WET AND DRY DEPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AROUND COAL MINING

Proceedings of the XI International Seminar on Mineral Processing Technology (MPT-2010) Editors: R. Singh, A. Das, P.K. Banerjee, K.K. Bhattacharyya and N.G. Goswami NML Jamshedpur, pp. 11371146

WET AND DRY DEPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AROUND COAL MINING AREA OF DHANBAD AND BOKARO DISTRICTS
G.C. Mondal, Abhay Kumar Singh, T.B. Singh, B.K. Tewary and A. Sinha
Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, CSIR, Barwa Road, Dhanbad - 826015

ABSTRACT This paper provides baseline information about the wet and dry deposition of atmospheric pollutants in and around Dhanbad and Bokaro region. Rain water and free dust fall samples were collected on seasonal basis at six sites and analyzed for major ions and elemental composition to assess the wet and dry deposition of atmospheric pollutants. The analytical results show seasonal and spatial variation in elemental chemistry and rate of deposition of pollutants during monitoring months. On average, the ion composition of the rainwater follows the concentration sequence as: Ca2+>SO42>Cl>NH4+>Mg2+>Na+>F>K+>NO3. The calculated wet deposition fluxes were dominated by Ca2+, SO42 and NH4+; together contributing 6065% of the total annual wet deposition flux. The dust fall rate was comparatively high in the summer months and highest dust deposition rate was observed at Jharia and lowest at the CMRI site. The concentration of measured elements in the free dust fall of the area shows the general abundance order as: Ba>Mn>Sr>Zn>Cr>V>Cu>Ni>Pb>Co. The average dry elemental depositional fluxes were dominated by Ba (2.7510.0 kg/km2/month), Mn (3.1911.68 kg/km2/month), Zn (0.458.54 kg/km2/ month) and Cr (0.341.72 kg/km2/ month) along with minor contribution from Cu (0.72 kg/km2/month), Ni (0.61 kg/km2/month), Pb (0.45 kg/km2/month) and Co (0.23 kg/km2/month). Keywords: Atmospheric pollutants, Free dust fall, Deposition fluxes, Elemental composition, Dhanbad, Bokaro.

INTRODUCTION Deposition of atmospheric pollutants is a serious threat to human environment, such as vegetation, soil, water, forestry etc. and therefore, the research on deposition monitoring and its effects on human environment are going on extensively in many countries of the world. Emission of sulphur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere in Asia, Europe and North America has resulted in wide spread environmental effects including acidification of soils, surface waters, ground waters, injury to vegetation, corrosion of building materials and decreased in visibility (Fujita et al., 2000; Tsuruta, 1989; Weng, 1993; Ayers et al., 2002; Hooper and Peters, 1989). Atmospheric deposition is not just a domestic concern; it is also a regional environmental problem that transcends national boundaries. As emphasized in Chapter 9 on Agenda- 21 (on transboundary atmospheric pollution) adopted at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, acid deposition is a problem that requires international cooperative efforts for its solution. Dhanbad and Bokaro, known as coal cities of India, lies in the eastern part of the 1137

