Antilock Brake Systems (ABS)

Antilock Brake Systems (ABS)
When a driver applies the brakes, the shoeslpads cause the rotating wheel to slow down relative to the ground. This generates slipping between the road and the tire, and this slip generates the braking forces on the vehicle. As the driver increases brake pressure, the slip
Automobile Engineering
increases and generates higher braking forces. This process is limited by the static coefficient of friction between the road and the tire. Beyond that point, the slip increases uncontrollably, and at 100% slip, the tire-road is operating at its dynamic coefficient of friction, and the wheel is locked. (This effect is shown later in Fig. 9.25 in the tire section of this chapter.) Recall from Chapter 7 that the lateral force developed by a tire is a function of slip angle. When the wheel is locked, the lateral force generated decreases markedly (as shown in Fig. 9.26 in the next section). Thus, locking the wheels while braking has two effects. First, because the dynamic coefficient of friction is lower, the braking force generated is slightly lower, thus slightly increasing braking distance. More importantly, the locked wheel does not produce much lateral force. Thus, no steering is available on a locked front wheel, whereas a locked rear wheel is unstable because the rear wheels cannot resist the rapid increase in yaw velocity induced by steering inputs. The function of antilock brake systems (ABS) is to provide controlled braking under all conditions. The system senses wheel lockup and momentarily reduces braking pressure to the affected wheel. Under most conditions, ABS results in a decreased stopping distance by keeping the tire-road at the maximum coefficient of friction. However, its primary benefit is that vehicle control is maintained throughout the stop by inhibiting lockup of any wheel. Figure 9.19 shows a plot of brake pressure, wheel velocity, and slip for a wheel with ABS applied. As shown in Fig. 9.19, wheel slip increases linearly with brake pressure until the static coefficient of friction is exceeded. The wheel slip then begins to increase rapidly. The
ABS
senses this increase, reduces brake pressure, and thus increases wheel velocity (i.e., the wheel is no longer locked up). When the system senses that the wheel is rolling again, brake pres-
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Vaibhav Vithoba Naik
sure is reapplied, and the process repeats itself.
antilock brake system can be classified by the number of channels used by the system, a channel being one input to the controller. Hence, a two-channel ABS has two inputs to the controller. Early systems, and some used on SUVs, have ABS on only the rear brakes and tend to be two-channel systems. A three-channel system receives inputs from each front wheel and from a rear axle sensor, as shown in Fig. 9.20. The disadvantage of a three-channel system is that one rear wheel could lock without being detected by the system. Thus, most modern ABS use four-channel systems, wherein each wheel has its own speed sensor providing an input to the controller. The specific components and control strategies used in ABS vary by manufacturer. The basic concept of ABS is simple to understand, but several complications confront the designer when implementing such a system. One complication is what is known as "split coefficient" braking. In this case, one side of the vehicle is traveling on a lowfriction surface while the wheels on the other side are in contact with a much higher coefficient of friction. In the absence of any input to the controller other than wheel speed, the ABS will result in
An
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imbalanced forces side to side, which in turn causes the vehicle to turn toward the side with the higher coefficient of friction. Thus, many systems also incorporate "yaw control." The yaw sensor detects the buildup of yaw velocity under a split coefficient braking situation and modulates the brake pressure on the high-friction side to keep the vehicle tracking straight ahead. A further evolution of this system is full vehicle yaw control, sometimes called stability control or anti-rollover braking. Such systems not only detect vehicle yaw, but also measure the driver input through the steering wheel. This input tells the controller where the driver wants to go. The yaw sensor calculates where the car is actually going, and the controller modulates the brake pressure to ensure that the car does go where the driver intends it to go. Figure 9.21 shows a control schematic for such a system.
In a similar manner, ABS is now incorporated into stability control systems that prevent wheel spin during acceleration. Such systems currently are seen on high-end cars and enhance
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vehicle control when starting to move on slippery surfaces. Such systems also are used on high-performance cars, especially those with enough horsepower to generate significant wheel spin on dry pavement.
BRAKES 1. Requirements of the brake 2. Classification of Brakes 3. Mechanical Brakes 4. Hydraulic Brakes 5. Electro and Vaccum brakes 6. Disc brakes 7. Braking of the front wheel 8. Rear wheel and four wheel brakes 9. Brake trouble shooting 10. Introduction Antilock braking system
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Q1. - List the functions of the brake? State its essential requirement? Answer: BRAKE :It is a device used for slowing, stopping & controlling the vehicle. In braking operation, the kinetic energy of vehicle is converted into heat, which is dissipated to atmosphere.
