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YOU WANT

CramerCltemicals!
BECAUSE

THEIR QUALITYls uNlFoRM.

SEE PACES 56 and 59

bestfor FORMULA, PYRO-ACETONE Tray or Tank. See Page 71

Cramer Plates and Chemicals

FOR SALE

BY

The Photo Columbia Supply Co.,

1 4 3 4 N e w Y o r k A v e n u e ,N . W . ,

W AS H I N C T OND . . C.

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CRAMER PLATES
known [ranch of Photographt. For every
"Crown"-most rapid plate made. "Banner X"-very rapid, great latitude. "Anchort'-less rapid, giving great density. " Isochromatic ) "-(3 brands. "lnstantaneoustt-for portraits, rapid exposure. t'Mediumtt-for commercial work and landscapes. "Slow"-fully sensitive to yellow and orangewithout ray filter. "156J1s11"-aspecially heavy coated, color sensitiveplate, for portraits and commerhalation. cial work, minimizes DoubleCoated"Non-Halation" (five brands) Crown, BannerX, Iso., Inst., Medium and Slow-for interiors and white draperiesl preventshalation. "Commercial"-a slow plate for vigor and detail. l'Stripping" -f or photo'mechanical work. "X -Ray"-for X -Ray photography. '' Contrast"-for copying purposes. "Transparency"-for positives on glass. "Lantern Slide"-(Red and Green label) for lanternslides. t' " Trichromatic " and Panchromatict'-Sensi' tive to ALL colors,including the RED' for use with ray filters, three color work, etc.
b

INTRODUCTION.
HIS MANUAL will give as clearly and briefly as possible, formulas and directions for so handling Cramer Plates, that negatives of the finest printing quality may, be readily made. Consider-,that the very foundation of your success is the negative, that good prints cannot be made from bad negatives, although bad prints may be made from good negatives. The experience that I have gained as a dry plate manufacturer and also as a practical photographer, for many years, has all been devoted to the perfection of the Cramer Plate. The results of this experience, combined with modern and accuratg methods, are evident in the manufacturing superior quality of the latest products of the Cramer Factory. I take this opportunity to thank my numerous friends for their esteemed patronage and the many favors which they have conferred on me; also to assure them that I stand in the same independent position to-day that I have occupied in the past, and to bespeak for my plates a careful and conscientious trial from the thinking members of our profession. , Yours truly,

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G: CneuEn's \IlNuet,
glass plate of is a coated with Bromide of Silver ernttlsion, which is one of the most sensitive compounds knowtl to chemistry, being more rapidly impressed by light than the eye, and being sensitive to invisible rays, also gases and odors which are not detected by the setlses. Bromide of Silver is formed by precipitating Nitrate of Silver solution with Bromide salts. Wherr so precipitated in a gelatinous solution the finely divided precipitate is kept in suspension in form of what is termed an emulsiott. Ou'ing to the great senGare of sitiveness to surrounding ptates. plates dty conditions, should be kept in a dry room, free from smoke, gas and injurious odors (such as turpentine, etc.), and should be protected against sudden changes from severe cold to wlrmth, which r,vould cause condensation of moisture and thereby prodttce mildew spots and possibly fog. Place tl-re packages of plates on edge to avoid pressure, and do not keep stock of plates in the developing room unless it is dry and r,vell ventilated In repacking plates after exposure place them face to face. Never put paper between them. They should be rewrapped tightly in the black paper to prevent rubbing of surface. A Dry Plate

oN NEGATIVE l\I[exINc.
If space allows, it is recommended to have the entrance to the dark room arranged in a zig-zag shape so that no door is necessary to exclude the light, allowing free passage and ventilation. The following diagram will serve as an illustration:

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t L

Ebe Deveroptng Boom' ",Y.llti"ni:f;""""'iX'ir"3: dark, rnay be absolutely

used for placing the plates in the plate holder, and for developing them, it is imperative to the practical worker to have the convenience of a well arranged and well ventilated dark room, with sinks, and faucets supplying clear water, a suitable box or tank with vertical grooves for fixing, and a similar one for the final washing, both so arranged that the plates rest on horizontal strips, allowing the solution or the water to circulate freely around them. I

. The essential part of the dark room is witliin the heavy black lines. l'he sliding door allows the use of both parts of the roorn independently, but may The inside walls of zig-zag enbe onritted. trance, and dark room, are to be painted black or dark brown. A fan driven by electric or water power is a great convenience in the dark room, both to the operator and in drying the negatives, preventing the latter from becoming too intense, which would be the case when dried in a sultrv or hot atmosphere. During the hot season the fan is of great service to keep the room cool and aiso the solutions.

I l

{'

.j

qr' 4 G. CneruEn's MaNuer,

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oN NDcetrvD MexrNc.

If the bottles are wrapped in flannel, kept moist by placing them in a shallow dish filled with cool water, the draft will cause a considerable fall of temperature in their contents. In winter the dark room should be moderately warm. The utmost cleanliness is absolutely necessary in the dark room. IIave clean floors, shelves and sinks, and keep trays, graduates and all chemical apparatus clean. IJse pure u,ater and pure chemicals. Dirt Experis out of place in the dark room. ience proves that nearly a1l dark room troubles come from carelessness, impure water, impure chemicals and dirt in its various forms. should be an artificial

If proper care is taken to keep well away from the dark room light while placing plates in the plate holder and during development, the light may be sufficiently strong to judge the density of the negative when holding it close to the light for brief examination. . Deep !r."ys o-f various be sizes, _which should after washed each time using and occasionally thoroughly cleaned by applying sulphuric or muriatic acid, and after washing scrubbed with a brush. artrcteB Neeateat. Scale for weighing apothecaries' weights. grains and ounces;

The Develop.

A thermometer to measure the temperature of solutions. to test the strength of A hydrometer the solutions. (This instrument should be tested for its correctness by measuring a solution of Nitrate of Silver, 40 grains per fluid ounce, which should indicate 40. In ch ae se of a material difference use the figure 't instrument shows instead of 40, or procure a hydrometer which is correct.) A one A pint (t) ounce graduate. graduate.

rngrright

or gas sufficient size or an incandeicent light, properly shielded so that all traces of Two or more actinic light are excluded. thicknesses of orange colored paper (known as Gold Bank Envelope or Post Office Paper), placed between a sheet of ruby and a sheet of ground glass forms a safe shieLd for the light. The light should be tested as follows: Take a plate of the highest sensitiveness (Cramer Crown or Iso Instantaneous), and put it in the plate holder, draw the slide so that half of the plate is exposed, and for you about two minutes place it where Now dehave the plate while developing. velop in perfect darkness about five minutes, and wash and fix as usual. If there is any difference between the exposed and unexposed part of the plate, it shows that the light is not safe and should be rnore shielded. Paper and fabric used for shielding the developing lamp are more or less liable to fade, and plioUld be replaqgd aaeasionally. a

:t'l;":" i':ffi; i#t'JT"Ji

or quart

A glass stirring rod. A wide plates. camel hair brush for dusting

Bottles for solutions, labelled and pro'vided rvith good corks. Bottles which are used for carbonate and sulphite of soda solutions should be occasionally cleaned rvith muriatic acid to cut . out the ssale which may cling to the glass.

p'$;:;

www.orphancameras.com oN. NEGATIVE MEr<rNC. Although no positive rules can be given to suit all conditions there is a law relating to the comparative exposures required with different
Stops or Diaphragms.

MeNuar, G. CnerrtEn's

and camera, is of the greatest importarrrce, inost oi the failures in negative making are due to incorrect exposure. It depends upon many conditions such as:

Erposure. ." Ili :lf;:i':: ?,t#"tltltl:

The speed of the Plate. The time of the daY and the season. Quality and strength of the light. Kind of ,lens and size of diaphragm used, and Nature of .object to be photographed' Clouds, Snow Scenes, For instance, 'distant views require tlte Marine or far shortest exposures, while gro-uP-sin the shadow of dense foliage and dark objects ;.ust b.-"*po."d longer, and.-interiors of buildings, etc., usually need still more prolonged- exposure' so that the same plate ir"i t" worked in 1/1000 part of a second wit-h large diaphragni and strotrg light, that recuires hours of exposure to photograpn a iuve or dimly lighted interior. There are ingenious exposure tables gotten up bv diffeient parties to give the time reauiied. considerirrg all these circumsta'nces,for instatrce the Wager -Exposure Scale Co., of Philadelphia, The -W-vnn5E1Meter. the Witkins, and the Stead" " i u r "Svstem of Exposure, by F. M. Steadiran -of dealers, lut notwithto be had r.n"tr, "il-operator, their great value and assistance standing a great deal depends on to the his iudgment and experience, which can only-be-acquired by continued practice' In exposing a plate, probably the best g u i d e i s -t h e i m a g e u p o n t h e g r o u n d .g l a s s ' Bv examining the strength ot the lmage, will be able to judge the necesttie operator ^exDosure if he knows the sensitivesarv nesi of ihe plate he is using.

