Assessment of the emotional and physical well-being of primigravida towards safe motherhood in selected birthing center at general mariano

alvarez, cavite

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Being a young mother in an industrialized country can affect one's education. Teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school. Recent studies, though, have found that many of these mothers had already dropped out of school prior to becoming pregnant, but those in school at the time of their pregnancy were as likely to graduate as their peers.[citation needed] One study in 2001 found that women who gave birth during their teens completed secondary-level schooling 10-12% as often and pursued post-secondary education 14-29% as often as women who waited until age 30. Almost every woman notices some immediate feelings of sadness after childbirth. The puerperium is the period beginning

after delivery and ending when the womans body has returned as closely as possible to its pre-pregnant state. This probably occurs as a response to the anticlimactic feeling after birth and probably is related to hormonal shifts as estrogen, progesterone and

corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels in her body decline.

Statement of the Problem This research about the Assessment of the emotional and physical well-being of primigravida towards safe motherhood in selected birthing center at general mariano alvarez, cavite. Specifically it tried to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents as to: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2. 3. age civil status educational attainment occupation

Are you familiar with taking care of your newborn? Are you well informed about how to cope up with your moods

after birth? 4. Do you think that a seminar for new mothers could be helpful? 5. Are you familiar with the term post-partum? 6. Can you provide everything for your child to make sure about his health?

7. does your doctor told you about the importance of undergoing seminars to help you cope up with your situation? 8. 9. Do you take care of your infant yourself? Can you be a mother at your age?

10. Are there people who support you as a first time mother?

Objectives of the Study The main objective of this study is to provide essential information to students, educators, parents and other significant readers on the Assessment of the emotional and physical well-being of primigravida towards safe motherhood in selected birthing center at general mariano alvarez, cavite. Secondary objectives include: 1. To determine the different views and performance of the respondents(primigravida) for their first born. 2. To evaluate the level of knowledge acquired on taking care of newborn of the respondents. 3. To identify the factors that influence the strengths and weaknesses of the knowledge of these primigravida for their newborn.

Importance of the Study This study entitled Assessment of the emotional and physical well-being of primigravida towards safe motherhood in selected birthing center at general mariano alvarez, cavite the following will benefit from this study:

a. Students. They will gain knowledge and understanding on the primigravidas emotional and physical well being and how teach them. b. Clinical instructors. They would be guided

accordingly on how to teach their students on what primigravida is all about. c. Family. They would understand how to take care of their first newborn baby. d. Primigravida mothers. They would understand what they could feel after giving birth and how to cope up

with it.

Scope and limitation

This study deals mainly with the Assessment of the emotional and physical well-being of primigravida towards safe motherhood.

1. to be able to indicate the history and meaning of pregnancy and child bearing the researchers go to the library and research for its history and meaning; 2. they also visited website of this topic; 3. also the researchers has able to spread questionnaires to people that is involved in their topic; 4. listing only important information is the first thing they do; 5. secondly the researchers edited the data they gathered;

Theoretical Framework INPUT OUTPUT PROCESS

Assessment of the emotional and physical well-being of 1. primigravida towards safe motherhood

To determine whether primigravida mothers emotional and physical well-being is affected.

the emotional and physical well-being of primigravida

is proven with the current research and information that is acknowledge by the professionals and thus they are affected by their status and should be taken care of.
women

Definition of Terms Primigravida a medical term that correspond to a mother who gave birth to her first baby (gets pregnant on her first child) Pregnancy - the condition of being pregnant Prevalence - the degree to which something is prevalent; especially : the percentage of a population that is affected with a particular disease at a given time Termination - the act of terminating Induced - to move by persuasion or influence b : to call forth or bring about by influence or stimulation Spontaneous - proceeding from natural feeling or native tendency without external constraint Exclusion - the act or an instance of excluding Chronic - marked by long duration or frequent recurrence : not acute Compliance - the act or process of complying to a desire, demand, or proposal or to coercion b : conformity in fulfilling official requirements