FUNCTIONS OF VEHICLE BRAKING There are two main functions of brakes: 1) To slow down or stop the vehicle in the shortest possible time at the time of need. 2) To control the speed of vehicle at turns and also at the time of driving down on a hill slope. REQUIREMENTS OF THE BRAKE 1) The brakes should stop the vehicles in shortest possible distance and time. 2) The brake should work equally good on fair or bad road., 3) Paddle effort applied by the driver should not be more so as not to strain the drivers. 4) Brake should work equally good in all weather. 5) It should have less wearing parts 6) It should require less maintenance.
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7) Brakes, when applied should not disturb steering geometry. 8) There should be minimum sound when brakes are applied.
Q2. - Define the principle on which brake works? Classify the brakes Answer: PRINCIPLE OF VEHICLE BRAKING Braking of a vehicle depends upon the static function that acts between tyres and road surface. Brakes work on the following principle to stop the vehicle: The kinetic energy due to motion of the vehicle is dissipated in the form of heat energy due to friction between moving parts (wheel or wheel drum) and stationary parts of vehicle (brake shoes). The heat energy so generated due to application of brakes is dissipated into air. Brakes operate most effectively when they are applied in a manner so that wheels do not lock completely but continue to roll without slipping on the surface of road.
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Q2. Give the Classification of the brakes? Answer: CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKES Brakes may be classified in the following ways. a. With respect to application: 1. Foot brake :- service brake 2. Hand brake :- parking brake b. With respect to number of wheels to which brake is applied 1. Two wheel brake 2. Four wheel brake c. With respect to construction 1. Drum brake 2. Disc brake d. On the Basis of Mode of Operation 1. Mechanical brakes 2. Hydraulic brakes 3. Air brakes 4. Vacuum brakes 5. Electric brakes.
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Q3.: - Explain the Drum Brake /Internal Expanding brakes ? Answer: -MECHANICAL BRAKES DRUM BRAKE: 1. In this type, a brake drum is attached concentric to axle hub. 2. Two brake shoes are anchored on the back plate as shown in figure. 3. Friction linings are mounted on the brake shoes. 4. One or two retractor springs are used to keep the brake shoes away from the drum when the brakes are not applied.
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5. The brake shoes are anchored at one end, whereas on the other end force F is applied by means of some brake actuating mechanism, which forces the brake shoe against the revolving drum, thereby applying the brakes. 6. An adjuster is also provided to compensate for wear of friction lining with use.
Q4.: - Explain the Hydraulic brake working with its principle ? Answer: HYDRAULIC BRAKES Principle: Force applied on the brake pedal is transmitted to brake shoe through a confined liquid known as brake fluid. OR Hydraulic brakes work on the principle of Pascals law which states that pressure at a point in a fluid is equal in all directions in space. According to this law when pressure is applied on a fluid it travels equally in all directions so that uniform braking action is applied on all four wheels. Construction: Hydraulic braking system consists of 1. Master cylinder 2. Wheel cylinder 3. Brake drum 4. Brake shoes 5. Brake fluid with brake lines.
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1. MASTER CYLINDER: a. It consists of two main chambers, fluid reservoir & compression chamber. b. Reservoir supplies fluid to brake system through two ports. c. Larger port is called as intake port whereas smaller port is called as d. By pass port. e. To prevent leakage, there are rubber seals on both sides of piston in the compression chamber. f. Towards the break line side of compression chamber, there is a fluid check valve with a rubber cup inside. It serves to retain residual pressure in the brake lines even after the brakes are released. 2. WHEEL CYLINDER :a. Wheel cylinders are provided to force the brake shoes against the drums. b. Each wheel cylinder is provided with piston, rubber seal, and rubber seal spreaders, springs etc. c. The brake line from the master cylinder is attached to the inlet port of wheel cylinder. d. A bleeder port is provided to bleed the air whenever necessary.