By inserting a stop or diaphragm in front of, or between the combination

of the lenses, we are able to increase the depth of focus. The smaller the stop the greater the field of definition, but the longer Every diathe exposure which is required. phragm possesses a focal value, depending upon the relation of its diameter to the Eguivalent Focus

of the lens, which may be ascertained by focusing an object so that it

will show on the ground glass in exactly its original size, then measuring the distance from object to ground glass and dividing same by a. Another way is to focus on the sull and to measure the distance from the optical center of the combination (where diaphragm is placed), to the ground glass, the sun focus and equivalent focus being approximately the same. according are numbered to proportion of their diameter, to the focus of the lens; for example, the focal length of the lens is 6 inches, and inch, I the diameter of the diaphragm I divided in 6 equals 12, or as it is expressed, Dtapbragmr

F r,z.

If all other conditions be equal, the exposures required are proportional to the square of the quotient of the denominators of these fractions; for instance F /8 compared with F /32 8 divided in 32 equals 4 4 squared (axa) equals 16. A diaphragm F /zz will under the same conditions require 16 times the exPosure of F/4.

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oN NDcelrvD MexrNc. 9

MeNuer. G. CnervrDn's

The Photographic Society of Great Bria different system, tlklJtS tain- has "aopi.a itand"rd, which is termed No' ii7? his system is called tlie unttorm,syst . ' T ".-ttte tem-""d ihe numbers the U- S. numbers. By its means the comparattv-e-eiKp-o-sures are at once seen, for instance IJ' S' No' 64 the exposure of U' S' -+ i""riii"*-o+-iimes the e*posure of U' S' ii*.t I.i;.'1-;t No. 16. U. S . 1 equals tr/4 F/8 4 " F/ll " 8 F/r6 16 " F/22 32 " F/32 64 " F 128 " (( 256 " F /45 16+
aa aa (a {t (a

If the negative lacks brilliancy, and does not show overtime, move the subject nearer the side light, or move the reflector further away from and more to the front of the shadow side. The control of the negative during development is taken up under the heading of Developing on page 12. Exposure and development are intimately related to one another and should be carefully studied and compared. The lens should be kept clean, this is-of much importance as lenses gather eia a g - trh ss y f i l m f r o m t h e a i r i n a s h o r t t i m e . is not removed the lens will work If much slower and the negatives are apt to lack brilliancy and show fog. For cleaning the lens take 3 ozs. Water L oz. Alcohol 3drops Nitricacid. After dusting the lens, rub with an old clean cotton cloth dipped in this solution and polish with a dry piece of the same Protect the lens by a dead black cloth. hood of sufficient depth to prevent any direct light from the sun, skylight or windows from striking its surface. The interior of the tube and the diaphragms should edges shining be a mat black without (fogged plates often come from these two causes). The interior of the camera Gamera. . should be frequently rviped "'be out with a damp cloth to free it from dust; its walls and woodwork should be kept well (See blackened with dead black varnish. page 65.) No light should fall on the inner walls of the camera, and the partition board in front of the plate should be beveled away edges will from its back edge; straight cause fog by reflection, particularly if light rrens, Gamera anar. Eolar.er.

shiruid be modified by a head screen when photographing persons with grey or white hair, with sunken eyes-or *iiir it-riit and prominent features, and for such subjects mbst of the-light.should come th. front. White draperies should be i;; .hl"ia"a from the side light by a frame feet wide, which. has fasteTed ;b;;i-four at its bottom an opaque curtatn on a sprlng iott"t, which can be pulled up to any height desired. When making portraits on- white backsround this side screen is used in the same il-u"""i, *hile the background is so turned tn. tigttt that thJ full strength. of the 6;;ta side " light will fall on the ground behrnd the screen Where extremely short exposures are necessary, it is evident that the subje.ct be placed where a greater volume ihould i;nt t *itt fall, also that the shadows "f be well illuminated, otherwise the .h.;ft *itl be harsh and lacking in detail' i.s"iiu.

tbe ruhnil,o'\'f""tli"ulli unner SkYlig'ht.

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G. CneuEn'sMaNuar,

oN NEcarrvE MerrNc.

11

objects are to be photographed (white background, bright sky, etc.). See that the camera and plate holders are light tight and that the spring which closes the slit where the slide is drawn is in perfect order. without Erposing. 9l::lt1{: too "*, exerting mttch pressure, dust the plate with a soft carnel hair brush before putting it into the plate holder. After focusing, close the shutter and place the plate holder in the camera, seeing that it is in close conta.ct so that no light can enter from the outside, and while covered with the focusing cloth, draw the slide straight and carefully, and make the exposufe. When replacing the slide in the holder be careful that it is put in straight, so that no light will penetrate through the light trap in the holder.

air,_ unless _chemicals such as Sulphite of Soda or Metabisulphite of Potassium are added, which attract the oxygen and thereby protect the developer from decomposition. Sulphite of Soda and the developing solution must therefore be kept in well stoppered bottles. .the . It .is important that rernperadeveloper _(for regular reture of sults with normal exrteveloper. posure) should be from 65 to ?0 degrees Fahrenheit. A tirermometer should be in every dark room to test 'solutions (a dairy thermometer is best). Higher temperature than ?b degrees F. is apt to cause fog. Lower temperature than 65 degrees F'ahrenheit develops too slowly. wattsins'

sPeetL , lt'is advisable to make a test by exposing three plates, one rather short, the second twice and the third three times as much time, and compare the manner in which the image appears during development. In an underexposed plate it will take longer for the image to appear and there will be lack of detail in the shadows. Overexposed plates show full detail but lack contrast; prolonged development will increase the contrast as well as the density. .action of After_ the plate has been

Eorry the ij,"ttf;"?3n.?1x03::,?::

elapsed between pouring the developer on an exposed plate, and the first sign of the development of an image, i. e. t'Time of Appearance." He also noted the total tirne the plate took to acquire a certain degree of contrast, i. e., "Total time." He then found that the ratio of the time of appearance to the total time was constant for a fixed degree of contrast range when the same developer was used, but varied with different developing agents. This ratio he calls the "Factor." Bv the use of these factors the proper time ior development is ascertained. needs more lpace than Thir ractor can be devoted to it in a system manual of this kind. W-e recommend that those who are interested procure the Practical Photographer No. B for June, 1904, on Developing bnd Developers. The Photo Miniature No. g4 or "Development by Alfred Watkins," pubIiished by the Photo Beacon Co., Chic-ago, all of which have good articles on this subject.
:br,.. ;j,-d

svstem. Hli5t"';n3" #5tt'lTi?

1893 ..J1, .

Yr'

Alfred

thiru Deveroper. :*TffiiJ :nffi;:t ir

until acted upon by the developer, which reduces the bromide of silver to metallic silver, where the rays of light have acted upon it. Numerous developing agents are employed for this purpose, all of them having affinity for oxygen and are more or less rapidly decomposed by contact with

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.G. CnarvrEn's Manuar,

oN NDcatlvD Marrno.

1g

for these formulas are fitted to the plates. lnto a tray of proper size pour a sufficient quantity of developing solution to well cover the plate. Slide in the plate, and by a tilt of the tray cause the solution to flow evenly over it. Another way is to lay the plate in the dry dish, face- up, and pour the developer over it in one sweep without stopping. A tuft of filterlng cotton (kept for this purpose in a saucer of clean water) should be passed gently over the plate to remove any adhering air bubbles. Rock the dish occasionally and keep the plate well covered with the developer, for stain is apt to appear when the plate is exposed too much to the action of the air. Continue development until sufficient density is obtained, which can be judged by taking the plate out of the tray and holding it against the red light for a short time. However, the lgss a plate is exposed to the developing light, the better. If- the plate was corcorrect soon appear in the developer, then the half tones and finally the detail in the shadows, and if sufficiently developed, the resulting negative will have all the desired printing qualities, viz.: sufficient density with full detail, and the parts of the plate where the light has not acted will be perfectly clear. If th_e plate _was overover
as soon as the action of the developer takes place, and the negative will be flat and lacking in contrast. Lack of contrast may be helped some by carrying the development as far as possible so as to get the greatest density, and after fixing, reducing (if too dense) in the

Deveropiug. r",H;i".c:X*3i",1T'l?*:r:

