Directional Drilling

Training Manual
December 1996

ATC-003

Version 1.1

Holder:

Confidential
This information is confidential and is trade secret property of Anadrill. It must not be
copied in whole or in part, and should be filed accordingly by the holder. It must not
be shown to or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization and must
be returned to Anadrill upon request or when the holder leaves the employ of Anadrill.

1996 Anadrill - unpublished work

All rights reserved under copyright law.

Schlumberger
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Table of Contents

Introduction

Page

1.1 HISTORY AND APPLICATIONS OF DIRECTIONAL DRILLING ...........................................1-1

Fundamentals

Page

2.1 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY ................................................................................................2-1

2.2 ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY ................................................................................2-16

Directional Well Planning

Page

3.1 POSITIONING AND COORDINATE SYSTEMS ...................................................................3-1

3.2 SURVEY CALCULATION METHODS ............................................................................3-15
3.3 BASIC WELL PLANNING.............................................................................................3-24
3.4 ANTICOLLISION AND ADVANCED WELL PLANNING ...................................................3-34

Surveying

Page

4.1 MAGNETIC & NON-MAGNETIC REQUIREMENTS ..........................................................4-1

4.2 MAGNETIC SINGLE SHOTS & MULTISHOTS ...............................................................4-15
4.3 GYROSCOPES .............................................................................................................4-19

Drilling Tools & Deflection Methods

Page

5.1 DRILLING TOOLS .........................................................................................................5-1

5.2 DEFLECTION METHODS .............................................................................................5-18

Drilling Jars

Page

6.1 USING DRILLING JARS .................................................................................................6-1

Downhole Motors

Page

7.1 DOWNHOLE MUD MOTORS ..........................................................................................7-1

7.2 STEERABLE MUD MOTORS ........................................................................................7-14
7.3 DRILLING FLUID REQUIREMENTS WITH ALL PDMS ...................................................7-20

Drilling Bits

Page

8.1 BITS .............................................................................................................................8-1

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Table of Contents

Drilling Fluids and Hydraulics

Page

9.1 DRILLING FLUIDS ........................................................................................................9-2

9.2 RHEOLOGY ..................................................................................................................9-5
9.3 DRILLING FLUIDS PRODUCTS.......................................................................................9-8
9.4 DRILL STRING HYDRAULICS ......................................................................................9-13
9.5 HAND-CALCULATION OF HYDRAULICS ......................................................................9-17
9.6 HYDRAULIC OPTIMIZATION .......................................................................................9-20

10

Bottom Hole Assemblies

Page

10.1 ROTARY BHA .........................................................................................................10-2

10.2 COMMON BHA PROBLEMS....................................................................................10-20
10.3 BHA EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS ...............................................................................10-22
10.4 RECAP ...................................................................................................................10-22

11

Drilling Operations

Page

11.1 BHA WEIGHT..........................................................................................................11-2

11.2 TOOL HANDLING .....................................................................................................11-6
11.3 NUDGING .................................................................................................................11-7
11.4 ORIENTATION ..........................................................................................................11-8
11.5 CORRECTION RUNS................................................................................................11-16
11.6 THE OUIJA BOARD.................................................................................................11-18
11.7 CONSTANT RATE OF TURN TO TARGET..................................................................11-23
11.8 CONSTANT RATE OF DROP/BUILD TO TARGET.........................................................11-27
11.9 OPEN HOLE SIDETRACKING....................................................................................11-28
11.10 CASED HOLE SIDETRACKING ................................................................................11-32

12

DD at the Rigsite

Page

12.1 ON ARRIVAL AT THE RIG .........................................................................................12-3

12.2 GENERAL DD DUTIES AS THE WELL PROGRESSES ....................................................12-5
12.3 LOCATION POLITICS ................................................................................................12-6

13

Drilling Problems

Page

13.1 AN OVERVIEW .........................................................................................................13-1

14

Glossary

Page

14.1 DRILLING FLUIDS ....................................................................................................14-1

14.2 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING ........................................................................................14-29

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List of Figures

1
Figure 1-1
Figure 1-2
Figure 1-3
Figure 1-4
Figure 1-5
Figure 1-6
Figure 1-7
Figure 1-8
Figure 1-9
Figure 1-10

Introduction

Side tracking ...............................................................................................1-3