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WORKING: 1. The master cylinder is connected by brake lines to wheel cylinder at each of four wheels. Each wheel cylinder consists of a cylinder brake drum, which is mounted on inner side of wheel & revolves with it. Inside the brake drum, two brake shoes are fitted with friction brake lining on their surfaces. 2. When the brake pedal is pressed, which is connected to master cylinder by means of piston rod, it causes the piston of master cylinder to move. It increases the pressure of fluid inside the master cylinder & in entire hydraulic system. This pressure is instantly transferred to all four wheel cylinders. 3. As soon as the pressurized oil comes inside the wheel cylinder through inlet port, the pistons in the wheel cylinder moves outwards moving the brake shoes out against the brake drum. Thus the brakes are applied. 4. When the driver releases the brake pedal, the master cylinder piston returns to its original position due to return spring, dropping fluid pressure. Brake shoe retracting springs contract & pulls the brake shoes out of contact with brake drum to their original position & brakes are released.
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Q5.: - Give the advantages and disadvantages of Hydraulic brake ? Answer: ADAVANTGE OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM The advantages of hydraulic brake system are, 1. Mechanical linkages, joints etc. are eliminated so as to have simple construction. 2. Equal braking effort at all points to all four wheels. 3. Self lubricating 4. High mechanical advantage i.e. less effort required to operate brake 5. Differential braking action can be permitted by using wheel cylinders of different sizes for front & rear wheels. 6. It gives higher efficiency than any other hydraulic system. DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM The disadvantages of hydraulic brake system are, 1. Fails the whole system when there is leakage or damage to any part of system. 2. Due to leakage of fluid, damage to brake shoes & linings happens. 3. This system is used to apply brakes intermittently. For parking purposes, separate mechanical linkage has to be used.
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Q8. - Explain the construction and working of Master Cylinder? Answer: MASTER CYLINDER: Construction of Master Cylinder 1. The Master Cylinder is the heart of the hydraulic brake system. 2. It consists of two main chambers. 3. The fluid reservoir which contains the fluid to supply to the brake system, and the compression chamber in which the piston operates.
4. The reservoir supplies fluid to the brake system through two ports. 5. The larger port is called the filler or intake part and is connected to the hollow portion of the piston between the primary and secondary cups which act as piston seals. 6. The smaller port is called the relief, bypass or compensating port which connects the reservoir directly with the cylinder and lines when the piston is in the released position.
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Working of Master Cylinder 1. When the brake pedal is depressed, the master cylinder piston moves forward to force the liquid under pressure into the system. The relief port is sealed out of the system. The liquid pressure is conducted to the wheel cylinders, where it forces the wheel cylinder pistons out wards. These pistons force the brake shoes out against the brake drums. 2. When brake pedal is released, the return spring quickly forces the master cylinder piston back against the piston stop. Because the fluid in the lines returns rather slowly, a vacuum tends to form in the cylinder in front of the piston. This causes the primary cup to collapse to allow the liquid to flow from the reservoir through the filter port past the piston to fill the vacuum.
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Q8.: - Explain WHEEL CYLINDER ? Answer: WHEEL CYLINDER : 1. Wheel cylinder is the second important hydraulic brake system. It consists of two pistons which can move in opposite directions by the fluid pressure. It is rigidly mounted on the brake shield or backing plate. The boots protect the cylinders from foreign substances. Bleeder valves are provided in the cylinder to permit air and liquid to be pumped out of the system during of the bleeding operation .
2. Piston cup fits tightly in the cylinder against each piston and seal the mechanism against leakage of the brake fluid. A Spring serves to hold the cups against the piston when the pressure is decreased. 3. When the brakes are applied the brake fluid enters the cylinder from a brake line connection inlet between the two pistons. It causes to force out the two pistons in opposite directions. This motion is transmitted to the brake shoe. Directly or through links force them against the brake drum, thus applying the brake.
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Q8. - Explain the Pneumatic brake? State its advantage and disadvantages? Ans: PNEUMATIC BRAKE Construction of Pneumatic brake The pneumatic brake system consists of the following parts. 1. Air compressor Generally the reciprocating compressor is used to build the air pressure in the reservoir. The compressor is driven by the engine. 2. Unloaded valve It maintains the constant pressure in the reservoir. The excess of the pressure is relieved by the unloaded valve.
Figure: Block Diagram of Pneumatic Brake 3. Reservoir It is the tank in which the air at high pressure is stored. 4. Brake Valve It is located between air reservoir and air line of the brake cylinder. Brake valve is used to control the braking action. Brake valve may be operated by the brake pedal.