Red Prussiate reducing solution given on pag2 ?8, or, what is a much better-plan. bv qulckly rinsing the plate and transieriini rt to a tray containing Contrast Develooe? 'bi lse9 page z5),- which should alwavs Kept on hand for this purpose. -ii If tiris be don9,- qnd the developm""f o" ' until full intensity is o'ltai".a,1he"".ri.a ,esirfti"s negative will be- o.{ sood qd"iiii. ii t;; have reason to believe tt iras Den^overexpgsed,_it "i-'lfr.-plate is safest to b^eginwith t h e u o n t r a s t D e v e l o p e r , f i n i s h i-niay ng itlherein, or in the Normal as the case requiri. _ The addition of Bromide of potassium to aevitop-e"t .th" developer . after has begun, has but little effeci ;;?" quatitv ''J;;;l'_ of the negative, but only slows th. plpllt,, b.ut its.ad_ditiori to the devel6per Detore rt is^applied to the plate has u i._ srralntng .ettect on the shadows and helps to keep down fog. ar rrndtereri posed.Plate will deve.lop s_lowly without- detail in the s[adows,

n*ll Exposure.,ETII,i,in',i."0,"11;"

Erposure. ;ifi"j;s"il",,xli,l'";ffi?;

'r "":'JL.,l; umed. he exposure should be madl -is not_ possit1", u passa_ 9yer, but if this res11l, p_le b.e trans_ terr, t n g . t h e pryu" l a t e w i t h o"biuin"Ji-by ut rinsing to a trav g9lrarnrng pure water at about 80 degreei -hahrenherj, after. soaking awhile, "lo"k "ld ro rresh..develo_per. Another method is to use a drtuted developer which works soft and does.not fog the plate. The main obJect 1n develoDtngan underexposedplate is to obtain d-etai-t in tt.-iir"al*.. Dur_ ing the necessary proto"g.a-a.".t"pr.r.rrt -be 'protected the. plate must comp"leiely'should against ALL tra-ces of light. thi negative, _after fixing, be- found too in: tense in the high.lighti, we have i" pi.ruJ_ pnate or Ammonra (see page Zg) an effect_ ive remedy to reduci ttre ,i-" .,iriirrouttor_ rng the detarl in the shadows. An attempt to. force.-de-velopment by ar, ,;;J;;;"'oi alxau wrll always result in failure.

good. "lro .X.tttnjlti, a ne-gativ"

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Mewu-u, G. CnervrEn's

oN NEcatrvE MaxrNc.

15

A plate properly exp99+ and dev-eloped wili not r6quire intensifying or reducing, but if neces.ary, it may be treated. Uy i1nmersing in either one of the solutions deiiribed on pages 28 and 29, or by local treatment with same. is' develoPing After r:i1ring:. completed, rinse the Plate (dewell, and place it in fhe grooved tank scribed ori page 2), containing the fixing bath for the-purpose of dissolving the Bromide of Silver wttictr has not been acted upon by the light and the developer. After ail the-Bromide of Silver appears to have been dissolved in the fixing bath, leave the plate therein at least ten minutes longer to insure permanency and freedom- from stain. Platel that are left in the acid fixing and hardening bath (given on page 26) for half an hour, will not soften in the wash water nor show reticulation (pucker'ing of the film) even in warm weather; they will dry ouici.lv and not be so apt to gain undesirable densitv. provided the fixing bath is in good condition. If the bath is too strong, and not stirred before using, it will cause parallel lines on the negative, due to the differing densities of the upper and lower portions of the bath. tng ially the Hypo, ire ainicult to eliminate from a gelatine film. Let the plates remain an hour in running wat-er. If vbu do not enjoy the convenience of a hydrant, wash an hour, changing the water frequently.

necessary to d r y a n e g a t i v e q u i c k l y p l a c e it in alcohol f o r a b o u t t e n m i n u t e s b e f o r e placing it in t h e d r y i n g r a c k .

IrOcal Betl.uctio[

negatives. Parts of of negatives are that too dense can be reduced bv

applying the red prussiate reducing solution givgn on page 28 locally with a tuft of cotton, as soon as the negative comes from the fixing bath. To do this successfully the negative should be held at an angle, and only a little reducer applied at a time so that the reducer will not spread to other parts of the negative; rinse frequently with water during the operation to prevent l i n e s a n d s t r e a k s ,a n d w h e n r e d u c e d e n o u g h place in the wash water. If the negative is dry it should be soaked for half an hour before applying the reducer. Dry negatives may be locally reduced by rubbing with a cotton cloth moistened in wood alcohol, or a pointed stick of hard wood, dipped in alcohol may be used for sharply defined outlines.

Ernar ;3'tllo:n*13Jt",:*:,;l:: rrbe 'was

tbe H"tlet 'ilt ";f3,lt"i"o#: Drying !f,eg'ativeF preferable, peralure is

and will prevent negatives from becoming too dense, which would be the case were dtre ie thev -ma r id al in a warm, sultry atmosphere. change in te.mperature while A If it is causes unequal deniity. drying

and measures, also by (Se-e Hydrometer fest. instructious to ascertain the correctness of this instrument on page 5.) The Carbonates of Soda or Potassium are a d d e d t o g i v e t h e d e v e l o p i n ga g e n t t h e a l k a linity required for action, whereas the Sulphiti: is idded to prevent rapid decomposition and discoloration. These alkalies maY be Garbonateof substituted for one ansoctaor other in any formttla. ,2 potassium. ounces ot dry LarDonate of Soda equal 5 ounces of crystal Carbonate of Soda, piovided the dry Carbonate of Soda is really chemically pure as is the case with Cramer's. Carbonate of Potassium is of the same strength as pure dry Carbonate of Soda. Test'

ann i" rh;.or;.1T31?; welghts "?f';"r".: Elatrometer

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Menruar, G. Cnarr,rEn's

oN NDcatryE

MerImc.

1?

For many years it has been generally b-elieved thaC an excess of alkali gave softness and detail, and for this reason a largely increased quantity of alkali was used for short exposures, though it was generally known that beyond a certain quantity it caused chemicai fog. Experiments conclusively prove that when the plate is develop-ed the same length of time, the greater the quantity of alkali used, the more rapid the r-eduction, and the greater the contrast. Therefore if a negaiive which is PROPERLY LIGHTED and TIMED, shows too much contrast, reduce the quantity of alkali, or increase the quantity of water until the image shows proper balance. If a properly time"d negativi licks contrast, increase the quantity bf the alkali, or use less water dntil sdfficient contrast is obtained. This point is of great importance, and will well repay careful study by plate users. An experiment that will prove this point can be easily made as follows: Dissolve one ounce of dry Carbonate of Soda or Potassium in 4 ounces of water; take one half of this solution and add to it 2 ounces of water. Then take 2 ouncesof this second solution and add to it two more ounces of water. Put drops of normal pyro soplaces ou an unlution on three separate -the ddrk room). Then exposed plate (in to the first drop of pyro solution add a drop of the full strength alkaline solution, to thepyro add a drop of the half second drop of strength -add aikali, and to the third drop o-f pyro a drop of the quarter strength carry the plate oul into daylight, iit "ti, keep it there for four minutes. Then and rinse well and put in the hypo bath until fixed. Upon examination you will see that the density of the deposit is in direc! proportion to the quantity of alkali used, and ionvince yourself thaf the strength of the alkali is what gives contrast to a negative when the tjme of development is the same.

Doubling the quantity of water in normal pyro developer reduces contrast becausethe deposit of silver in the strongly lighted portioirs of the plate proceeds slower, giving more time f or the half tones and shadows to gain their maximum strength. For the same reason, reducing the alkali reduces the contrast between the highlights and lower tones of the negatives. If, after reducing the alkali, the negative still shows too much contrast, it is certain that either the plate was lighted with too much contrast or was undertimed. T h e q u a l i t y o f t h e C a r b o n a t eu s e d i s q u i t e as important as is the quality of the Sulp h i t e . S o m e s o - c a l l e dc h e m i c a l l y p u r e C a r bonate of Sodas contain so large a percentage of Bi-carbonate of Soda (Baking Soda) that development proceeds very slowly unless an increased quantity or higher hydrometer test is used, while ordinary commercial Carbonate of Soda (Sal Soda) has numerous impurities which may cause trouble. Dry or anhydrous sulphite of soda is double the strength of the crystals. If crystal sulphite is used, take double the quantity when the dry is called for in any formula. Sulphite deteriorates when kept in partly empty bottles. It should never be purchased in paper cartons, but in glass bottles. Never dissolve more than enough to last one week as the solution has a strong affinity for oxygen, which it takes up both from the water and from the air, converting part of the sulphite into Glaubers salts (Sulphate of Soda) which produces yellow negatives and irreghlar stains.
Sulphits of Sod.a.

