TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

By Farhan Ahmad
farhanahmad@uet.edu.pk

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore

Course Details
Subject Subject code Contact hours Credit hours Transport Phenomena Ch.E - 403 3 3

Evaluation procedure
Sessional Mid term Final term
2

30 % (Quizzes + Attendance + Class participation + Assignments)

30% 40%

Course Outline

Viscosity and the mechanism of momentum transport Velocity distributions in laminar flow The equations of change for isothermal systems Velocity distribution with more than one independent variable Thermal conductivity and mechanism of energy transport Temperature distribution in solids and in laminar flow The equations of change for non-isothermal systems Diffusivity and the mechanisms of mass transport Concentration distribution in solids and in laminar flow The equations of change for multi-component systems

Recommended Books
Text Book
Transport Phenomena 2nd Edition R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart and Edwin N. Lightfoot
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Transport Phenomena Fundamentals, J. Plawsky, CRC Press, 2009. Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach, R.S. Brodkey, H.C. Hershey, McGrawHill. Analysis of Transport Phenomena, W.M. Deen, Oxford Univ. Press, 1998. Slattery, J.C., Advanced Transport Phenomena, Cambridge University Press,1999. Modeling in Transport Phenomena - A Conceptual Approach , Ismail Tosun Transport Phenomena and Unit Operations - A combined approach, Richard G. Griskey Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, Christie John Geankoplis Welty, J.R., Wicks, C.E., Wilson, R.E., Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1984. Momentum, heat and mass transfer fundamentals, David P. Kessler, Robert A. Greenkorn

Reference Books

10. Momentum Heat and Mass Transfer, C.O. Bennett, J.E. Myers 11. Incropera, Frank P., and David P. DeWitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 5th ed. 12. J.R. Backhurst, J.H. Harker, J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson, Chemical Engineering Vol.1: Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer.

Transport Phenomena
2nd Edition / 1st Edition By R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart and Edwin N. Lightfoot

Transport Phenomena Fundamentals

By J. Plawsky

Transport Phenomena
A Unified Approach

By

Robert S. Brodkey Harry C. Hershey

 Analysis of Transport Phenomena

By William M. Deen

Advanced Transport Phenomena

By J. C. Slattery

Modelling in Transport Phenomena

A Conceptual Approach By Ismail Tosun

10

Transport Phenomena and Unit

Operations
A Combined Approach

By

Richard G. Griskey

11

Transport processes and Separation

Process Principles
By Christie John Geankoplis

12

 Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

3rd Edition By J. R. Welty, C. E. Wicks and R. E Wilson

13

Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

Fundamentals
By D. P. Kessler, R. A. Greenkorn

14

Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

By C.O. Bennett and J.E. Myers

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Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and

Mass Transfer
5th Edition By Incropera, Frank P., and David P. DeWitt

16

Chemical Engineering
Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer Volume 1 By J.R. Backhurst, J.H. Harker, J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson,

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Transport Phenomena An Introduction

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Pre-requisite for this course .. ??????

Objective of this course: To provide an understanding of fundamental knowledge of heat, mass, and momentum transport phenomena. Illustrate how to solve the problems by using fundamental relations.

To master the skills of applying this knowledge to the design of chemical

engineering unit operations.

Transport Phenomena:

What
Why How

.. ???
.. ??? .. ???

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Levels
Macroscopic Microscopic Molecular

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Problems:
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Class 4

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Suggestions:
Always read the text with pencil and paper in hand; work through the

details of the mathematical developments and supply any missing steps.

Whenever necessary, go back to the mathematics textbooks to brush up

on calculus, differential equations, vectors, etc. This is an excellent time

to review the mathematics that was learned earlier.

Make it a point to give a physical interpretation of key results; that is,

get in the habit of relating the physical ideas to the equations.

Always ask whether the results seem reasonable. If the results do not

agree with intuition, it is important to find out which is incorrect.

Make it a habit to check the dimensions of all results. This is one very

good way of locating errors in derivations.

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Transport Phenomena - An Introduction

Basic Concepts

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Basic concepts

Conserved Quantities
Chemical species

Mass
Momentum Energy

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Basic concepts

Law of Conservation of Quantities

Conservation of Chemical species Conservation of Mass Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Energy

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Basic concepts

Rate Equation
It describes the transformation of conserved quantity. Transformation of conserved quantity is based on specified unit of

time (Rate).