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES RELATED LITERATURE In few women, these normal feelings continue beyond the immediate postpartal period. In addition to an overall feeling of

sadness, the woman may notice extreme fatigue, an inability to stop crying, increased anxiety about her own or her infants health, insecurity, psychosomatic symptoms and either depressive or manic mood fluctuations. Depression that continues in this way is termed postpartal depressions and reflects a more serious problem. Risk factors for postpartal depression include a history of depression, a troubled childhood, stress in the home or at work, lack of self-esteem, or lack of effective support people. Low seldesteem may be a major contributing factor. Differences between a woman wanting a pregnancy and her partner not wanting it could play a major role. It is difficult to predict which women will develop postpartal depression before birth of their baby because birth can result in varied reactions; if they can be identified, pregnancy counseling

may be able to prevent symptoms. For women who have not been identified as at risk, the discovery of the problem as soom as symptoms develop is a nursing priority. The woman will need

counseling and possibly antidepressant therapy to integrate the experience of childbirth into her life. This is crucial to development of a healthy maternal-infant bond, to the health of any other children in the family, and to overall family functioning. As many as 1 woman in 500 presents enough symptoms in the year after birth of a child to be considered psychiatrically ill. This statistic represents the current rate of overall mental illness. Because the illness coincides with the postpartal period it has been called postpartal psychosis. Rather than being a response to the However, it is probably a

physical aspects of child bearing.

response to the crisis of childbearing. The majority of these women will have had symptoms of mental illness before the pregnancy. If the pregnancy had not precipitated the illness, a death in the family, the loss of husbands job, a divorce or osme other major life crisis would probably have precipitated the same recurrence. The woman usually appears exceptionally sad. By definition, psychosis exists when a person has lost contact with reality. The

woman with a childbearing psychosis may deny that she has had a child and, when the child is brought to her, insist that she was never pregnant. She may voice thoughts of infanticide or that the infant is possessed. When observation tells you that a woman is

not functioning in reality, you cannot improve her concept of reality by a simple measure such as explaining what a correct perception is. Her sensory input is too disturbed to comprehend this. In A

addition, she may interpret your attempts as threatening.

psychosis is a severe mental illness that requires referral to a professional psychiatric counselor and antipsychotic medication.

Always

keep

in

mind

that,

although

rare,

postpartum

psychosis does exists. Remembering that childbearing can lead to this degree of mental illness helps you to put childbearing into perspective. For some people, childbearing is such a crisis in their lives that it can trigger mental illness. Certainly, it cannot be

considered an everyday incident in anyones life. In the case of genetic disease, options often exist for presymptomatic diagnosisthat is, diagnosis of individuals at risk for developing a given disorder, even though at the time of diagnosis they may be clinically healthy. Options may even exist for carrier testing, studies that determine whether an individual is at increased risk of having a child with a given disorder, even though he or she personally may never display symptoms. Accurate predictive information can enable early intervention, which often prevents the clinical onset of symptoms and the irreversible damage that may have already occurred by waiting for symptoms and then responding to them. In the case of carrier testing, accurate information can enable prospective parents to make moreinformed family-planning decisions. Unfortunately, there can also be negative aspects to early detection, including such issues as privacy, individual responses to potentially negative information,

discrimination in the workplace, or discrimination in access to or cost of health or life insurance. While some governments have outlawed the use of presymptomatic genetic testing information by insurance companies and employers, others have embraced it as a way to bring spiraling health-care costs under control. Some communities have even considered instituting premarital carrier testing for common disorders in the populace. Genetic testing procedures can be divided into two different groups: (1) testing of individuals considered at risk from phenotype or family history and (2) screening of entire populations, regardless of phenotype or personal family history, for evidence of genetic disorders common in that population. Both forms are currently pursued in many about societies. the Indeed, with the explosion of

information

human

genome

and

the

increasing

identification of potential risk genes for common disorders, such as cancer, heart disease, or diabetes, the role of predictive genetic screening in general medical practice is likely to increase. At present, adults are generally tested for evidence of genetic disease only if personal or family history suggests they are at increased risk for a given disorder. A typical example would be a