Sulphite of Soda is used in developing solutioris to prevent the rapid oxidafion of the developer. Particularly with Pyro, it

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l\faNuer, G. CnervrDn's

oN NDcetrvD M^e,rrxc.

19

controls the color of the negative. Therefore, if the published formula does not givethe desired color (chiefly on account of local water conditions), increase the quantity of the sulph'ite if the negative is too yellow or decreasethe quantity if the negatlve ls too grey. qha! pure Sqlphite- aqq Carbonate of Soda should be used. Therefore, Pjgcure Cramer's dry Sulphite and Carbo-nate of- Soda, which we qut up in one-pound glass bottles, and each lot of which is given careful, practical and scientific tests, assuring the user uniform quality and purity. rt ts or Great rmportance is added to the dev-eloper to counteract the effect of . overexposure, its action being to produce contrast and clearnessby restraining the development of the shadows. Fof this reason the Contrast Developer to be used for this purpose, contains a large dose of it. A very small quantity of Biomide of Potassium or of Contrast Developer is of benefit as an addition to fresh developer, if it does not work perfectly clear. One drop of a solution (1 part Bromide of Potassium in 10 of water) usually being sufficient for two ounces of developer add and dissolve the chemrn Draktng icals in_the-given rotation. Solutious When dissolving dried Sulohite or Carbonate of Soda, the water should be vigorously stirred while adding . the powdered chemical to cause speedy solution. IJse distilled water; if that cannot be o b t a i n e d ,m e l t e d i c e w a t e r s h o u l d b e u s e d . Boiled water, cooled and filtered, is preferable to tap, cistern or well water, as it is rnore free from air and impurities. Do not boil it in an iroq kettle. Bromide of potasstu,rt

Ortol, Eikonogen, Hydrochinon,- Edinol, Glycin, etc., in porn'der are of ligh-t. color wli." fresh;' Pyro should be snow white. In making a Percentage Percentag:e the dissolve SoluttonE. solution chemical in less than the desired amount of water, and afterwards idd ettough water to make up the proper amount. Tor instance, a ten per cent soluii"" is desired, dissolve 10 parts of the chemical in water, and then add enough water to make the total quantity up to roo parts. preservation Temperature, st-rength' and of developers. A11 traY developers work best at a temperature of 65 -Ifto 7o degrees Fahrenheit. the daik room is cold, the developer should be slightly warmer or more concentrated. If the dark room is hot, the developer should be colder or more diluted. A concentrated developer works fast and with much density. A diluted developer works slower but with finer detail and is best for short exposures. If the developer is too concentrated or produce fog, unless it is too warm it witl -addition of Bromide of restrained by the Potassium solution. If too much diluted, it is prone to produce stain by the long immersion required; also peculiar streaks, as noted on page 46.Deieloping solutions deteriorate in th-e course of time, decomposition being accelerated by alkali and by contact with air. Some have to be used soon after mixing, for instance the Pyro, while others have better keeping qualiiied. The developers of the former class should be prepared in two solutions, the developing agent in one and the Carbonate of Soda or Potassium in the other, mixing the two when wanted for use. When all the chemicals are contained iu ot. solutiorr it is a good plan to fill

www.orphancameras.com

20

G. CneuEn's Menruer,

same into small bottles, and to have thc bottles quite.full and tightly corked so that no air remains above the fluid. This prevents oxidation of the developer while in the bottles, which should be pliced on their sides as an addi-tionalprecaulion. Photograpbio may be divided into three classes _as regards negaI,apers

rst. Those*n3r'"'ttff:l:;

the Contrasts shown in the negative (such as collodion matt papers). znd. Those whose tendency is tt oi v e increase -ne ga the contrasts shown in the (such as most artificial light developing papers, gelatjne printing_ ouf papers, etc.), ahd 'contrasts is -3rd. Those which reg -a st e r t h e of the negative nearly they are (such as _most platinum developing papers' and carbon). Therefore, papers of the first class require that plates should be carried further i n t h e . d e v _ e l o p _ e ro , r that the quantity of sul_ phite in the developer be reduced until the tone of the negative is a brown black. Papers of the second class should have n e . g a t i v e s o f m e d i u m i n t e n s i t y- n o with full detail in the shadows and have perceptible c o l o r . , -Papers _of the third class want negatives of normal exposure and of medium"intensity, with little or no color. The gradations of inGolor of tensity in the negative de!f,egative.

is to reduce

Normal Formulas
_FOR_

Cramer Plates.

20th EDtTloN.

t;;-j"i,'ii",l''iillu* ity. Negatives StXi

should be less intense than those of a grey black,-to give the same printing qualit1i. -negaiives It should be noted that dense are not necessar_y give to brilliant prints, brilliancy depending on the way the subject is lighted and on the timing of the plate. .luch a plate will yield a-brilliant print, if the negative is d-eveloped to the -have point where the highest lights sufficient density.

22
tra
-IOdd aJ

www.orphancameras.com

G. Cntrlr{n's Mexuer,

oN NEcatrvD MaxrNG.

23

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28

G. CnerrEn'sMenuar,

oN NEcatrvD MerrNc.

29

Neg:atives. pi"".a by submitti"b tt em either wholly or in part to the action of a reducing solution, are of two kinds. 1st. Negatives which are too dense all over, and lack contrast, due to over xposure and overdevelopment. For negatives of this kind use the following:

-Eerucing,"]o"rTjii,:!, Xti?..01'ill:
2nd. Negatives in which the detail in the shadows needs to be held as it is. but whose lights are too dense, due to harsh lighting or under exposure combined with prolongeti development. For reducing negatives of this kind use No. 1. Metric. 16 oz. Water . .. . . . r/+ oz. Ammonium Persulphate.. 8 grams 5 drops of Sulphuric Acid C. P. b drops (This solution will keep about one week.) No. 2. t6 oz. Water .b00 c c m L oz. Dry Sulphite of Soda. . . . . g0 grams (Which will test 30o by Hydrometer.) No. 2 should be mixed fresh. The negative must be well washed to remove all traces of Hypo. Dry negatives -in -for should first be soaked water a"t least half an hour. Keep the dish in motion, and when the intensity is suffrciently reduced Iinlg immediately and immerse th-enegative it Ng. 2 to stop the action of the reducer, and then wash well.

A. Water . .16 .ounces Hyposulphite of Soda. .... l ounce (Which will test about 15" by Hydrometer.) B. Water . .16 ounces R e d P r u s s i a t eo f P o t a s s i u m . . . . . 1 o u n c e As this solution is affected by light, the bottle containing it, should be of amber color or wrapped in opaque paper and kept in the dark when not in use. Mix for immediate use:A.... 8....
8 oz. 1 oz.

IJse in subdued day light. The negative can be placed in this solution directly after fixing. If a dry negative is to be reduced, it must be soaked in water for at least half an hour before applying the solution. To avoid streaks, always rinse the negative before holding it up for examination. As soon as sufficiently reduced wash thoroughly.

www.orphancameras.com

30

G. CnantEn's MaNuaL

oN NDcatryD ran= DevetWhile

MaxrNc.

31

.9EHE
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developer,_ we are satisfied that fine negatives can be made by tank development. The formulas given here will be found among the best for such use. Careful tests prove that to successfully use the tank method several precautions must be observed. The tank should be used for no other purpose. The grooves may be wide enough so that two plates (placed back to back) can be put in each groove; and the plates should not come within /2 inch of the bottom of the tank. A tank of hard rubber is preferable and it should be provided with a light tight cover. The Temperature of the solution should be 50 degrees Fahrenheit, and never allowed to rise higher than 60 degrees during the development. Always test temperature with a thermometer. Temperature higher than 60 degrees causesuneven development, stain and fog. The developer should be thoroughly mixed before putting the plates in the solution. Move each plate up and down quickly several times to break air bells, and after the plates have been in the tank about 5 or 10 minutes reverse their position, putting the top of the plate where the bottom was, to insure even development, and to avoid streaks. When putting plates in the tank be sure youf hands are free from other . chemicals. There is a point beyond which the developer cannot safely be diluted without causing peculiar streaks and blotches (see page 46) and stain and fog, due to the solution decomposing before development is complete. After develooment the tank should be thoroughly cleaned to prevent stain.

oPment.*?l'Jl1'"t';",1:f .T#'3;

www.orphancameras.com

32

G. CnarrEn's MaNuer,

oN NEcatrvE Mar<rnc.
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33

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34

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Nrcerrv'
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In addition to the Normal formulas described in the preceding chapter, the following formulas for developers are selected from the great many now in use. Ary other good developer can be employed, provided its strength is regulated to suit the plate.