G.C. MONDAL, ABHAY KUMAR SINGH, T.B. SINGH, B.K. TEWARY and A. SINHA

Jharkhand state and are actively associated in mining activities for more than a century. There are many working and abandoned coal mines in and around Dhanbad and Bokaro cities. The Jharia coalfield (JCF), the largest coalfield in India comprising more than 200 opencast and underground coal mines, is located 5 km south of the Dhanbad town. Jharia coalfield is the Indias major source of prime coking coal. The region is characterised by high value of suspended particulate matter (SPM). The air pollutants encountered in these coal mines are both particulate and gaseous in nature and the principal causes of high SPM are vehicular emission, emission from different industrial and mining processes and loading and unloading of coal at various sites (Jain and Saxena 2002; Mondal et al. 2007). Major air polluting industries in the area include thermal power stations, coal washeries, steel plants, beehive coke ovens, hard coke oven plants, refractory and miscellaneous other industries. These industries emit particulate matters and various gaseous pollutants in to the atmosphere; causing the deterioration of air quality, high dust deposition and increase the potential for acid rains. Besides, industrial and mining operations, mine fire are the other major source of emission of gaseous pollutants in the region. Considering the importance of acid rain and greater concern over the particulate and gaseous emission of pollutants in this region, a study was undertaken to carry out an elemental chemistry of atmospheric dust and rain water and estimation of the dry and wet deposition of atmospheric pollutants in the Dhanbad-Bokaro region. STUDY AREA The present study area lies in the coal mining dominated regions of Dhanbad and Bokaro districts in eastern part of the Jharkhand state, bounded by latitude of 8600 8700 N and longitude of 2330 2400 E (Fig. 1). Dhanbad, known as coal capital of India, lies between 2337 and 2404 N latitude and 8606 and 8650 E longitude. The Dhanbad district covers an area of 2509.5 km2 and having a total population of 23, 97, 102 (Census 2001). Bokaro, the important industrial district of Jharkahnd and known as steel city, lies in the west of Dhanbad and bounded by 2304 to 2309 N latitude and longitude of 8506 to 8604 E. It covers a geographical area of 2,861 km2. The total population of the Bokaro district is 17,75,961. The study area is underlain by a wide range of geological formations ranging in age from Archean to Recent. The Archeans and Gondwanas rocks constitute the major parts of the area, while thin veneer of Quaternary alluvial deposits occurs in the topographic depressions along the Damodar, Barakar, Jamunia, Konar and Bokaro Rivers. The Archean metasedimentaries consisting of schists, granites and gneisses with igneous intrusives and associated bands of quartzites and amphibolites occupy a lager part of the districts. These consolidated groups of rocks occupy greater part of the Tundi, Topchanchi blocks, northern parts of the Govindpur block as a continuous chain of low hills and small isolated hillocks. The hill apart from those made up of quartzites consists of either of huge domeshaped masses of granites-gneiss or of irregular masses of dark hornblend gneiss. The younger geological formations of the area belong to the Gondwana System known for his coal bearing formations. The present study area covers a number of coal mines of the East Bokaro, West Bokaro, Jharia and Raniganj coalfields. The region experiences tropical climate and is characterized by very hot summer and cold winters. The months of May and June are very hot and dry; December and January are very cold. The mean monthly temperature varies from 7C in January to 36C in May. The climate is pleasant climate from February to March and October to November. Fog is not very common except in the industrial coal belts where heavy coal burning smokes hangs over the area. The annual rainfall occurs about 12001400 mm, out of which 7580% fall during the three months of July, August and September with smaller amounts in winter. A regular pre-monsoon feature is hot weather winds locally called andhi, sometimes laden with dust (the dust storm) in the region. 1138

WET AND DRY DEPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AROUND COAL MINING

24 00'
0

DUMRI

86 15 ' Rainwater Sampling Sites Dust Sampling Sites Thermal Power Coal Washery Cook Oven Plant Steel Plant

86 0 30'

86 45'

0 SCALE

5 KM

S-6 DHORI
230 45'

S-2 CMRI S-3 BANK MORE

GOBINDPUR S-7

DHANBAD
JHARIA S-8 S-4 CFRI

S-1 Maithon Reservoir NIRSA

CHANDRAPURA
POOTKEE S-9 S-5

BALIAPUR

DISHERGARH

BOKARO

CHAS
S-10 INDIA
STUDY AREA

Panchet Reservoir SANTHALDIH

J H A R K H A N D

WEST BENGAL

23

30'

Fig. 1: Location of sampling sites. METHODOLOGY Wet deposition (rainwater) were collected by using a high density polypropylene funnel of 30 cm diameter fitted on a 5-liter polyethylene bottle mounted on iron stands (1-m high) on the roof of buildings at six sampling sites (Fig. 1). The duration of each sampling was 24 hours on each site. To avoid the dry deposition, the collector was opened only during the period of precipitation and it was washed by distilled water in every 24 hour interval. Major anions (F, Cl, NO3, SO42) were analysed on ion chromatograph (Dionex Dx-120) using anions columns (AS12A/AG12) coupled to an anion self-regenerating suppressor in recycle mode. Major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) were also measured by ion chromatograph by using cation column (CS12A/CS12G) and cation self-regenerating suppressor in recycle mode. Analytical precision for cations and anions were within 10%. Free dust fall samples were collected in a cylindrical shape glass jar having 15 cm diameter and 45 cm height at six sites. In each sampling site, four separate samplers in different directions at a radial distance of 50m were placed for the sake of most precise sampling. All values obtained at a particular sampling site were, thus, the average of four sampling. Distilled water was placed in each of the collector to prevent sample loss by blowing air. The collectors were then placed in position in guard frame at an elevation of 515m above the ground level. The jars were inspected every week, and were replaced by fresh collection jar after duration of thirty days. The month wise measurements of dust fall rate were calculated on each site. For elemental analysis, the dried free dust fall samples were digested in a Teflon beaker by adding hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid on a hot plate at 130150C. The digested solutions were analysed for selected heavy metals with the help of ICP-AES. A reasonable precision of the dust and particulate matter was maintained by simultaneously analyzing the USGS rock standards (MAG-I, SCO-I, SGR-1) and Canadian soil standards (SO-I and SO-II).

