Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Energy Efficient Lighting

Modern energy efficient lighting technology is rapidly evolving and is creating opportunities for E.E. Businesses for a win-win case for consumers , distribution companies , and Egyptian Government.

Lighting represents about 30 % of all electricity use in the Egypt with the total consumption of more than 51000 million KW/h a year ( 51TKw/h), according to the Egyptian Department of Energy . Now, demand for efficient lighting solutions is spurring the growth of new options in energyefficient lighting technologies, which can reduce energy use by up to 75%. Despite the initial higher cost of some modern lighting technologies, energy-efficient lighting last longer than traditional lighting, making them less expensive over their lifetime. Returns on energy-efficient lighting technologies range from 30-50 percent, a typical incandescent bulb, which wastes 90% of its energy as heat, lasts from 300-1,000 hours, while a comparable compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) lasts up to 10,000 hours. Meanwhile in Europe , USA there is a mandatory act to phase out incandescent lamps and to use more efficient lamps a new light bulb efficiency standards in USA effective Jan. 1 will require incandescent light bulbs to be 28% more efficient, which effectively phases out 100-watt bulbs. Lighting manufacturers have spent millions to comply with the new standards by transitioning to energy efficient lighting, now mandated by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.While in Egypt ware Government still subsidizing electric energy with more than > 25 Billion pounds in form of fuel subsidies and tariff subsidies there is no any serious National efforts to start E.E. National plan or specific standards to stop the energy bleeding from the excessive use of non efficient products that are invading our markets damaging both National Economy and local National manufacturing producers and force them to shut down they factory !!!

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

AEEE is doing her best to educate local Governmental and institutional related decision makers to make new technology informations about efficient lighting available and easy digested even from non engineering back ground people .

Efficiency Labels in USA:

Lighting Facts label Packages of most light bulbs sold in stores in 2012 will carry a new Lighting Facts label modeled after the Nutrition Facts labels on food packages to help consumers compare the brightness and estimated energy costs of various types of light bulbs. The new label will give consumers information about brightness, known as lumens, energy cost, lifetime, light appearance (warm or cool light), wattage, and whether the bulb contains mercury. However, USA Congress voted in December of 2011 to withhold funding for enforcement of the new regulations for nine months. NEMA said the Congressional action undermines those investments and creates regulatory uncertainty and creates consumer confusion resulting from a patchwork of state enforcement. Nevertheless, upgrading to energy efficient lighting can help companies achieve the sustainability concept of the triple bottom line in the form of lower energy costs, reduced environmental impact, and improved employee well being and productivity. Given some of the complexities buyers face in making lighting decisions, its important to have the basics of some of the most energy efficient lighting technologies explained.

Consider lighting output, not energy consumption

Traditionally, when considering lighting purchases, consumers relied on the number of watts, a measure of how much electrical power the light source consumes. But with todays modern energy efficient lighting technologies, consumers need to instead consider lumens a measure of the amount of light produced.

For instance, buyers looking for an energy-efficient alternative to a 100-watt light bulb should consider a 1,600 lumen CFL or LED light; a 75-watt bulb is equivalent to about 1,100 lumens; a 60watt light bulb is equal to about 800 lumens, according to the IEC new standard .

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Why the change? Using watts to describe the brightness of a lamp is similar to using gallons of gasoline to describe how fast a car can go, which wasnt a problem when marketing incandescent bulbs that used only 10% of their energy to produce light, the rest wasted as heat.
With new energy efficient lighting products using fewer watts to produce the same amount of brightness entering the market, however, it makes sense for manufacturers to market these new products based on a value of brightness, or lumens.

Measuring Lighting Quality

A couple of key terms to keep in mind when considering aspects of lighting quality are color appearance and the Color Rendering Index (CRI).

Correlated Color Temperature scale Color appearance measures color of the light source using Kelvin (K) temperature. The lower the Kelvin temperature (27003000 K), the warmer the color of the light. The higher the temperature (36005500 K), the cooler, and more bluish, the light appears.

CRI is an internationally accepted measure of how well a light source renders colors, compared to incandescent and daylight sources. The CRI scale of 0 and 100, with 100 representing perfect color rendering based on illumination by a 100watt incandescent light bulb.
Color appearance and CRI values for energy-efficient lighting technologies:
Incandescent bulbs: 2,700 K, 100 CRI Cool white fluorescent tube: 4,100 K, 62 to 80 CRI Noon sunlight: 4,500 K to 5,400K, 100 CRI

LUMENS: The new way to shop for light

Lessons from USA department of Energy New federal lighting regulations to help consumers make green lighting choices

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Starting Jan. 1, 2012, new federal regulations will require the most common light bulbs to be more energy efficient. Specifically, bulbs must produce the same amount of lumens (light output) for less wattage (energy consumption).