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5. Brake Chamber It is the housing in which brake shoe linkages are connected to the diaphragm. The movement of the diaphragm due to high pressure air actuated brakes shoes towards brake drum. 6. Quick release valve Quick release valve is used in from of brake liners to accelerate the quick release of the pressure. 7. Relay valve It speeds up the braking action and release of the air from brake chamber. It supplies the air to the brake chamber directly from the reservoir and also retains the air from rears brake chamber directly into atmosphere.
Figure: Air Brake
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Working of the Pneumatic brake 1. In pneumatic brake, the brake shoes are operated by means of air pressure. 2. Engine drives a compressor, which is used to compress the air and stores in air reservoir. 3. Brake cylinder is connected to air re4servious by means of the flexible linkages. 4. When the brake pedal is pressed, the compressed air enters in wheel cylinder to push the diaphragm which in turn pushes the brake shoe to apply the brake. 5. When the pressure is released from the brake pedal, it comes back with retracting spring as result in closing of the brake valve and releases the pressure inside the brake chamber. Advantage of Pneumatic Brake 1. These are very powerful as compared to the mechanical or hydraulic brakes. 2. Its location and working is very easy and simple. 3. Available compressed air also used for wiper.
Disadvantage of Pneumatic Brake 1. Compressor consumes the part of the engine power. 2. Construction of each component is complicated. 3. System is costly.
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Q9. - Explain the Power brake? Ans: ELECTRO AND VACUUM BRAKES (POWER BRAKE) Construction of the Vacuum Brake 1. POWER BRAKE is designed to reduce the pedal effort required to stop the vehicle. 2. Power brake used engine manifolds to assist the driver in applying the brakes. 3. Power brake consist of the three basic parts
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4. The vacuum of engine manifolds or separate exhauster can be used in vacuum or power brake. 5. System consists of vacuum reservoir connected through the non return valve to inlet manifolds of engine. 6. The two connections from vacuum reservoir go to the servo cylinder and control unit. 7. The control unit has two valves. 8. The lower valves control the connection between the reservoir and right sides of servo cylinder piston. 9. The other side of the piston of control unit is actuated by pedal by means of master cylinder.
Working of the Vacuum Brake 1. When the brake pedal is OFF position, the lower valve of control unit is open and upper valve is closed. This disconnects the atmospheric air and vacuum form the reservoir is created on the both side of the piston of the servo cylinder. 2. When the brakes are applied, it closes the lower valve of control unit and opens the upper valve of atmospheric air to push piston in servo cylinder towards the right to apply brakes. In these ways driver effort are utilized to control the position of the drive in the control unit. 3. If failure occur in vacuum power system because of stalled engine, the brake should still be applied to stop the car, but by greater effort.
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Q10.: - Explain the construction and working of disc brakes?. Answer: -DISC BRAKE: Construction: 1. It consists of a cast iron disc bolted to the wheel hub & stationery housing called as the caliper. 2. The caliper is connected to some stationery part of vehicle like stub axle. 3. This caliper is cast in to two parts each containing a piston. 4. In between each piston & the disc there is a friction pad held in position by retaining pins or springs. 5. The passages are drilled in the caliper for the fluid to enter or leave in each housing.
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Working : 1. When the brakes are applied, hydraulically actuated pistons make the friction pads into contact with the disc, applying equal & opposite forces on the disc, causing the friction & hence slowing it down. 2. When brakes are released, hydraulic pressure on the friction pads is released. The piston moves inwards & breaks their contact with the disc.
Q11.: - Explain the advantages of disc brakes over drum brakes. Ans: ADVANTAGES OF DISC BRAKES OVER DRUM BRAKES The advantages of disc brakes over drum brakes are, 1. In case of disc brakes, friction surfaces are directly exposed to air, whereas in drum type, the friction occurs on the internal surfaces, so heat dissipation problem occurs. 2. The friction pads in case of disc brakes are flat as compared to curved friction linings in case of drum brakes. Therefore there is uniform wear of friction pads in case of disc brakes. This helps in easy selection of material for pads. 3. The design of disc brake is such that there is no loss of efficiency due to expansion. In case of drum brake, as the system becomes hot, the expansion of a drum of internally expanding shoe type brake tends to move the friction surfaces apart, causing a loss of effective pedal travel. On the other hand, disc expansion merely changes the relative positions on friction surface causing no loss. 4. Disc brakes weigh less than drum brake. 5. Design of disc brakes is very simple & involves less number of parts to wear. 6. Easy replacement of friction pads.