1139

G.C. MONDAL, ABHAY KUMAR SINGH, T.B. SINGH, B.K. TEWARY and A. SINHA

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analytical results show that Ca2+ and NH4+ are the dominant cations, contributing 47% and 21% of the total cations and 26% and 11% of the total ionic mass respectively. It follows by Mg2+ (13%), Na+ (13%) and K+ is the least dominating cation (6%). Among anions, SO42 is the predominant contributing 55% to the total anionic mass balance followed by Cl (23%), F (18%) and NO3 (4%). On average, the ion composition of the rainwater of studied region follows the sequence Ca2+>SO42>Cl>NH4+>Mg2+>Na+>F>K+>NO3. The percentage contribution of cationic components (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and NH4+) towards the total ion mass balance is 54% and acidifying components (SO42, Cl, F and NO3) accounts 46% of total ionic mass. The slight cationic excess is probably due to some unaccountable anions (HCO3). Ionic concentrations of the rainwater are relatively higher at the early phase of rain (May and June), after that it follows the decreasing trends with increasing rainfall depth. This may be due to rapid below cloud scavenging of components of local origin and the low precipitation in the initial phase of rain. The higher residence period of particulates in the atmosphere favor the reactions with the acids in rainwater and causing the increase of concentration of ionic species especially the dust derived components like Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ during early phase of rain events. The study shows a sharp increase in concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ during the dry months of pre-monsoon (March-June) and post-monsoon (December-February) and low concentration in wet months (July-October). Seasonal concentrations of major anions (SO42, Cl, F and NO3) are also characterized by monsoon minima and non-monsoon maxima. Such seasonal pattern might be caused by the least mean precipitation and enhanced suspended particulates in the lower atmosphere during the dry periods. The removal of particulates in late monsoon phase cause the decrease in concentration of dissolved ions and increase the acidity of rainwater. However, the concentration of NH4+ did not follow the decreasing trend with increasing rain depth, suggesting that below cloud scavenging of NH4+ is not the only process that is contributing to the rain. The other processes such as diffusion of gaseous NH3 or rainout may also contribute to build up the NH4+ concentration (Naik et al., 2002). Monthly and total wet deposition fluxes of individuals ions at six monitoring sites have been calculated by considering average volume weighted concentration and average monthly rainfall data (Table 1). The study area receives 9095% of the total annual rainfall during June-October, so it can be presumed that the monitoring months (six months) represents the major share (9095%) of the annual bulk wet deposition of major ions. Table 1 shows that the wet deposition fluxes were clearly dominated by Ca2+ (71.7234 meq m2) and SO42 (64.4107.9 meq m2) and these two ions together with NH4+ (21.763.5 meq m2) contributed 6065% of the total wet deposition flux. The monthly variation in ionic deposition rate is influenced by rainfall intensity and concentration of ions. No specific trend in the ionic deposition rate has been observed, however, in general, the deposition rate of the most of the ions is lower during the early and late phase of the monsoon and higher during the peak monsoon months (JuneSeptember). The higher ionic concentration in the early phase of monsoon (June) may cause the higher deposition rate for dissolved ions, while in the later phase, concentration of the ions decreases while the amount of precipitation increases which control the ionic deposition rate. On an average, three months i.e. June, July and August accounts 69% of the total rainfall and about 66% of the wet deposition fluxes.