Lumens - the new way to shop for light All packages of light bulbs sold in stores after the New Year will carry a new Lighting Facts label modeled after the Nutrition Facts labels on food packages to help consumers compare the brightness and estimated energy costs of various types of light bulbs. The new label will give consumers information about brightness, known as lumens, energy cost, lifetime, light appearance (warm or cool light), wattage, and whether the bulb contains mercury. Traditional, incandescent light bulbs will not meet the new efficiency standards and will no longer be available at most stores. Traditional 75 watt incandescent light bulbs will no longer be available as of Jan. 1, 2013, and traditional 40 and 60 watt incandescent light bulbs will no longer be available as of Jan.1, 2014. To measure the brightness, or lumen levels, of lighting types use this rule of thumb:

Replace a 100-watt incandescent bulb with an energy-saving bulb that gives you about 1600 lumens Replace a 75W bulb with an energy-saving bulb that gives you about 1100 lumens Replace a 60W bulb with an energy-saving bulb that gives you about 800 lumens Replace a 40W bulb with an energy-saving bulb that gives you about 450 lumens.

Energy Efficient Lighting Technologies Compared

Here are the top technologies in energy efficient lighting and how they compare to standard incandescent bulbs:

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Fluorescents/Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

Fluorescent lamps use about 25% of the energy used by lamps to provide the same amount of illumination. CFLs are short, curly versions of long tube fluorescent lights

use 75% less energy produce 75% less heat last 10 times longer than comparable traditional incandescent bulbs Fluorescent bulbs contain a small amount of mercury. Many retailers recycle CFLs for free.

Halogen Incandescent

Halogen incandescent is smaller version of incandescent bulbs and highly energy efficient

use 25% less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs lasts up to three times longer than traditional incandescent bulbs some models can last up to three times longer than traditional incandescent

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Light Emitting Diodes (also referred to as Solid State Lighting)

Light Emitting Diodes (LED): most energy efficient and rapidly-developing lighting technology

use 80% less energy than incandescent lamps offer better light quality than almost any other type of energy efficient lighting last 25 times longer than traditional incandescent bulbs last up to three times longer than CFL lamps

Magnetic Induction Fluorescent

Magnetic induction fluorescent: the energy is transferred through the bulbs glass by electromagnetic induction

saves 40% of energy use over traditional fluorescent counterparts use 80% less energy than incandescent lamps some models have life expectancy of up to 100,000 hours induction lighting also has better color rendition Glare free when compare to LED lamps or HID lamps Induction lighting is one of the best kept secrets in energy efficient lighting. USA Department of Energy

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Ceramic Metal Halide (CMH)

Ceramic Metal Halide lamp (CMH) is relatively new energy efficient lighting technology using metallic atoms as the main source of light, creating a bluish light similar to daylight excellent in shop lighting, street and architectural lighting

light created by CMH lamps are bluish with a CRI of up to 90 Light created by the MMH ( Malty Metal Halides ) lamps can be 4400K are excellent for street lighting with CRI of > 65 and produce > 160 Plm/W ( > 18000 Plm for the 100W ) use 20% of the power of comparable tungsten incandescent light bulbs

Lighting Type Summary

The following table illustrates the relative differences in color, efficiency, and lifetime of various energy efficient lighting technologies:
Lighting type Standard Incandescent bulb Induction Lamps Efficacy (lumens/watts) 1022 70-80 Lifetime (hours) 500-3,500 50,000100,000 Color Rendition Index Color Temperature (CRI) (K) 98-100 (excellent) 80-88 (good) 2,700-2,800 (warm) 2,700-6,500 (warm to cold) 2,700-6,500 (warm to cold) 2,700-6,500 (warm to cold) 3,700 - 4400(cold)

Straight tube fluorescent Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)

30-110

7,000-24,000 5090 (fair to good) 10,000 20,000

50-70

65-88 (good)

Ceramic metal halide (CMH) ( 70-115 MMH) Cool white LEDs (light emitting diodes) Warm white LEDs 60-92

5,000-20,000 70 (fair) 35,00050,000 35,00050,000

70-90 (fair to good)

5,000 (cold)

27-54

70-90 (fair to good)

3,300 (neutral)

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Consider Photopic, Scotopic, Mesopic Vision before Specifying Lumen Requirements
Are all Lumens Equal? Consider how the human eye perceives light
Merging photopic, scotopic vision cuts energy costs, boosts visibility perception The science of measuring light, in terms of how the human eye perceives its brightness, is called photometry. The eye has two primary light-sensing cells in the retina, known as photoreceptors, called rods and cones, referring to their geometric shapes.

Cones process visual information under daytime, or photopic light levels Rods are used in near-complete darkness, referred to as scotopic conditions

Photopic light levels have excellent color discrimination, where colors seem the same under scotopic vision. lamps with high S/P ratios provide sharper vision both outdoors and indoors. So, a 200-watt magnetic induction lamp would appear just as bright or brighter than a sodium vapor or metal halide of twice the wattage. The ratio of scotopic luminance (or lumens) versus photopic luminance in a lamp is called the S/P ratio, which is a multiplier that determines the apparent visual brightness of a light source as well as how much light a lamp emits that is useful to the human eye, referred to as visually effective lumens (VELs).

