Chapter 3.

2
Methods of analysis in circuit
Topic & Structure of the lesson

Nodal analysis
Application of super-node in nodal analysis
Mesh analysis
Application of super-mesh in mesh analysis

MESH ANALYSIS

A 'mesh' (also called a loop) is simply a path through a
circuit that starts and ends at the same place. For the
purpose of mesh analysis, a mesh is a loop that does not
enclose other loops.
A mesh is a loop which doesn't contain any other
loops within it.
Loop (mesh) analysis results in a system of linear
equations which must be solved for unknown currents.
Reduces the number of required equations to the
number of meshes
Can be done systematically with little thinking
As usual, be careful writing mesh equations follow sign
convention.
MESH ANALYSIS
Step 1

A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
Mesh Analysis involves solving electronic
circuits via finding mesh or loop currents of
the circuit. This is done by forming KVL
equations for respected loops and solving
the equations to find individual mesh
currents.
Step1 Identify the number of basic meshes.
MESH ANALYSIS
Step 2

Simply assume clockwise current flow in All the loops and find them to analyze
the circuit. Also any independent current source in a loop Becomes the loop
current as current in series is Same.
Step 2 Assign a current to each mesh.
MESH ANALYSIS
Step 3

Mesh Analysis involves solving electronic circuits via finding mesh or loop
currents of the circuit. This is done by forming KVL equations for respected
loops and solving the equations to find individual mesh currents.
Step 2 Apply KVL around each loop to get an equation in
terms of the loop currents.
MESH ANALYSIS
Step 4

As an example
V
1
+ I
1
R
1
+ (I
1
- I
2
) R
3
= 0
I
2
R
2
+ V
2
+ (I
2
-I
1
) R
3
= 0
Step 2 Solve the resulting system of linear equations.
MESH ANALYSIS
Example

Use mesh analysis to find the current i
o
.
Solution
We apply KVL to the three meshes
R
1
R
x
R
2
+
_
I
1
I
2
+
_
V
A
V
B
+ +
+
_
_
_
V
1
V
L1
V
2
MESH ANALYSIS
Example 1

B X X
B X X
X L
B L
V I R R I R or
V I R R I R
Thus
R I V R I I V with
V V V
Mesh For
= + +
= +
= + =
=
2 2 1
2 2 1
2 2 2 1 2 1
2 1
) (
) (
,
; ) ( ;
: 2
( )
A X X
X L
A L
V I R I R R so
R I I V R I V where
V V V
Mesh For
= +
= =
= +
2 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
) ( ,
;
: 1
(

+
+
=
(

=
(

+
+

B
A
X X
X X
B
A
X X
X X
V
V
R R R
R R R
I
I
or
V
V
I
I
R R R
R R R
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
(
) (
(
) (
R
1
R
x
R
2
+
_
I
1
I
2
+
_
V
A
V
B
+ +
+
_
_
_
V
1
V
L1
V
2
MESH ANALYSIS
Example 2

+
_
10V
4 O 2 O
6 O
7 O
2V
20V
I
1
I
2
+
+
_
_
Write the mesh equations and solve for the currents I
1
, and I
2
.
Mesh 1
4I
1
+ 6(I
1
I
2
) = 10 - 2
Mesh 2
6(I
2
I
1
) + 2I
2
+ 7I
2
= 2 + 20
I
1
= 2.2105
I
2
= 2.3509
MESH ANALYSIS
Example 3

Solve for the mesh currents in the circuit below.
+
_
6 O
10 O
9 O
11 O
3 O
4 O
20V 10V
8V
12V
I
1
I
2
I
3
+
+
_
_
_
_
+
+
_
Mesh 1: 6I
1
+ 10(I
1
I
3
) + 4(I
1
I
2
) = 20 + 10
Mesh 2: 4(I
2
I
1
) + 11(I
2
I
3
) + 3I
2
= - 10 - 8
Mesh 3: 9I
3
+ 11(I
3
I
2
) + 10(I
3
I
1
) = 12 + 8
Solving the Equations gives,
20I
1
4I
2
10I
3
= 30
-4I
1
+ 18I
2
11I
3
= -18
-10I
1
11I
2
+ 30I
3
= 20
In matrix form:
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

20
18
30
3
2
1
30 11 10
11 18 4
10 4 20
I
I
I
Standard Equation form
MESH ANALYSIS
Example 3

20V
10V
15V
30V
20 O
10 O
30 O
10 O
12 O
8 O
+
_
I
1
I
2
I
3
+
+
+
_
_
_
Write the mesh equations for the following circuit
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

15
25
10
3
2
1
30 10 0
10 50 10
0 10 30
I
I
I
MESH ANALYSIS
Exercise

10V
20V
4A
10 O
5 O
20 O
2 O
+
_
15 O
+
_
I
1
I
2
I
3
Find the three mesh currents in the circuit below.
MESH ANALYSIS
Example with Current source


When a current source exists only in one mesh:
Remove the current source as shown in next slide, where, set
current at that particular loop = current sources.
Next, write the mesh equations for the remaining meshes in the
usual way

Note that I
2
is retained for writing the equations through the
5 O and 20 O resistors.
10V
20V
10 O
5 O
20 O
2 O
+
_
15 O
+
_
I
1
I
2
I
3
MESH ANALYSIS
Example (cont.)

10V
20V
10 O
5 O
20 O
2 O
+
_
15 O
+
_
I
1
I
2
I
3 Equation for mesh 1:
10I
1
+ (I
1
-I
2
)5 = 10
or
15I
1
5I
2
= 10
Equations for mesh 2:
2I
3
+ (I
3
-I
2
)20 = 20
or
- 20I
2
+ 22I
3
= 20
Constraint Equation
I
2
= - 4A
MESH ANALYSIS
Example (cont.)

Express the previous equations in Matrix form:
1
2
3
15 5 0 10
0 20 22 20
0 1 0 4
I
I
I

( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

I
1
= -0.667 A
I
2
= - 4 A
I
3
= - 2.73 A
MESH ANALYSIS
Example (cont.)

MESH ANALYSIS
Exercise 1

Find the three mesh currents in the circuit below.
i
2
= 5A
i
1
= 7A
Use Mesh Analysis to find the current i
o
MESH ANALYSIS
Exercise

i
o
=1.5 A
MESH ANALYSIS
Super Mesh

super Mesh
When a current source exists in between two meshes, an easy way to
handle this is to form a super mesh. The super mesh encircles the
Current source and the and any elements connected in series with it.
MESH ANALYSIS
Super Mesh

a super mesh was created by
excluding the current source and any
elements connected in series with it,
Why???
Because mesh analysis applies
KVLwe do not know the
voltage across a current source
in advance.
A super mesh results when two meshes
have a (dependent or independent) current
source in common.
MESH ANALYSIS
Super Mesh

Applying KVL to the super mesh
Apply KCL to a node in the branch where the two meshes intersect
MESH ANALYSIS
Exercise

Use mesh analysis, find the i
o
in the circuit below.
i
o
= -2.143A


End Of Chapter 3
Q & A??