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WET AND DRY DEPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AROUND COAL MINING

Table 1: Variation in rainfall* and deposition of major ions at different sampling sites
Sites Nirsa Months May June July Aug Sept Oct. Total May June July Aug Sept Oct. Total May June July Aug Sept Oct. Total May June July Aug Sept Oct. Total May June July Aug Sept Oct. Total May June July Aug Sept Oct. Total Rainfall 48 215 320 285 242 88 1198 55 192 327 312 218 98 1200 46 168 354 335 229 87 1219 37 146 240 312 233 93 1060 47 178 339 360 250 109 1282 53 199 385 341 243 109 1330 F 1.3 5.0 5.6 4.5 3.3 1.0 20.8 1.9 4.7 4.5 4.7 3.2 1.5 20.6 1.2 3.5 6.9 6.3 3.7 1.3 22.8 1.2 3.3 4.9 6.3 3.7 1.7 21.1 1.1 4.0 2.8 6.8 5.0 2.3 21.9 5.1 7.5 7.8 4.6 1.9 26.9 Cl 6.0 11.9 8.7 9.3 4.4 1.3 41.5 3.1 7.4 7.0 5.6 3.1 1.2 27.5 5.4 17.3 11.1 7.6 6.2 2.5 50.0 1.6 5.3 6.0 6.6 4.1 2.2 25.8 2.2 5.6 6.2 12.7 10.8 3.0 40.5 4.5 9.5 7.3 3.5 2.2 27.0 NO3 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.3 4.7 2.3 2.9 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.4 8.6 1.1 2.2 1.6 1.3 0.8 0.2 7.1 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.6 4.2 3.3 3.3 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.3 10.5 1.2 2.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 4.7 SO42 9.6 24.6 21.3 20.2 14.6 5.5 95.7 7.4 14.1 17.4 14.9 8.8 4.2 66.9 13.2 18.6 22.7 20.4 15.1 5.8 95.7 5.7 10.2 13.7 15.2 12.8 6.9 64.4 10.9 14.8 12.4 29.6 33.4 6.9 107.9 34.7 28.0 26.4 17.4 6.8 113.3 Ca2+ 21.7 41.9 21.3 11.8 10.3 4.9 111.9 15.4 25.7 17.8 5.3 5.5 1.9 71.7 22.1 51.9 22.9 10.4 11.3 4.9 123.6 16.1 20.5 17.6 9.4 10.1 6.4 80.2 36.1 27.0 26.7 74.5 49.2 21.0 234.5 34.6 32.1 23.1 18.3 7.2 115.3 Mg2+ 4.6 10.8 4.9 4.3 3.5 1.4 29.6 2.4 4.1 4.1 2.1 2.2 0.7 15.7 4.5 10.2 5.4 5.4 3.9 1.4 30.8 3.1 4.3 4.9 4.7 2.3 1.6 20.9 5.4 6.7 3.9 12.4 14.0 4.4 46.9 8.5 7.0 6.9 5.3 1.8 29.5 Na+ 4.7 9.9 5.7 6.1 3.1 1.3 30.8 3.7 9.4 6.2 2.1 1.4 0.7 23.5 8.1 20.2 5.9 5.7 4.9 2.0 46.8 2.6 4.5 4.4 5.6 2.5 0.9 20.3 2.5 4.9 3.6 6.1 10.3 0.9 28.4 4.5 6.0 4.2 3.2 1.8 19.7 K+ 5.9 13.8 3.3 6.1 1.1 0.6 30.9 1.5 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.6 0.4 9.3 1.4 3.5 2.5 2.3 1.7 0.5 12.0 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 6.6 1.2 1.7 1.4 2.4 3.4 0.5 10.6 2.0 3.6 2.2 3.3 0.7 11.7 NH4+ 1.2 1.6 5.9 8.3 4.7 2.7 24.3 4.9 9.8 8.1 7.6 4.9 2.7 38.0 2.8 9.9 19.4 20.9 8.7 1.8 63.5 0.4 3.0 5.1 6.7 4.6 2.0 21.7 2.8 6.1 5.0 7.2 7.0 1.4 29.6 0.8 12.2 8.8 2.6 2.5 27.0

CMRI

Bank More

CFRI

Bokaro

Dhori

Units: meq m2, +Rain fall (in mm), *Deposition of major ions calculated from volume weighted ionic concentration.