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www.orphancameras.com 44 G. CeeNrEn's MeNuel AND THEIR REMEDIES.

oN NEcatrvE MarrNc. 45

FAILURES

with clear shadows' Unweats too or !f,egarives *'.'"f".*3tT;ir: Weak negatives with plenty qf detail in the Shadowi. Overexposure or lighted -too n"ttv or too weak developer (use less water).
strong d-eveloper containins too much alkali. Add more water and o.? l".t Carbonate of Soda or Potassium, as an excess of alkali blocks the whites. t o o being DeveloPer .ifoo Muclr !f,egatives

strong U',15.,f.'""r#?:t i?"tlX':

caused - by decom-posed yelrow anir. Pyro- solution, insufficient Brown stains or decomposed Sulphite of Soda, using too small a cluantity of dep l a t e is not sufficiently veloper so that the covered, prolonged development or using the developer too warm or too strong, insufficient washing of the negative after developing, before placing in the fixing bath, also by plain hypo solution which by continued use has assumed a dark color. An addition of Chrome Alum Acid Solution to the fixing batl-r, as described on page 26, will prevent discoloration of the bath and staining of the negative, provided same is allowed to remain in the bath a suFficient length of time to secure perfect fixing. To Remove Yellow stain caused by Pyro or Hydrochinon developer' wash well to free from hypo and place in

Nesatives dried in warm, sultry air assume intensity than when dried in a cool *"i. place with draft.

rntensity.Y3ilff:#?",tJlt-;#t1';

- foom, unsafe light for developing, uncleanlenses, reflections from shining edges of diaphragm, interior of tube and camera' extraneous light falling upon the lens from shield.ed, top or side when not properly light entering plate-holder when drawing or replacing the slide, etc. old Caused by Plates, Gbemrcat

Eos:.*??ff rlig,bt if_Hr""J;1.Tr*.::1?

IRON CLEARING SOLUTION.

Water

......Io2. S u l p h u r i cr \ c i d C . P . . . . .. t oz. Powdered alum irntil sttrrn is gone, then wash well.
,oo Bemove chemlcar , Fog.

.i'i;;;'C#'t"]'..... eo,'. ai;;; s;ipi.,;i;

.. . . .20ozs"

Fos.

too warrn or too strong, containing much alkali without restrainer. Some developers,for instance, Eikbnogen, Hvdrochinon, Metol, etc., when quite fresh n"1d th" addition of a few drops of Bromide of Potassium Solution, to work perfectly clear. If chemical fog occurs, use the developer cooler or more diluted and add a few drops of Bromide of Potassium Solution, containing 1 oz, Bromide of Potassium to 10 oz. ol water.

%:1:,Xuo:1 5:;::3;*:",X1'' too

r-regative. is the - Afterfixed, rins_e and place in a of Red solution weak Prrissiate redrrcer given on page 28, using a double quantity of water, As soon as the fog is gone, wash well.

fridescence (metallic appearance) of the surface can be removed by rubbing the negative with a tuft of cotton while the negative is wet, or by treating as for chemical fog.

www.orphancameras.com

46

G. CsalvrDn's'Mexuer.

oN NEcetrvD MarrNc.
spots.

4t

rrilliug,

Caused by too tt.istt- temperature' .oor irtE aevelo^perand use the ;hl;";;.;t" bath (page 26)' h;t";"""d-haidening -(puckering-of -'F; the film) Reticulation i; tt" u'Id. fixing bath til";;;;ti"; r."# Eour to harden the film wav i;;'it"if-an through. DevelIn hot climate use the "Tropical" Bath Haidening ptJri*i""tv ;i;; opo,';ith (see page +r,)' by 'Wavy of negative, caused Gloutly, not usirrg sufficient quatl: to wett Appeararce titv "6v of developer ttoi suffrciently rockeover the plate, "t ing the develoPing traY'

ii*'i'"K;',Jf .nl'"*rq3i.a When

A book might be written on Spots and then not cover the entire subject, but the greater part of such a volume would be rendered useless if cleanlin.ess is observed in the dark room, in the camera and its fittings.. Air bubbles in the deBour. veloper' or using Pyro detransparent

tuft of cotton while developing. of irregular shape' Caused lrransparent 'dust and brush off the plate slowly before olacing in the holder. Transparent Spots are also caused by splinters of glass, jarred off the edges of plates when several are developed together in one trav. Transpaient Triangular Spots of frregular Size.-Caused by scum forming on the surfaceof the developer. Transparent Spots.-Caused by scale or sediment from dirty bottles and trays. Fine Transparent Lines.-Using too stiff a brush in dusting off plates. Pyro ar.. caused "br 'dry Bro'wn or
settlinf on the plate. Can be removed by given on Solution, Clearing using Iron pagJ 45, or by placing the plate in #ater to wtrictr a few drops of Nitric Acid have been added. ' caused bv iron scale in Small Opaque Tie several the wate?. sPots cotton of thicknesses cloth over the faucet. Also caused by sediment in the fixing bath.

spots b1.B;:, Tf:"o;1:"*?,?"?

spots lrotlj;.t:i3.lrf?J""fr:H

^ alum, if APPearance ii;il plate "o"iri"i"g turbid' oi old is solution the !:!l1g "t rocklng' without developer it't" i" ii.

Drottlecr. ij,,J'*,*ff

.fl"':ftlfl';

fect elimination of the HYPo'

Grystarlizatior ?tu,,ll'", lxru::Ii*#i sur- :f*;i-?:t?,.,[f,u#f" ot san*v face bY using

removed ."iliv page 45' Iron clearing solution-given on

spots H'3;,1"* Furpre ",lot??.?1":* "fl

Streaks ald irrsensitive spots; appeafBlotcbes ius ut though the Plate or greasy had been scrubbed with a .dirty caused by cleaned' are ilititrt .t i-ptoli"tty if it is the ttnevet u.t'o"t^i't-itt-t developer' ioo o1,i or too much diluted' li"blt to occur if This troubf. lJ-*ott in connection with ;;;a it "rirrito.rtitiJ"""' M;;"f; u"a .be P5evented E'id;;;;';; "u" plate in water' of the t'"t'in! ;;;;;E;lb"i concentrated' *ote otuliofr"' ut.. using by a different deor by a radrcal change to veloPer.

peouliar il",11:n?,X?," u3'lil ,'?t

edy, add more water; also caused by sudden changes of temper-ature between the different solutions and the wash water.

or tii t:';JJ ,11.i?:k;nq Bristere Frilling

www.orphancameras.com

48

G. Cnaunn's MaNueL

ON

EGATIVD

Mer<rNc.

49

is caused by the light Hala6on. passing through the film and striking "the back of the plate, which acting as J mirror reflects the light back into the shadows, thereby causing a spreading of the lights into the shadorvs. The best way to avoid it, is to use

Selection of Plates.
CRAMER LIGHTNINC PLATES.

CRAMER'S DOUBLE-COATED HALATION PLATES.

NON-

Halation on single-coated plates can be helped by local reduction of the negative. Halation can be prevented to some extent bv backing the plates with Acme Halation destroyer- (black paper. coated- wi.lh paste, to be attait-ted to bacli of plate), or by painting the back with some quick-drying ae sg te f eb 'p N a to iv s non-actinic color. coated plates are on thinly firor'e aPt to show halation.

"cRowN."

- Th"_ most, rapid plate made. It has good latitude and all the fine printing qualities that are so distinctive a feature oJ the Cramer Plate. It is recommended especially for hand cameras and instantaneous work and for large work and groups in the studio.

..BANNER

X.'

- Y_qty'rapid, with great latitude; gives a brilliant, quick printing negative, lull of d e t a i l i n t h e s h a d o w s ,w h i c h - p r i n t s a s w e l l as it appears. The Banner X Plate is the b-est for general use in Portrait Photography.

..ANCHOR." . A plate of less speed, giving greater density; suitable for commeicial-work.

www.orphancameras.com

60

Mexuer, G. CnervrEn's

oN NricltrvE

MexrNc.

