22C and has a pressure

of 700.0 kPa. What volume would this gas occupy at STP?

6. Calculate the volume occupied by 2.50 mol of nitrogen gas

at 58.6 kPa and 40.0C.

7. Calculate the pressure exerted by 6.60 g of carbon dioxide

placement at an atmospheric pressure of 98.2 kPa and a temperature of 22.0C. Calculate the partial pressure of the dry hydrogen gas. (The vapour pressure of water at 22.0C is 2.64 kPa.)
14. Hydrogen gas is produced when zinc metal is added to

gas at 25C in a 2.00-L container.

8. What amount of chlorine gas is present in a sample that

hydrochloric acid. What mass of zinc is necessary to produce 250.0 mL of hydrogen at STP?
15. Ammonium nitrate, a solid, can decompose rapidly to

has a volume of 500.0 mL at 20C and exerts a pressure of 450.0 kPa?

9. Calculate the volume of 240.0 g of hydrogen gas when it is

at STP.
10. 1.00 L of an unknown gas has a mass of 1.25 g at STP.

Calculate the molar mass of the gas.

produce nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, and water vapour. (a) Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of ammonium nitrate. (b) What is the total volume of the gases, measured at SATP, produced from the decomposition of 1.00 kg of ammonium nitrate?

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Chemistry 11 Review 813

D5 Hydrocarbons and Energy

SUMMARY
Hydrocarbons
organic compounds Table 8 Prefixes in Naming Alkanes, Alkenes,and Alkynes Prefix methhydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives ethpropbutpentaliphatic aromatic (e.g., benzene) hexheptoctnonacyclic cyclic decNumber of carbon atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

alkanes

alkenes

alkynes

cycloalkanes

cycloalkenes

C C C C C C C C C
Figure 6 This classification system helps scientists organize their knowledge of organic compounds.

C C C C

C C

C C C

Isomers
Structural isomers: chemicals with the same molecular formula, but with different structures and different names. Geometric (cis-trans) isomers: organic molecules that differ in structure only by the position of groups attached on either side of a carboncarbon double bond. (A cis isomer has both groups on the same side of the molecular structure; a trans isomer has groups on opposite sides of the molecular structure.) The quantity of heat energy, q, transferred to or from a sample can be calculated: q mcT

Thermochemical Equations
endothermic reaction: reactants energy (kJ) products exothermic reaction: reactants products energy (kJ)

Specific Heat Capacity

A measure of the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius (represented by c). The specific heat capacity for water, c 4.18 J/(gC)
814 Appendix D
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Appendix D

Practice
1. Draw a structural diagram for each of the following 6. Classify each of the following hydrocarbons as saturated

hydrocarbons: (a) 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane (b) 2,2,3-trimethyloctane (c) 1,3-dimethylcyclopentane (d) 4-ethyl-2-hexene (e) 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene (f) 1-butyne
2. Write IUPAC names for the following hydrocarbons:

or unsaturated: (a) cyclohexane (b) ethyne (c) C3H8(g) (d) a compound containing only single covalent bonds (e) a hydrocarbon that reacts rapidly with bromine water or potassium permanganate solution
7. Calculate the quantity of heat required to raise the tem-

(a) CHCCH2CH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3CHCHCH2CH3 | | CH3 CH3

perature of 1.50 L of water from 15.0C to 75.0C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/(gC).
8. Calculate the quantity of heat required to raise the tem-

(c) CH3CHCH2CHCHCH3 | CH3 (d) CH2CH2 | | CH2CH2 (e) CH3(CH2)7CH3 (f) CH2CH2CH3 | CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 | CH3

perature of 500.0 g of water in a 325.0 g copper pot, from 12.0C to 60.0C. The specific heat capacity of copper is 0.385 J/(gC).
9. When 5.0 g of urea, NH2CONH2(s), is completely dissolved

in 150.0 mL of water, the temperature of the water changes from 22.0C to 18.3C. (a) Is the dissolving of urea in water endothermic or exothermic? (b) Calculate the specific heat of solution of urea (the energy change in dissolving 1.0 g of urea). (c) Calculate the molar heat of solution of urea (the energy change in dissolving 1.0 mol of urea).
10. When methanol, CH3OH(l), burns in air, the products

3. Draw structural diagrams and write the IUPAC names for

the five structural isomers of C4H8(g).

4. Draw structural diagrams and write the IUPAC names for

the geometric isomers of 2-pentene.

5. Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of

butane.

formed are carbon dioxide gas and water vapour. When 10.0 g of methanol is completely combusted, 227.0 kJ of heat is transferred. (a) Is the combustion of methanol endothermic or exothermic? (b) Calculate the molar heat of combustion of methanol. (c) Write a thermochemical equation for the combustion of 1.0 mol of methanol. (d) Write a thermochemical equation for the combustion of 3.0 mol of methanol.

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Chemistry 11 Review 815