1141

G.C. MONDAL, ABHAY KUMAR SINGH, T.B. SINGH, B.K. TEWARY and A. SINHA

The calculated dust fall rate at different sampling sites in the study area during summer and winter seasons are given in Table 2. It is observed that dust fall rate in the study area varies from place to place and also in season to season. It is high in the summer months (MarchJune) and low during post-monsoon season. The average dust fall rate varies between 5.8526.25 tons/sq.km/month and a maximum dust fall rate (26.25 tons/sq. km/months) was observed at Jharia site. High dust fall rate in the summer months is due to high wind velocity (615 km/hour) and atmospheric turbulence. The poor road condition, dry and humid weather and vehicular movements also enhance the dust fall rate during the summer months. During winter season, the average dust fall varies between 2.9812.68 tons/sq. km/month with a maximum values at Jharia site (12.68 tons/sq. km/month). The dust fall rate is comparatively low at CMRI as compared to the other sites both in summer and winter seasons. Table 2: Dust fall rate of different sites during summer and winter seasons S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Station Site Nirsa Govindpur CMRI Bankmore Jharia CFRI Pootkee Chas Summer Season (Tons km2 month1) 17.74 14.93 5.85 20.25 26.56 19.46 24.76 16.58 Winter Season (Tons km2 month1) 8.69 6.38 2.98 8.79 12.68 9.93 11.23 7.18

The heavy metals concentration in the free dust fall in the study area is given in Table 3). Ba, Mn, Sr, Zn Cr and V are the dominant heavy metals in the free dust fall of this region. Concentration of Zn and Cr ranges between 75 to 770 g g1 and 44 156 g g1 with the annual average values of 255 g g1 and 106 g g1 respectively. Concentration of Cu, Pb, Ni and Co is usually low and found below 100 g g1. The free dust fall of the region show the elemental concentrations in the order Ba>Mn>Sr>Zn>Cr >V>Cu>Ni>Pb>Co. The elemental deposition rate of measured metals at different monitoring sites is presented in Figs. 2(aj). The annual depositional flux of different elements at district level were also calculated on the basis of average elemental composition of dust fall and district area of Dhanbad (2509.5 km2) and given in Fig. 3. Annually 237.7 Tons of Ba, 222.9 tons of Mn and 112 Tones of Zn were deposited over Dhanbad district followed by Cr (41.7 Tons/Year), Cu (21.8 Tons/Year), Ni (18.4 Tons/Year), Pb (13.5 Tons/year) and Co (6.79 Tons/Year).

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WET AND DRY DEPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AROUND COAL MINING

Table 3: Heavy metal concentration and seasonal variation in free dust fall at different monitoring sites
Site Nirsa Sample Code DS5 DS-6 DS-7 Govindpur DS-1 DS-3 DS-4 Bank More DS-8 DS-9 DS-10 CMRI D-11 D-13 D-15 CFRI DS-16 DS-14 DS-15 Pootkee DS-11 DS-12 DS-13 Minimum Maximum Average Std. Dev. Units: g g1 Samp. Period Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon Winter Summer Cu 59 66 69 55 59 59 61 68 69 28 29 22 60 55 41 65 58 58 22 69 55 15 Zn 191 254 220 542 267 212 254 216 301 75 109 100 177 212 770 261 225 211 75 770 255 162 Cr 128 122 134 113 107 156 113 120 139 44 88 71 104 95 77 125 85 91 44 156 106 27 Ni 53 56 56 43 41 49 59 55 60 20 45 35 48 46 35 56 51 45 20 60 47 10 Co 19 19 21 17 17 18 20 22 23 10 14 12 18 17 13 21 16 17 10 23 17 4 Pb 52 55 49 34 28 35 77 43 43 39 58 43 23 28 25 40 26 25 23 77 40 14 Ba 879 897 689 583 723 736 505 549 552 888 516 677 585 655 579 619 568 544 505 897 652 128 Sr 203 165 167 164 193 194 115 103 119 136 172 190 131 141 131 193 195 179 103 203 161 32 V 97 109 111 96 108 96 111 181 252 57 84 70 209 90 82 127 80 78 57 252 113 51 Mn 697 587 774 697 619 464 789 464 387 619 619 776 546 697 542 697 703 625 387 789 628 114

CONCLUSION Wide seasonal and spatial variation in elemental chemistry and rate of deposition of pollutants has been observed during monitoring months. The monthly variation in ionic deposition rate is influenced by variation in rainfall and concentration of ionic species. No specific trend in the ionic deposition rate has been observed, however, in general, the deposition rate of the most of the ions is lower during the early and late phase of the monsoon and higher during the peak monsoon months (JuneSeptember). Ca2+ and SO42 dominate the bulk ionic deposition and these two ions together with NH4+ account for about 6065% of the total ionic mass deposition for the study area. The study has shown that Jharia was the most polluted site followed by Pootkee, Bankmore, CFRI, Nirsa, Chas, Govindpur and CMRI. Dust fall in the study area varies from place to place and also season to season. It is high in the summer months. At the CMRI site dust fall is comparatively less during both the seasons. 1143