Scotopic and Photopic Ratios

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Generally, lamps with high S/P ratios provide sharper vision both outdoors and indoors. So, a 200watt magnetic induction lamp would appear just as bright or brighter than a sodium vapor or metal halide of twice the wattage. Heres the math showing a 50% energy reduction:

A 400w Metal Halide lamp has a manufacturers rating of 54.6 lumens per watt; so, 400 x 54.6 = 21,840 lumens x 1.497 (S/P ratio) = 32,541 VELs. A 200w Induction lamp has a manufacturers rating of 81 lumens per watt; so, 200 x 81 = 16,200 lumens x 1.96 (S/P ratio) = 31,752 VELs.

Mesopic combining rods and cones

Between photopic and scotopic light levels is a range called mesopic, which are low but not dark outdoor lighting conditions where both cones and rods combine photopic and scotopic response to process visual information. Most artificial light systems emit outdoor light levels in the mesopic range.

Mesopic

Now, as we mentioned in a previous article, the seven color bands produced when sunlight is refracted through a prism red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet are part of the electromagnetic spectrum thats visible to the human eye and all have different wavelengths. To describe how the eye responds to those wavelengths, the lighting industry uses the term luminosity function, also called luminous efficiency function. Photopic luminosity function best approximates the response of the human eye in daylight and scotopic luminosity function is used to describe the eyes response to extremely low light (nighttime) levels.

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Scotopic Photopic Mesopic Commercial photometry is important for lighting installers and their clients in choosing the best locations to install fixtures as well as ensuring maximum efficiency of lighting systems. Problem is, commercial photometry only considers the photopic luminosity function, which was established in 1924 by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), and has almost always been recognized as underestimating how the blue and violet end of the spectrum where the eye shifts in scotopic conditions contribute to perceived luminance. In the past, lighting manufacturers used light meters to determine lumen output, or luminous efficacy, of a fixture in order to gain maximum energy efficiency. But these devices relied only on photopic conditions, in keeping with the decades-old assumption that light sensitive rods only kicked in at low-light, or nighttime, conditions. For lighting installers and their clients, that meant the effectiveness of certain lighting products used in nighttime applications, such as street lighting, in terms of energy efficiency and visual safety, was being underestimated.

LED Street Lighting

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

In addition, relying only on photopic luminous function to measure nighttime illuminations requires some light sources to use excessive energy to generate the necessary light level. Realizing the potential cost-savings that an alternative measure of lighting scenarios could produce coupled with the fact that photopic and scotopic were not mutually exclusive and that rods were active, not only in low-light but also during interior light levels, researchers set out to develop a new measurement.

Bridging the gap between scotopic and photopic

Researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institutes Lighting Research Center (LRC) developed a Unified System of Photometry, which integrates both the scotopic and photopic luminous efficiency functions into a measurement system that can be used for any light level, including mesopic, perceptible to the eyes. LRC researchers estimated that about half of U.S. streetlights could cut energy consumption by about 50 percent annually saving one billion kilowatt hours using a Unified System of Photometry to design more energy efficient lamps, including LEDs, without sacrificing perceptions of visibility and safety. In Egypt an Egyptian National Company replaced the 400W HPS with HP CFL of 100W in the 26July main commercial street since 2009 the project still working and presenting an excellent case study , but Egyptian Government never give any attention or even send a thanks letter to the company donor ?? Maybe because they are Egyptian . The project is one the cases that being taken as reference for SEL technique

Cutting energy consumption in street lighting

Field demonstration results in rural and suburban areas of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Texas verified that by implementing the Unified System of Photometry the street lighting system consumed 30 to 50 percent less electric power and the residents believed they could see better and said they felt safer, when compared to lighting systems designed using the traditional system of photometry. Commenting on the field tests, LRCs Director of Energy Programs, Peter Morante, described how, in nighttime conditions, the human eye is more sensitive to short-wavelength light, which produces cool tones like blue or green, as opposed to long-wavelength light, which produces warm tones like yellow and red.

By replacing traditional, yellowish high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with cool white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs, we can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or even improving visibility in nighttime conditions, .

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com

Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

Zamalek 26 July street Project Oct 2009 In this Project a HW ( High Watt ) energy saving Amalgam lamps 5U 100W will be used to replace 400W HPS the S/P ratio of 2.6 is clear and project still running without maintenance since 2009 AEEE will start a National pilot project in September 2013 using MMH lamps of 100W to replace 250W HPS and 70W induction lamps to replace 170W HPS in the Nasr City district in cooperation with Ministry of Energy and Electricity under the patronage of H.E. Minister Ahmed Emam Minister of Electric power and energy Eng. Gaber El Desuky Chairman of E.E.H.Co. Eng. Medhat Ramadan Head of Distribution Companies and Eng. Mustafa Rohaiem Chairman of North Cairo Electric Distribution Co. the project aim to save up to 1.4GW power when is Nationally implemented .

Sources for this article and further reading:

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/spectrally_enhanced.html http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/42327.pdf http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/pdf/GrotonFinalReport.pdf http://knol.google.com/k/environmental-aspects-of-magnetic-induction-lamps http://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/literature_library/white_papers/ download/photopic_scotopic_lb.pdf For more informations contact Dr. Mo. Helal : aeee.eg@gmail.com

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: aeee.eg@gmail.com