June 18, 2013 Cells A cell is the smallest unit of morphological, structural, functional, developmental unit of a living organism.

Glial cells smallest granulated cells in the human body. 3 essential parts of a cell: 1.) Cell membrane covering 2.) Nucleus the largest organelle of the cell, a double membrane structure, not a continuous structure, has indentations which are nuclear pores for free passage of material, known to be the repository of the hereditary materials. a. Nucleolus synthesis of ribosomal RNA 3.) Cytoplasm is the workplace of the cell Generalized/perfect/ideal cell a hypothetical cell so constructed by the imagination to include parts which may be found in other cells. 2 types of organelles 1.) Membrane-bound 2.) Free organelles Cell components: 1.) Plasma Membrane 2.) Cytoplasm: a. Cytosol fluid matrix b. Organelles Permanent c. Cytoplasmic inclusions/deposit transient temporary deposits. d. Cytoskeletal components Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments i. Microfilaments Smallest of the cytoskeletal components. 1. Actin filaments myoskeletal filaments. ii. Microtubules Largest of the cytoskeletal components. 1. Cilia has base structure arranged in a 9+3 (9 arrays of 3 rows of microtubules) made out of microtubules and centrioles. iii. Intermediate Filaments For support. 1. Cytokeratin intermediate filaments in epithelial tissue. 2. Desmin Muscle tissue 3. Vimentin Connective tissue 4. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Nervous tissue e. Ribosomes: i. Cytoplasmic/attached (bound) produces proteins to be forwarded to the Golgi complex for further translation. For secretion, or export. ii. Free ribosomes Produces proteins that are for cell use. 1. Large subunit 2. Small subunit -

June 18, 2013 f. Endoplasmic Reticulum network of membranes i. Smooth ER Engaged in Lipid, and steroid synthesis. Calcium and detox. ii. Rough ER Has Ribosomes, engages in protein synthesis always with a Golgi complex. g. Golgi complex post translational modification of proteins that were made by the RER. i. Faces of the Golgi complex: 1. Forming/Cis/entry face Faces the RER, forming. 2. Middle face Exit phase. 3. Trans face Maturing phase. Secretory vesicles come out. h. Mitochondria ATP production, double membrane organelle, has its own set of DNA because it is self-duplicating body. i. Parts of the Mitochondria 1. Cristae In-folding membrane formed by the inner mitochondrial membrane, holds enzymes (oxidative enzymes) necessary for ATP formation. 2. Matrix contains DNA that the mitochondrion uses for self-replication. 3. Mitochondrial DNA i. Lysosomes intracellular digestive system, engulfs organelles that are old and burned out. Hydrolytic enzymes i. Primary Lysosomes Usually the resting organelles, have not yet engaged in any digestive activity. ii. Secondary Lysosomes Lysosomes that have utilized their digestive enzymes. j. Peroxisomes Oxidation of organic components, to prevent the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the cell. Catalases. k. Proteasomes are proteolytic enzyme filled organelles that degrade damaged or faulty proteins.

3.) Nucleus: a. Nucleoplasm b. Chromatin filaments c. Nucleolus Chemically the plasma membrane is composed of 2 parts: 1.) Lipid attributed with the selective permeability of the plasma membrane. 2.) Protein attributed with the structural properties, also transport of incompatible molecules via channels and as cell identity markers. a. Integral transverses the bi-lipid layer. b. Peripheral on sides only. The presence of a hydrophilic and hydrophobic layer in a membrane is called an amphipathic membrane.

June 18, 2013 Concentration gradient responsible for the movement of molecules towards the inside and outside of the cell. 2 models that depict the structure of the cell membrane: 1.) Davson & Danielli depicts the cell membrane as a trilaminar or a three-layered structure. A bilipid layer that is sandwiched between two layers of globular protein. 2.) Fluid-mosaic model the fluidity of the membrane is attributed to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Kink in hydrophobic tails allows additional flexibility in the adjacent chains. Types of transport mechanisms: 1.) Passive Transport does not require ATP a. Simple Diffusion The net movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower area of concentration. b. Osmosis The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. c. Facilitated diffusion - The net movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower area of concentration with the use of channel/carrier proteins and ion channels. (e.g. Glucose) i. Ion channels: 1. Leak channels the channels are always open. 2. Gated channels closes and opens depending whether there are molecules to be transported. d. Filtration involves hydrostatic pressure. 2.) Active Transport requires ATP a. Vesicular Transport i. Endocytosis a non-selective process 1. Phagocytosis (cell eating) 2. Pinocytosis (cell drinking) 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis very selective. Only ligands which are specific to the receptor will be transported. ii. Exocytosis excreting the molecule 1. Secretion the substance released may still be usable. 2. Excretion the substance is usually useless and is a waste.

Ubiquitous

June 18, 2013 Gene Actions 1.) Protein synthesis Occurs inside the Nucleus a. Transcription copying the genetic code (the recipe) requires the RNA polymerase enzyme. i. Intron regions does not code ii. Exon regions codes b. Translation mRNA goes into ribosome to be read. Translation stops when nonsense codon or a codon code with no amino acid is produced, is read. How would you know if the protein to be synthesized by the ribosomes are to be secreted? A signal peptide would be used.

Signal peptide -