51

Why you should use

CRAMER
IsochromaticPlates.
The thinking photographer for many years has been dissatisfied with the incorrect rendering of color values by the plates which are generallY used' He was obliged to exPlain that blue photographed lighter; yellow, green and lr"ngi, much darker. In landscape YgrI the foii"ge lacks detail, the clouds which add so much to the efiect of a landscape being omitted, and distant scene and mountains scarcelY visible. This state of affairs had prevailed fqr so many years that it was generally accepted as one-of the limitations of photography' Isochromatic plates change all this' and place in the hands of the Portrait, Commerperfect ciul und Landscape Photographer a means of achieving satisfactory results' They mark one of the great advances in photography since the discovery of the Workers who are noted for the Oty pt"t.. quutity of their work use them exclusively'

We have numerous testimonials from experts and scientists as to the superiority of Cramer Isochromatic Plates and urge you, if you care to inprove the quality of your work, to give them a thorough trial. Their manipulation is just the same as for our regular plates, except that a low ruby light should be used in the dark room. That those who try them continue to use them, is evident from our constantly increasing sales of these goods.

@so
CRAME,R ISOCHROMATIC PLATES.
.rrnstantaneous" Fgt portraits and all

rsochromatic.ygl^ryl:T^..?-^I"pid

ex-

givebette'P?:fl: plates l:"i;.T[:fi.frn;t::

use of i yellow screen than any othel plate of the sime rapidity. They are fully isochromatic when used with a pale yellow Ray Filter, which requires olly a trifle longer exposure. On account of their hi-gh seniitivet't-essto yellow and artificial light, they are the best plates for flash-light exi postlres.

www.orphancameras.com SZ G. CnervrEn'S MaNuar, ' Used extensivelY forgeneral commercial pho"Medium" tograPhY. Isochromatic, -inieriors, the detail ln in delicate frescoes and colored decorations which does not show at all when photographed with regular plates, is brought out clearly. Bv using these plates in landscape work, t h e d i f f e r e n t s h a d e so f f o l i a g e a r r d t h e v a l the sky atrd clottds are given far betr"i while diitant objects-,even in hazy at' ter, "i mosphere, show more distinctlY' Ray filters or color screens are require.d "*fr.tt th. full isochromatic effect is ""f" *"t-tted. matie. iensitive to yellow and orange color without the use of a yellow screen. It is especially adapted.f or -copying paint- e found invaluable rn comi n e s a n -*;;1, d-will b bringing out the grain . of *Ei.i"r and Bivlng design of fabrics, 'in *ooa""a work for ;t"very desirable -tit^logues. J.n"lti""1ttut Aiso excellent for cloud i*J. effects.
oN NEcATrvn MaxrNc. 53

CRAMER'S Trichromatic and Panchromatic Plates.

Sensitive to ALL colors, including use with RED"

The best plates for three color work, etc.

ray filters,

t[" r.slow,, rsochro-o,r3t'-311til:, r',iili

requires three negawork Three-color tives to be made, one through a blue or and one purple, one through a green through a red color screen. . The advanis or Panchromatic tage of the Trichromatic particularly noticeable when used with the red screen. Commercial photographers will find these plates invaluable in all work where sensitiveness to red is required, their wonderful range being best shown when used with a red screen. A black and red design, which is most diffrcult to copy, can be readily photographed with these plates, so that the red and black retain their relative tone values. r\s these plates are extremely sensitive to red, they sliould be handled both before and after exposure without being exposed to any light. Cover your dark roorl light and do not look at the negative until it is nearly developed, and then it should be only briefly examined by a low ruby liglit. Leave in acid fixing and nardening bath given on page 26, until the negative is entirely fixed. Any of our regular can be used developing formulas

use, which compensates for errors of particrnore than ordinary single coated plates, ularly suited for high-grade portraiture and commercial work. ..Commereial.,,

..rsonon.,, lllj,lf; .ofl,:ffi:?ill"TXIJ, exposure

A slow plate, for all commercial work when brilliancy and vigor with full detail are required'

.. r,:i:+'ir=:.,.

www.orphancameras.com

54

G. CnerrEn'sMawuer,

oN NEcatrvE Menxc.

oo

CRAMER DOUBLE COATED NON - HALATION PLATES.

First coated with a slow, and for a second time with a raPid emulsion' Specially made-to prevent halation, ald hence recommended ior pho-tographing.inin which strong light enterrng iliioi" itt. *i"aows haJ-to Ee contended i[t.rilu

and ;iil fia ioi r""a"".pes,white draperies con-

all objects rvhere there extsts a strol]g il;J Letween light and shade' IJse a rather dilute developer for doubleplates, so that development can be to affect. the lorver "out.a ;;;i;;n;d-iutricientlv double. the usual about u iut *iii f;i;. ;?;.h " i{i";" f"t 1wo minutes a.nd fix in acid it*;. page h-*i"e and hardening bath,.given on ii.'"*-i" b"ath untif entirelv fix.ed' ;4. i;";;; i" the thickness- of the film' *ii.r"'ovii"g a *iii- iir." mSre than double the time of plate. If the ^plate is taken riiili:.."[ed ffih- before it is fixed- stain will it.il"tit" ;;"sue."--Finii washing must be thorough' The Double-Coated are made in the follow'ing brands: Crown, Banner X and fsochromatic Instantaneous,Medium and Slow'

and washing being the same. hardening But the t6mperature of the developer should not be higher than 6o or 65 degrees, and I fresh cool acid fixing and hardening bath Great care, however, should be used. should be taken to prevent an injury to the surface of the film during these operations, as the introduction of fluids between the glass and film would injure the latter. Aftei the final washing, the surface of the plate should be flowed with a mixture composed of one part glycerine and thirty parts water. Cut a piece of gelatine tissue, somewhat larg -e ar ndthan the plate, soak it in this bring it in contact with the solution, Airbells between wet surface of the film. the film and tissue should be carefully expelled by the use of a soft damp sponge, or i squeegee. The overlapping ends should now be pasted to the back of the negative with stiff starch paste, and the whole placed in the rack to dry. It may then be flowed ps la with t riin p collodion. To - o ft h e f i l m , c u t t h r o u g h i t a r o u n d the plate and remove it with a the edge steady pull. Any stoppage during this opcause marks on the negative eration-will and should be avoided. The stripped negathe tives should be preserved between leaves of a book. They can be printed from either side.

CRAMER X-RAY PLATES.

Used by the most prominent e-xperts throughoui the United States and Canada. These plates are reliable, uniform in results and easy to manipulate. They should be kept in a dark room. If it is necessary tg keep thern in the X-ray room, they should be kept in a leaden box, which is impenetrable to the X-rays. In placing the plate in the envelope see that the face of the envelope is next to the film, so that you can tell which is the surface of the plate. A piece of blotting paper ar silk ought to be

CRAMER STRIPPING PLATES.

or Made in Crown, Banner X, Isochromatic Contrast Brands' For photo-mechanical work' Reliable and easv to manrpulate. Nlade only to order' seven to ten davs to furnish ili'"iti"g-i;; these Plates.

Drrectiors ,"THfrltl'itLt ffil+n";; for Use. the

ordinary btit iittle from that of dry plate, the development, fixing'

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G. CnnuDn's MaNuel to preventthe perolacedover the envelope from injuring the patient ot-Ir," $i;;t;; 56

oN

NEcarrvD

Mlr<rNc.

s7

ni*:'

account ot the extreme sensitiveness On -tire-plates, great caution must be exerof 'io them m-ore.than absocised not to "*pott ttt" ruby light while lutelv necessary ., r h""a'ti"g and develoPing'{ '--l;t on pre?ood developer, described detail WFt" the may vious pages' *"v U"G"a' additional intensitv -h-slrahle i. fitiri-8."!top"a. 'd.pi'.a"ced jf .by^rinsing the DepiltJ-""4 transferri"g t" the- Contrast veloper betore nxlngthe contact of p?pel sensltlzed lf,ote to Our the affects Patrons. and materiallY in;i;t;r furnish the jures their keepind-qualities,.Ye. the plates which into separatEly, envelopes for required when i"iJried ;il";;;"aiiv otfu" . o..lly -but will pack plates .iT envelopes liability any without to'otri'.*d, *h'Jrr' whatsoever. " and two Orange.,Envelopes f*J'ii".r. plates' pi"fLd *ittt each dozen X-Ray "t" DR. MIHRAN K. KASSABIAN'S X-RAY MANUAL free, on application to furnished will be DRY PLATE CO. CRAMER G.

PLATES. CRAMER TRANSPARENCY Coated with a specially prepared slow emulsion, producing the very linest transpaf encles or posltlves on glass. Coated on Clear or Ground Glass. For developer see page 42. CRAMER LANTERN SLIDE PLATES. (Red and Creen Label.) Red T abel plates exactly fill the requirements when the maximum of contrast, without sacriGreen label give fice of detail is required. warmer tones. On First Quality Thin Crystal Glass, proSlides with absoducing Rich, Brilliant lutely clear glass in the highlights. Lantern Slides can be made from negain the camera or by tives by copying contact. The time of exposure when printir-rg by contact depends upon the intensity of the negative, the source of light and the distance of the light from the negative. Under a negative of ordinary intensity at a distance of three feet from the fight of an ordinary fish-tail burner, or an incandescent light, a few seconds exposure rvill The proper time required tre sufficient. can easily be ascertained by a few trials. For developing, use the Transparency developer, page 42.