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Q12. - Short notes on Brake Bleeding. Answer: BLEEDING OF BRAKES When air enters, into the brake system and any brake line is disconnected, bleeding of brakes has to be done. Since air is compressible so any presence of air inside brake lining does not allow to transmit brake force to apply brakes. Therefore, the system must be free from presence of air. Bleeding is the process of removal of air from the braking system. Bleeding Procedure Following steps are followed for bleeding of brakes 1. Remove all dirt from the master cylinder filler plug. Then fill the master cylinder up to lower edge of the filler neck by removing the filler plug. 2. Clean all the bleeding connections provided on all wheel cylinders. 3. After this bleeder hose and fixture is connected to that wheel cylinder which has longest brake line. The other rend of bleeder hose is placed in a glass jar, and submerge this end in the brake fluid. 4. How bleeder valve is opened by half to three quarter turn. 5. Then press the foot pedal and allow it to return back slowly. 6. This pumping action must be continued till all the air along with some brake fluid comes out through bleeding hose. 7. After this bleeding operation is carried out on all wheel cylinders. 8. This completes the bleeding operation. At the end master cylinder is filled with brake fluid to required level.
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Q13.: - Short notes on Brake Setting or Brake Adjustments Answer: ADJUSTMENT OF BRAKES 1. When pedal is pressed to apply brake, there should be atleast 1/2 inch free pedal movement before breaking action starts. This may vary from company to company. 2. The brakes are adjusted as per the above mentioned recommendation before they are ready to use. This is done by following a definite procedure. a. List the wheels by screw jack. b. Loosen the lock nut for the forward brake shoe and keep it in this position. c. Turn the eccentric with other wrench towards the front of automobile till the brake shoe touches the drum. d. Release the eccentric while turning the wheel with one hand, till wheel turns freely. e. Hold the eccentric in this position and tighter the lock nut. f. Repeat the same operation to adjust other shoe, but turn the eccentric if the backward direction of the vehicle. g. Above procedure is repeated for all the four wheels.
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Q14.: - Short notes on Parking brake or Emergency Brake? Answer: PARKING BRAKE OR EMERGENCY BRAKE 1. Parking brakes or emergency brakes are essentially mechanical brakes operated by hand. 2. These are used to prevent the motion of vehicle when parked at a place or when parked on slopes. 3. In cars, these brakes are generally attached to rear wheels. 4. In this type, a cable connects the hand lever to the brake. 5. Brakes are applied by pulling the lever and released by pushing a button (provided on lever) and pressing the lever down.
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Q15.: - Short notes on Brake Adjusting Mechanism? Ans: Brake Show Adjustment Mechanism 1. There are various methods to adjust the brake shop, 2. The most common types important ones are the A. Micram adjuster B. Screw adjuster.
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A. MICRAM TYPE ADJUSTMENT OF BRAKE SHOES 1. This system is very effective and simple in construction as shown in figure. 2. The mechanism consists two scroll members provided one for each brake shoe to adjust them. each scroll member is mounted between the brake shoe and the member M is fixed to the actuating plunger. 3. The brake shoe bears on the pin of the scroll member and the scroll member itself bears on a locking tooth or ridge of the member M.
4. The scroll member is provided with toothed cam and can be turned by a screw driver when there is desire to the shoe adjustment. The position of the adjustment is locked by securing the tooth of the cam in the ridge of the member M. this system is generally used in hydraulic brakes.
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B. TAPER SCREW ADJUSTER 1. In this system the shoes are adjusted by a screw which is known as 'star adjusting screw'. 2. The upper ends of the shoes are pivoted in the projections of the anchor pin ant the lower ends are connected by the 'star adjusting screw' as shown in the figure. 3. The expander Unit is provided just below the anchor pin and shoes are held with the unit by the return sprigs.
Figure : Taper Screw Adjuster 4. Another helical spring is provided at the lower side to hold the shoed on the ends of the adjusting screw. 5. Whenever the brakes are required to be adjusted then the adjusting screw is turner with the help of a lever or screw driver through the window provided in the back plate 6. This results in the expansion of the shoes out wards and thus reducing the clearance between the linings and the drum . 7. Screw type adjuster is used in mechanical as well as hydraulic
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Antilock Brake Systems (ABS)

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Antilock Brake Systems (ABS)

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

sure is reapplied, and the process repeats itself.

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Figure: Air Brake

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