young man whose father, paternal aunt, and older brother have all been diagnosed with early onset colorectal cancer. Although this person may appear perfectly healthy, he is at significantly increased risk to carry mutations associated with familial colorectal cancer, and accurate genetic testing could enable heightened surveillance (e.g., frequent colonoscopies) that might ultimately save his life. Carrier testing for adults in most developed nations is generally offered only if family history or ethnic origins suggest an increased risk of having a particular disease. A typical example would be to offer carrier testing for cystic fibrosis to a couple including one member who has a sibling with the disorder. Another would be to offer carrier testing for Tay-Sachs disease to couples of Ashkenazic Jewish origin, a population known to carry an increased frequency of Tay-Sachs mutations. The same would be true for couples of African or Mediterranean descent with regard to sickle cell anemia or thalassemia, respectively. Typically, in each of these cases a genetic counselor would be involved to help the individuals or couples understand their options and make informed decisions. Screening of large unphenotyped populations for evidence of genetic disease is currently pursued in most industrialized nations

only in the newborn population, although future developments in the identification of risk genes for common adult onset disorders may change this policy. So-called mandated newborn screening was initiated in many societies in the latter quarter of the 20th century in an effort to prevent the drastic and often irreversible damage associated with a small number of relatively common genetic disorders whose sequelae can be either prevented or significantly relieved by early detection and intervention. The general practice is to collect a small sample of blood from each newborn, generally by pricking the infant's heel and collecting drops of blood on special filter paper, which is then analyzed. Perhaps the best-known disorder screened in this manner is phenylketonuria (PKU), an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism discussed in the section Autosomal recessive inheritance. With early diagnosis and dietary intervention that is maintained throughout life, children with PKU can escape mental retardation and grow into healthy adults who lead full and productive lives. Although many of the genetic disorders currently tested by mandated newborn screening are metabolic in nature, this trend is beginning to change. For example, in some communities newborns are screened for profound

congenital hearing loss, which is now known to be frequently

genetic in origin and for which effective intervention is now available (e.g., through cochlear implants). Genetic tests themselves can take many forms, and the choice of tests depends on a number of factors. For example, screening for evidence of sickle cell anemia, a hemoglobin disorder, is generally pursued at least initially by tests involving the hemoglobin proteins themselves, rather than DNA, because the relevant gene product (blood) is readily accessible, and because the protein test is currently cheaper to perform than the DNA test. In contrast, screening for cystic fibrosis, a disorder that predominantly affects the lungs and pancreas, is generally pursued in the at-risk newborn at the level of DNA because there is no cheap and accurate alternative. Older persons suspected of having cystic fibrosis, however, can also be diagnosed with a sweat test that measures sweat electrolytes. Tests involving analysis of DNA are particularly powerful because they can be performed using very tiny samples; also, the DNA tested can originate from almost any tissue type, regardless of whether the gene of interest happens to be expressed in that tissue. Current technologies applied for mutation detection include

traditional karyotyping and Southern blotting, as well as a multitude of new tests, including FISH with specific probes or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which refers to an enzymatic process by which specific regions of the genome can be amplified for molecular study. Which tests are applied depends on whether the genetic abnormalities are likely to be chromosomal (in which case

karyotyping or FISH are appropriate), large deletions or other rearrangements (best tested for by Southern blotting or PCR), or point mutations (best confirmed by PCR followed by oligonucleotide hybridization or restriction enzyme digestion). If a large number of different point mutations are sought, as is often the case, the most appropriate technology may be microarray hybridization analysis, which can test for tens to hundreds of thousands of different point mutations in the same sample simultaneously. RELATED STUDIES

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY METHODS OF RESEARCH USED The descriptive normative survey method of research was used because it is fact finding with adequate interpretations involving descriptions and recording. Furthermore the purpose of this kind of research is to report the present status of the emotional and physical well-being of primigravida towards safe motherhood in selected birthing center at general mariano alvarez, cavite. The researchers referred to the problem of the study in constructing the categories to be used in coding. In coming up with the different

categories, the researchers inferred from the review of related literature and looked into the different observations of different topics. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE The researchers conducted the research study at selected birthing center at general mariano alvarez, cavite. focused particularly on primigravida mothers. The study

The researchers

limited the number of respondents to 50 primigravida mothers who were chosen to take the survey questionnaire. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS In gathering instrument, the researcher uses questionnaire in gathering information, and observation and also uses interview. And the other information gathered from internet and medical books

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE First the researchers look for different information about postpartum mother and newborn caring, from the internet, books, encyclopedias and magazines. primigravida mothers. Then we list important data about