Components of Rate Equation

Input Output Generation Consumption

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Accumulation

Basic concepts - Characteristics

Independent of the level of application Independent of the coordinate system to which they are applied Independent of the substance to which they are applied

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Basic concepts - Applications

Balances
Control Volume Control surface

Types of Balances
Overall Balance Differential Balance

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Basic concepts - Definitions

The notation of conserved quantity is

x, y & z = three independent space variables t = one independent time variable

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Basic concepts - Definitions

Steady-state Uniform Equilibrium Flux

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Basic concepts Mathematical formulation

1. 2.

Inlet and Outlet terms Generation and consumption term

3.

Accumulation term

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Basic concepts Simplification of Rate equation

Case I : Steady state transport without regeneration

Case II : Steady state transport with regeneration

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Example Example Steady-state Heat flux transport without generation

Consider a solid cone of circular cross-section whose lateral surface

is well insulated as shown in Figure. The diameters at x = 0 and x = L are 25cm and 5cm, respectively. If the heat flow at x = 0 is 45W/m2 under steady conditions, determine the heat transfer rate and the value of the heat flux at x = L.

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Example Steady-state transport with generation

An exothermic chemical reaction takes place in a 20 cm thick slab

and the energy generation rate per unit volume is 1 x l06 W/ m3. The steady-state heat transfer rate into the slab at the left-hand side, i.e., at x = 0, is 280W.
Calculate the heat transfer rate to the surroundings from the right-

hand side of the slab, i.e., at x = L. The surface area of each face is 40cm2.

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Modes of Transport

1. 2.

Conductive/ Diffusive/ Molecular Transport Bulk / Convective Transport

Total flux of any quantity is the sum of molecular and convective fluxes
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Molecular Transport

Molecular Transport is function of driving force/gradient Expressed in the form of constitutive equations Constitutive equations identify the characteristic of particular

substance
Transport property

Viscosity Thermal conductivity Diffusion coefficient

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Convective Transport

Due to bulk fluid motion or bulk flow Characteristic velocity

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Chapter 1

Momentum Transport

Viscosity and Mechanism of Momentum Transport

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Momentum Transport - Introduction

Matter
Solid Fluid
Liquid Gas

What is the difference between Solid and Fluid?

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Momentum Transport - Introduction

Continuum mechanics Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics

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Momentum Transport - Introduction

Viscosity
Newton's Law of Viscosity Applications of Newtons Law

Kinematic Viscosity
Viscosity in Laminar flow Viscosity in Turbulent flow Viscosity of gases Viscosity of liquids

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Momentum Transport - Introduction

o Rheology o Types of fluids

o Newtonian fluids o Non-Newtonian fluids

o Classification of Non-Newtonian fluids

o Time Independent

o Time dependent

o Viscoelastic fluids

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Newtons Law of viscosity

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Non-Newtonian Fluids

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Non-Newtonian Fluids
The functional dependence between the shear stress and the velocity gradient is more complex. We can write in the most general format:

dvx f yx , , fluid properties 0 dy

Steady state rheological behavior:

Where, = Apparent Fluid Viscosity, a function of either yx / dvx/dy / both decreases with shear rate increases with shear rate independent of shear rate
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Models for Non-Newtonian Fluids

The Bingham Model The Ostwald-de Waele Model The Eyring Model The Ellis Model The Reiner-Philippoff Model

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Graphical representation of two-parameter model

These models are empirical, that is the parameters of the models are obtained by curve fitting

The parameters are function of T, P and composition

These model equations should not be used outside their range of validity.

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Turbulence Model

Zero equation model

Baldwin-Lomax model
Cebeci-Smith model One equation model Spalart-Allmaras model Baldwin-Barth model Two equation model K-omega model K-epsilon model

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Prediction of viscosity of gases & liquids

o Extensive data is available o Estimation by empirical methods

For mixtures:

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Example 1.3-1
Estimate the viscosity of

N2 at 50oC and 854 atm, given M = 28.0 g/g-mole, Pc = 33.5 atm, and Tc = 126.2 K.

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Generalization of Newtons Law of Viscosity

Multi-dimensional flow Complicated system

3 coordinate 3 components

Stress components = 9

Concept of tensor

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Convective Momentum flux

Momentum = mass x velocity

Momentum per unit volume = density x velocity

Momentum flux = (density x velocity) . Vi

vv is a tensor; it is called the convective momentum-flux tensor.

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