F
I
t

"

Comparative speed of CramePPlates. (A pproxi matel y.)

If the Crown requires 1 ur-rit of time, Ranner X will require I/a :units of time. Anchor will require 2l units, Isonon will require L unit of tirne. Instantaueous Isochromatic will recluire 1 unit, \Iedium Isochromatic will reqttire l2/s to 2 units. Slow f sochromatic will require 8 to 10 units. Commercial will require 5 units of time. Contrast will require 10 to 15 uuits' Transparency and I-antern Slide 10 to 15 tunits. Double Coated according to Brand.

CRAMER CONTRASTPLATES. *'bn8ft "rl'otn-toNE PLATEs (Line

or ProcessWork)' Sct"e" "'i'""i^ai".l"pi"g use any oJ the.normal de.,n.io"p ;; Ih ;' C;"ti' Jt D eveIoper ..^ T.1: "it]' oe mixed in. proportions to sutt may two "o.-J"i"
two trays alternately' For prooi iontrast wifh absolutelv gieate# th; ;;.i"; trt"ctt and white)' use the ii.lt diveloPer given on Page 43' "rt"a.i*t photoFor copying drawings, engravings'

www.orphancameras.com

58

Maxual G. CnarvrEn's

oN NEcrrtrvn Maxrwc.

59

YOU WANT

*Pyro-Soda fPyro-Soda Package, makes 176ouncesfOr Tray, or 4/z gallonsfor Tank. Price..........-.-...-.-.... .1O Pyro-Acetone. . Pyro-AcetonePackage, makes 180 ounces for Tray, or 3LAgallons for Tank. Price............ .1o *Reducer No. l. Reducescontrast for negatives too intense in the lights, and whose details must be preserved Per tube..-. ....l O tReducer No. 2. Increases contrast for overexposed ahd overdeveloped negatives. Per tube.... . *lnlenslfier.

Chemicals! Cramer
, BECAUSE

THE|R QUALITYlS UNIFORM,

Cramer's Special Dry Sulphite of Soda. l-pound bottles.---.-.....-....--..--..... ....-......30 -...$ I .25 cans--.--.... S-pound 'Cramer's Special Dry Carbonate of Soda. ......---..25 l-pound bottles.--..-. .....$1.O0' S-poundcans..--....... Cramer's (Liquid) Acetone. *Z-ounce bottles..-..-. 16-ounce bottles l-gallon bottles....... *Edinol Developer. ..-..15 .........-..5o .$3.2o

In glass tubes, makes 64 to 96 ounces of de' .3o veloper, (Professionalsize). Per 1ube............ Does not stain the hands. *Edinol DeveloPen. In Cartridges, for plate paper or tank develop' 6 tubes ment, makes 6 to ?5 ouncesof developer, (Amateur size). a box, in '5 ----.-" Per tube..-. Does not stain the hands. ' *M.-Q. DeveloPer. n.) ( u e r o L - H Y D R o c x l' n In Cartridges, for plate, paper or tank develop' 6 tubes ment. makes 4 to 25 ouncesof developer,
in a box, p q y ! u b e . . , . . r ! . . ! r ' . ? r , , r ! * i ' r ! : " r . , . . - r . . . ' . . w . .t.5 ',,,

Makes one solution for increasingthe density of thin negatives. Per tube.... .lO -.-.

xMela-Chrome Hardenlng Powder. For plate or film fixing baths, makes /2 gallon of bath. l5 Per tube.-While this list comprisesthe chemicalsput up by the G. CRAMER DRY PLATE Co., we can furnish ANY chemicals required by our customers at lowest possible prices. Chemicals marked with a star (*) sent by mail on receiptof price. will be

www.orphancameras.com

60

G. CnauEn'st Meuuer,

oN NEcatrvE Mer<rNG.

61

* (.) 'f

EE
a2 ?.6
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"u .g : :6 Ef dtsE;o ililililil b ql

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E*E c 5 EEF A r$ b$e, ililil

b E;EIg F {
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flih
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ft, .HHEg1gEHEiH
rj

E EE:E:E3+.H{ oooEEgSFg

* trE EEE$F;EA$ fr j F H* .Rs:'lEH.sx

fi r ! g iiiili:?'l:*
I t f = oil P d.i-e

EE H Hli;EE[-il E :E:;#ijg [; gE E
:iEsgg#ri
'rtF{E:F A
FE;; a. E
6 3'" I'0";Exl f,

:t; f Hg+ ;;,:; II.E' H s+*;;E; n-:: iFp:iHi H I, fE:;!:J E E

E;EE=;?E E ri'I{

:;Eer: y l"T;5;g i -t sf,il-' ;F:H ; l 6 $ s ; + gi l : : F *i; giEf inm;

5{iccSi

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ni : $EiE:;;;u
EUt[#tE 3 su 'gEhF E hE
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e E s= H

www.orphancameras.com

62.

Manuer, G. CnervrEn's

oN NDcatrvE Marrwc.
HARDENING SOLUTION.

63

HOW TO PHOTOGRAPH METALLIC oBJECTS WrrH POLTSHED SURFACES, OR CUT GLASS. Dab the surfaceof the .articlewith a ball .should be of soft putty. All such articles
photographed against a black ground, the light falling only from one direction, and all reflections stopped with black screens. Hollow Cut Glass may be filled with ink or a black analine water dye. Bright parts of machinery may be painted as follows; Make a thin cream of white lead and turpentine, gray with lamp-black and add one-sixth part of gold size (which can be bought in any paint store). This paint can be removed with cotton waste wet with turpentine or benzine. }IOW TO REMOVE SILVER STAIN

(]rled

Water . .80 ounces F o i m a t i n . : . : .: . . . : : : . . . : . . . ; . : . : 1 o u n c e _ Immersing the negative a few minutes in this solution will render the gelatine per_ fpctly.insolu.4e, so that the neg"ati,o.c"ri be
Dy artlhclal heat.

ANTIDOTE

FOR METOL

POISONING.

FROM

NEGATIVES.

_ _There is a serious drawback to the use of Metol, as with sorne people it biings on an irritating. s.kin troublq l^eaving th;-fingers very sensitive and tender. As a cure for this trouble, the following is recommended: Take first Rochelle Salts to open the !owql_s, 11d_ qext day use Swift,s'Ste;i;i pRecific (S .S S.) .according to Airectioirstoi Scrotula. Attention should be paid to the general health, any tendency toward dys_ pepsia and constipation ai once to -be checked. An Italian authority gives the following prescription for an ointirent. Ichth_yol Lanoline Pure vaseline . ...1 part ''2 Parts

fmmerse in Red Prussiate Clearing Solution as recommended for the removal of chemical fog and yellow stain. See page 28. WHITE BACKGROUNDS.

n o i u " i . * a -:":i:l:: "..: : : :: : : :: :: : : :: l S i l l :

Remove the background a sufficient distance from the sitter or object, so that there is no shadow thrown upon it. Avoid reflections in the camera. When the detail is sufficiently developed rinse the negative and place it in the CONTRAST developer for a short time. This will give the white background sufficient intensity, thereby avoiding the trouble of opaqueing same.

The use of-the irritating cause should be at once suspended. P-yro stains on fingers may be removed by rrbbing with a large crystil of Citric Acii directly after developm-ent, before the fingers have been dried _ Bl"t: Lifters. (thimtles with hook), also India Rubber F'inger Tips are useful for the protection of fingers from stain and injury. Sold by all dealers.

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64

G. CnarvrEn'sMeNuer,

oN NDcetrvE MerrNc.

65

DEAD

BLACK

VARNISH. ....8 ozs. 'l oz. ....!oz.

NEGATIVE VARNISH.
Best grain alcohol . .. Crushed dark shellac 20 ozs.

Alcohol I-l-p_ black Liquidshellac....:.

Shake occasionally for several days until dissolved (without tieat). Allow it to settle, then decant carefully from the settlings, and add z drams of oil of lavender. The negative should be slightly warmed before varnishing. RETOUCHING DOPE.

BLACKENING

BRASS DIAPHRAGMS. A.

Nitrate of copper Water B. Nitrate of silver Water

.r/+ ' L oz. oz.

.....60 grains Powdered rosin . . .. .2 ozs. Oil of turpentine Moisten a clean'cotton rag, and rub over the parts of the negative to be retouched. GROUND GLASS VARNISH.

..tA. o".