Next is we type all the data we gathered

and we divide it to different sections and different topics. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA The following statistics are used: Percentage - This was used to find out part of relation of the score of one respondent to the whole group. Ranking - This showed how the scores of a respondents to the group Mean - This was used to get a representative score of the group. Frequency - This is used to determine the number of responses as perceived by the respondents or the different categories included in the study. % = f / n x 100

Where: % - percentage f frequency of response n total # respondents which is equivalent to 100

CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

TABLE I AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS CATEGORIES 13-16 17-19 20-up TOTAL FREQUENCY 3 26 21 50 PERCENTAGE 7 52 41 100%

According to this table there more mothers with age 15-16 years old with 52% and with 26 respondents out of 50. This means that there are more mothers in General Mariano Cavite that are teenagers. A mother at a very young age.

TABLE II CIVIL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS CATEGORIES MARRIED SINGLE COMMON LAW TOTAL FREQUENCY 14 17 19 50 PERCENTAGE 31 34 38 100%

According to this table there more mothers that we interviewed that are practicing common law or living in, it is 38% with 19 respondents and secondly is the single category which is 34% with 17 respondents. This means that there are more mothers in general mariano cavite that are not married and practicing common law or they are all a single teenage mother.

TABLE III EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE RESPONDENTS CATEGORIES ELEMENTARY GRADUATE HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE TOTAL 50 100% 26 21 52 41 FREQUENCY 3 PERCENTAGE 7

This table shows that there are more high school level mothers than any of the three categories. With their age they are not fully aware of the immunization that a child need, and especially on being a mother at a very young age. Most of mothers in general mariano cavite are only high school undegraduate.

TABLE IV AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TO QUESTIONS Are you familiar with taking care of your newborn?

CATEGORIES YES NO MAYBE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 35 9 6 50

PERCENTAGE 70 18 12 100%

70 percent answers that they heard about taking care of their babies, 9 said they are not familiar with it and only 6 are confused about this term. Meaning that in general mariano cavite, most the mothers knows about taking care of their babies.

TABLE V AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TO QUESTIONS Are you well informed about how to cope up with your moods after birth?

CATEGORIES YES NO MAYBE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 35 9 6 50

PERCENTAGE 70 18 12 100%

70 percent said that they are informed how to cope up with their moods, while 9 said they dont know anything about it and only 6 were confused. This means that there is a large number of mothers who has knowledge about how to cope up with their moods after birthing importance than those who do not understand it.

TABLE VI AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TO QUESTIONS Do you think that a seminar for new mothers could be helpful? CATEGORIES YES NO MAYBE TOTAL FREQUENCY 27 8 15 50 PERCENTAGE 54 16 30 100%

27 our of 50 respondents nodded with this question, while 15 are not that sure and only 8 disagree with this fact. This means that there are more number of mothers who agree that a seminar could help them.

TABLE VII AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TO QUESTIONS Are you familiar with the term post-partum? FREQUENCY CATEGORIES YES NO MAYBE TOTAL 45 0 5 50 90 0 10 100% PERCENTAGE

Accordingly, this only shows that most of the post partum mothers with 90% think that the term post partum is a part of their attitudes after giving birth, and only 10% answers maybe.

TABLE IX AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TO QUESTIONS Can you provide everything for your child to make sure about his health?

CATEGORIES YES NO MAYBE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 3 26 21 50

PERCENTAGE 7 52 41 100%

52 percent of the respondents that they cannot provide money for their babys needs, 41 percent said that maybe they can provide and only 7 percent relatively answers yes. Meaning the mothers in birthing centers in general mariano cavite cannot provide the money for their children.

TABLE X AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TO QUESTIONS does your doctor told you about the importance of undergoing seminars to help you cope up with your situation?

CATEGORIES YES NO MAYBE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 50 0 0 50

PERCENTAGE 100% 0 0 100%

All of the 50 respondents agrees that their doctor told them about the this kind of seminar. Meaning that all the Doctors in general mariano cavite knows how to take care of their patients.

TABLE XI AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TO QUESTIONS can you take care of your infant yourself?

CATEGORIES YES NO MAYBE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 8 5 38 50

PERCENTAGE 14 10 76 100%

38 out of 50 respondents said that maybe they can take care of their infant by themselves, 8 said yes and only 5 said no. This means that there are still more mothers in general mariano cavite who do not have proper education on how to be a mother.