G.C. MONDAL, ABHAY KUMAR SINGH, T.B. SINGH, B.K. TEWARY and A. SINHA Cu (a)
Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month)

Zn (b)
Summer Average
Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month) 16

1.6

Winter
1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Nirsa Govindpur Bank More

Winter
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Nirsa

Summer

Average

CMRI

CFRI

Pootkee

Govindpur Bank More

CM RI

CFRI

Pootkee

Cr (c)
Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month) 3
Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month) 1.4

Ni (d)
Summer Average
Winter
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Nirsa Govindpur Bank M ore CM RI CFRI Pootkee

Winter
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Nirsa Govindpur Bank More CMRI

Summer

Average

CFRI

Pootkee

Co (e)
Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month)
Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month)

Pb (f)
Winter Summer Average
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Nirsa Govindpur Bank More CMRI CFRI Pootkee

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Nirsa Govindpur Bank More CMRI CFRI Pootkee

Winter

Summer

Average

Ba (g)
Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month)
Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month)
16
5

Sr (h)
Winter Summer Average
Winter
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Summer

Average

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Nirsa

Govindpur Bank More

CM RI

CFRI

Pootkee

Nirsa

Govindpur Bank M ore

CM RI

CFRI

Pootkee

V (i)
Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month) Elemental Deposition Rate (Kg/Km /month)
6 18

Mn (j)
Winter Summer Average Winter
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Summer

Average

Nirsa

Govindpur Bank More

CMRI

CFRI

Pootkee

Nirsa

Govindpur Bank More

CMRI

CFRI

Pootkee

Monitoring Sites

Monitoring Sites

Fig. 2 (aj): Elemental depositional fluxes at different monitoring sites.

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WET AND DRY DEPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AROUND COAL MINING

Elemental Annual Depositional Flux (Tons/Year)

250 200 150 100 41.8 50 0 21.8 Cu Zn Cr 18.4 Ni Elements 6.8 Co 13.5 Pb 112.2

237.7 223.0

Ba

Mn

Fig. 3: Annual depositional flux of different elements over Dhanbad district. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to Director, CIMFR for his permission to publish this paper. Help rendered by S. Singh, A. Barat, K.K Singh and Mr. Suresh in analysis is thankfully acknowledged. REFERENCES [1] Adams, S.J., 1997, Environmental Technology 18, p. 345. [2] Balachandran, S. and Khilare, P.S., 2001, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 71, p. 165. [3] Banerjee, S.K., Dhar, R.K. and Ghose, M.K., 1996, Environmental Management 20, p. 235. [4] Brooks, K. and Schwar, M.J.R., 1987, Environmental Pollution 43, p. 129. [5] Chate, D.M. and Pranesha, T.S., 2004, Journal of Aerosol Science 35, p. 695. [6] Chaulya, S.K., 2004, Journal of Environmental Management 70, p. 1. [7] Das, D.K., Burman, G.K. and Kidwai, A.L., Mausam 32, p. 221. [8] Das, R., Das, S.N. and Misra, V.N., 2005, Atmospheric Environment 39, p. 5908. [9] Dhar, B.B., 1994, Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, p. 309. [10] Fuglsang, K., 2002, Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 52, p. 789. [11] Ghose, M.K. and Banerjee, S.K., 1995, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 38, p. 97. [12] Ghose, M.K. and Banerjee, S.K., 1997, Energy Environment Monitor 13, p. 1116. [13] Ghose, M.K. and Majee, S.R., 2000a, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 61, p. 255. [14] Ghose, M.K. and Majee, S.R., 2000b, Atmospheric Environment 34, p. 2791. [15] Ghose, M.K. and Majee, S.R., 2001, Journal of Environmental Management 63, p. 193. [16] Ghose, M.K. and Sinha, D.K., 1990, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 10, p. 752. [17] Gibbs, R.J., 1977, Geological Society of American Bulletin, 88, p. 829. [18] Hall, D.J., Upton, S.L. and Marsland, G.W., 1993, Improvements in dust gauge design. In: Couling, S. (Ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, London. [19] Handa, B.K., 1969, Tellus 21, p. 95. 1145

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