Yil.A.and B, clean the brass thoroughly qqd_{p_!" the solution for a moment olnlf. ALLOW to dry and then heat almost rJd hot. SKYLIGHT CONSTRUCTION.

ozs. Gum sandrac . . . . . - . . . . % oz, Gu* m"ttic .. . . . . . 2 4 ozs. Ether . . . . . 6 t o 1 8 ozs. Benzole The quantity of benzole detormines the nature of the matt obtained.

Before changing a light or putting in a photo nerv- one, we would advise getting -Consfruction, Miniature No. 50 on Studio by Tennant & Ward, z87 Fourth Ave, New York.

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66

Mexuar* G. CnervrEnis

oN NEcerrvD MaxrNc.

6?

Chemicals Used, Their

Synonyms

andl

Abbreviations. Acetone-Sulphite. Acid, acetic. ' ( a b s o l u t e- 7 o 0 V o . '( glacial:807o. '"3 No. 8 -28 to \OVo. " " ' " boric: Boracic Acid. " citric. '" gallic. " hydrochloric: muriatic acid. " nitric. ' " nitro-muriatic: Aqua regia.
tt oxalic

" pyrogallic: Pyro: Pyrogallol. " sulphuric -Oil of Vitriol. " sulphurous. " tannic: Tannin. Alcohol : rectified spirit. :ssthylated -Wood alcohol. " Alkalies: caustic bases such as soda, potash and ammonia and Carbonates thereof. which neutralize acids. Potash Alum:ordinary white alum. Alum: Amidol. Ammonium bromide. l carbonate. " chloride: Muriate of ammonia " : Sal ammonia. iodide. " muriate: Chloride of ammo" nium. persulphate. " Aqua Ammonia : Liquor ammonia:Water
of ammonla.

Carbonate potassium:Sal tartar. of (' (( sodium: Carbonate of Soda :Sal soda. Chrome-a1um. Cyanide of potassium. Edinol. Eikonogen Formalin :4070 solution of Formaldehyde. Gelatin. GIycerin. Glvcin. - Hydroquinohe. !!ydrochinon Hypo_ Hyposulphite of soda. Iodine. Iron oxalate. ." sulphate: Sulphateof iron: Ferrous sulphate: Protosulphate of iron. . Mercury bichloride : Corrosive sublimate. Methyl Alcohol: Wood Alcohol. n{etol. Muriatic acid: Hydrochloric acid. Ortol. Para-amidophenol. Potassium. Potassium bichromate. " bromide. carbonate - Sal tattar. " cyanide. ferricyanide: Ferridcyanide. .' "' 3 o r R e d p r n s s i a t eo f p o t a s s i u m . ferrocyanide: yellow prussiatq " of potassium. Caustic potash. lr"i?t": lj
10cloe.

regia: Nitro-muriatic acid. " Borax- Borate or Biborate of Sodium,

" " " "

metabisulphite. oxalate, neutral. permanganate. sulphite.

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68

G. CnerrEn's NIeNuer,

otv Npcerrvn

MenNc.

CRAMER PLATES,
Pyrogallol. Pyrogallic acid: Pyrogallic acid in a compressed form. Pyrocatechin. Pyroxyline : Guncotton. Rodinal. Silver nitrate. Sodium. Borax. Sodium biborate or borate " bicarbonate - Baking soda. carbonate Carbonate of soda: . " Sa1 soda. Table salt. chloride: " hydrate - Caustic Soda. " I{ypo. hyposulphite: " (consulphate Glauber's salt " tained in decomposed Sulphite of Soda.) sulphite - Sulphite of Soda. Tannic acid. Tannin: Tolidol. IJranium nitrate. Aqua Ammonia. Water of Ammonia: Alcohol - Nlethylated spirit: Wood Methvl alcohol. Pyro: Pyrol:
pan- Cnown. Bannep X, Anehor, Isoehromatle. ehromatie-,- Trichromatic. Coinmerciat, Contni-ji. Lant-ern slicle, 'I'ra.nspatrency. X-Ray, with 2 black a+d, z orange eovelopese. per dozea plates. X-Ray plates made oaly 4x5 and oven

Standard
Size, Per doz.

List.
per Doz.

zes-to, o.rden. o.,#o"BifJ $l

in Llase,

\ L%....$0.25....30 2 " x2 .25.....30 z l l x z f t. . . . . 3 0 . . . . 3 0 2fux4 .35.. . .30 3- f ix3 .35.. . .30 t{ tr-.. Js...io 31/ax3fu....40....30 3fux3ft.... .40....30 3%x326.... .40....30 3fux4L. S . .55. . . .30 3)/x4r/a . ... . 4 5 . . . 3 0
3 y ' a x S L / . . . .. 6 0 . . . . 3 0 4r/ax4!1.... .60....30 4 x5 . 6 5 .. . . 3 0

70x24....-.$tZ.oo l2x?0 12.00 2 0 x 2 2 . . . . .1 . 9.00 22x24 29.00 20x28 30.00 o-..,.-36J0 22x27 36.00 22x28 30.00 22x30 41.00

Size.

4 7 + x 6 / 2 . . . . 9 0 .. . . 2 0 5 xV 1.10. . .20 5 x8 7.25....20 6 % x 8 t / 2 .... 1 . 6 5 . . . 1 2 7 x 9 . . . . 2 . 0 0 .. . . 1 0 7 x10 .... 2.10....10 8 x10 . . . . 2 . 4 0 . . . 1 0 10 x72 . . . . 4 . 2 0 . . . . 4 11 x14 . . . . 6 . 0 0 . . . . 4 74 xL7 . . . . 9 . 0 0 . . . . 3 W i t h t h e s e s p e e i a ls i z e s 16 x20 . . . . I S . Z S . . . . 2 we furnish free of charge, in 2 77 x20 " " ; ; 14, ';X' "'i, o n o d o z e n8 x l 0 o r s m a l l e r , 18 x22 20 x24
*Considering the risk ancl uncertainty _' these large Plates, we .will coat frour one Plates lroro than order calls for, and yeserve to send all that prove perfect.

afuxS)l. . . . .7s. . . .30 afux\)l.....90....30

24x30 42.00 20x40 54.00 24x36..i...54.00 26x36 60.00 24x40 66.00 28x36 66.00 30x34 66.00 26x40......72.00 22x45 90.00 30x40 90.00 30x46 t32.00 30x60 156.00 32x60 180.00

in uraking to three tho right

I to 14 days required to furnish the Special Sizes, 10x12 qnd larger packed ft dozen in eqeh box,

www.orphancameras.com 70 G. Cnarunn's NIeNuat

o\r NEcerrvE MercrNc.

(-"! - F ) - { A

7t

CRAMER Double Coated (Non-Halation)

FOLLOWING BRANDS: cRowN, B A N N E RX , lsocH RoMATIC,
rsoN-oNffROUN D GLASS TRANSPARENCY, X-RAY, with l2 each,blackand orange envelopes with each dozen of Plates. SPecial List.
Size, Doz. in Oase. Pet Doz.

o b0b0 d.+r

L L

9low,) Mediuma,nd (lnstantaneous,

I xltz6 2 x2

.......30 .... . . .30

...$0.30 .30
.JJ

s q)
o
? *J

a) a.

(,)

.44 .4G .50

(.) -

C) I

o L 011 14 16 17 18 20 x14 . x17 . x20 . x20 . x22 . x24.

t/zdoz.
a

...

....-.24.65
under 10t12 one

and larger, l|tl2 doz. in each bor.

in each bot,

with each dozen We include12 setsenvelopes X-Ray in above prices.

r ' ..:;..!.

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72

G. CnauEn'sMaNuer, A P P R O X T M A T EW E I G H T S

CRAMER PLATES"

CRAMER PLATES
3/xa/
4xb

tn French Sizes

(Centimeters.)

BRANDS: CROWN, BANNER X, ISOCHRO. MATIC, CONTRAST,TRANS. PARENCY.

Sizes Centimeters.
Doz. .in Per doz. Oase.

4ftxtfu
ox/ 5x8

6126x9 6 x 9.. 8 x 9.. 9 xLZ..

.......$

8%x77. 1 2 x 1 6 .. 7 2 x 1 8 .. 1 3 x 1 8 .. 18 x24.. 1 8 x 2 6 .. 2L x27..

6fux8rl 8x10 10x12 11x14 14x17 16x20 17x20 18x22 20x24

30 20 20 12 10 4 4 3
L

2 1% I

33 52 72 62 72 57 74 75 87 110 101 r02 91 79

All brands in sizesof 8xro and under packed r dozen to the box, sizes above 8xro are packed ,A dozen to the box.