TABLE XII AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TO QUESTIONS can you be a mother at your age?

CATEGORIES YES NO MAYBE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 8 5 38 50

PERCENTAGE 14 10 76 100%

A total number of 76 percent out of 100% dont have the right answer to this question, can you be a mother at your young age? 14% nodded that they can be a mother because they know how to and only 10% directly said they cannot be. This means that there are still more mothers in selected birthing center in general mariano alvarez cavite who are not yet ready to be a mother.

TABLE XIII AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TO QUESTIONS Are there people who support you as a first time mother?

CATEGORIES YES NO MAYBE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 3 26 21 50

PERCENTAGE 7 52 41 100%

52% answers No that there are no people who supports them as a young mother, and 41% answered maybe and only 7% has positive answers that there are people who support them as a young mother. This shows that mothers in general mariano cavite really suffers from post-partum because of lack of people who support them in their new status.

CHAPTER V SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDAITON SUMMARY The study sought to define the factors affecting emotional and physical well-being of primigravida mothers in selected birthing center at general mariano alvarez, cavite. It wanted to share the strategies, enhance knowledge about how to deal with post partum primigravida mothers. The questions were used in able to

investigate and observed the facts is based on Chapter 1; 1. What is the profile of the respondents as to: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2. 3. age civil status educational attainment occupation

Are you familiar with taking care of your newborn? Are you well informed about how to cope up with your moods

after birth? 4. Do you think that a seminar for new mothers could be helpful?

5. Are you familiar with the term post-partum? 6. Can you provide everything for your child to make sure about his health? 7. does your doctor told you about the importance of undergoing seminars to help you cope up with your situation? 8. 9. Do you take care of your infant yourself? Can you be a mother at your age?

10. Are there people who support you as a first time mother?

Conclusion

Based from the major findings written in this thesis paper the following conclusions are made ; More and more Filipino women are practicing common law and do not believe in marriage anymore; Post partum mother should be well taken care of in able to help them cope up with the new world that they made. This study will help the soon-to-be mother and their partner on how they could take care of their newborn;

Recommendation

Based from the major findings and conclusions drawn the following recommendations are written;

Seek and maintain medical advice and support Limit distractions Encourage movement and exercise Don't take aggression and combativeness personally Offer encouragement Attend support group meetings Utilize supportive services in the community

BIBLIOGRAPHY A Society of Gentleman in Scotland ; Encyclopedia

Britannica ; 2000 edition Funk and Wagnalls Company ; Funk and Wagnalls

Encyclopedia ; 2004 edition www.columbiaencyclopedia.com Department of Health Magazine ; 2004 editions Fishbein ; Medical and Health Encyclopedia ; 2000 edition Pilliteri, Adel ; Maternal and Child Health Nursing Wongs ; Pediatric Nursing Black ; Medical-Surgical Nursing

Questionnaire PART I (Respondents) Name: ___________________________(optional) Age: [ [ [ ] 13-16 ] 17-19 ] 20 - up

Civil Status [ [ [ ] Single ] Married ] Common Law / Living In

Educational Attainment [ [ [ ] Elementary Graduate ] High School Level ] High School Graduate

PART II PLEASE RATE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION REGARDING ELDERLY 1 - yes 2 - no 3 maybe 1. Are you familiar with taking care of your newborn? [ [ [ ] yes ] No ] Maybe

2. Are you well informed about how to cope up with your moods after birth? [ [ [ ] yes ] No ] Maybe

3. Do you think that a seminar for new mothers could be helpful? [ ] yes

[ [

] No ] Maybe

4. Are you familiar with the term post-partum? [ [ [ ] yes ] No ] Maybe

5. Can you provide everything for your child to make sure about his health? [ [ [ ] yes ] No ] Maybe

6. does your doctor told you about the importance of undergoing seminars to help you cope up with your situation? [ [ [ ] yes ] No ] Maybe

7. Do you take care of your infant yourself? [ [ [ ] yes ] No ] Maybe

8. Can you be a mother at your age? [ [ [ ] yes ] No ] Maybe

9. Are there people who support you as a first time mother? [ [ [ ] yes ] No ] Maybe