Inaccessible locations .................................................................................1-4
Salt dome drilling .......................................................................................1-4
Fault controlling..........................................................................................1-5
Multiple exploration wells from a single well bore....................................1-5
Onshore drilling ..........................................................................................1-6
Offshore multiwell drilling .........................................................................1-6
Multiple sands from a single well bore.......................................................1-7
Intercepting a high pressure zone ...............................................................1-7
Horizontal wells........................................................................................1-8

2
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
Figure 2-3
Figure 2-4
Figure 2-5
Figure 2-6
Figure 2-7
Figure 2-8
Figure 2-9
Figure 2-10
Figure 2-11
Figure 2-12
Figure 2-13
Figure 2-14
Figure 2-15
Figure 2-16
Figure 2-17
Figure 2-18
Figure 2-19
Figure 2-20
Figure 2-21
Figure 2-22
Figure 2-23
Figure 2-24
Figure 2-25
Figure 2-26
Figure 2-27
Figure 2-28

Page

Fundamentals

Page

Cross section of earth with crust, mantle, core and inner core ...................2-2
Uplifted horst and down dropped graben....................................................2-2
Weight of overlying unconsolidated sediments (B) compacts layer (A)
into sedimentary rocks. ..............................................................................2-4
Normal Fault ...............................................................................................2-9
Reverse fault. ..............................................................................................2-9
Unconformities .........................................................................................2-10
Folding and cleavage ................................................................................2-10
Simplified diagram of the Milano, Texas fault.........................................2-12
Simple faults - normal (a), reverse (b), thrust (c) and lateral (d)..............2-12
Common types of stratigraphic traps ......................................................2-13
In map view, fault traps may be simple (a) or compound (b).................2-13
Discontinuous peripheral traps around piercement salt dome ................2-13
Artesian well ...........................................................................................2-15
The first order (straight line) equation....................................................2-18
Angles a and b are supplementary ..........................................................2-18
The sum of all angles around one point is 360......................................2-19
This figure shows the relationship of angles ..........................................2-19
In this figure, angle a is equal to angle a ...............................................2-20
The sum of internal angles of a triangle is 180 .....................................2-20
ln this figure, angle a + c = angle e.........................................................2-21
This figure can be solved as above .........................................................2-21
lf angle c = 2917, what are angles a and b...........................................2-22
Projections from a right-angle triangle ...................................................2-22
Similiar triangles.....................................................................................2-23
Right angle triangle.................................................................................2-23
Right angle triangle.................................................................................2-24
Example of right angle triangle ..............................................................2-25
Right-angle triangle example..................................................................2-26

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List of Figures
Figure 2-29
Figure 2-30
Figure 2-31
Figure 2-32
Figure 2-33
Figure 2-34
Figure 2-35
Figure 2-36
Figure 2-37
Figure 2-38
Figure 2-39

Equality of segments...............................................................................2-26
Circle and chord......................................................................................2-27
Circle and tangent ...................................................................................2-27
Circle and arc ..........................................................................................2-28
Unit circle ...............................................................................................2-29
Sign of sine, cosine and tangent in a circle.............................................2-30
Projections of lines..................................................................................2-30
Projection of lines - example .................................................................2-30
Projection of lines - perpendicular direction...........................................2-31
Projection of lines onto planes................................................................2-31
Radius of curvature definitions...............................................................2-32

3
Figure 3-1
Figure 3-2
Figure 3-3
Figure 3-4
Figure 3-5
Figure 3-6
Figure 3-7
Figure 3-8
Figure 3-9
Figure 3-10
Figure 3-11
Figure 3-12
Figure 3-13
Figure 3-14
Figure 3-15
Figure 3-16
Figure 3-17
Figure 3-18
Figure 3-19
Figure 3-20
Figure 3-21
Figure 3-22
Figure 3-23
Figure 3-24
Figure 3-25
Figure 3-26
Figure 3-27
Figure 3-28

Directional Well Planning

Page

Location on the earths surface by geographic coordinates........................3-2

The UTM system of location on the earths surface...................................3-5
Convergence ...............................................................................................3-6
Lambert conformal projection, USA ..........................................................3-7
Corrections to survey azimuth ..................................................................3-12
Lease definitions .......................................................................................3-12
Old style lease definitions.........................................................................3-13
Definitions of terms used in survey calculation methods .........................3-15
Tangential method definitions ..................................................................3-17
Average angle method ............................................................................3-18
Radius of curvature method....................................................................3-19
Radius of curvature method - vertical projection ...................................3-20
Radius of curvature - horizontal projection ............................................3-20
Minimum curvature - dog leg .................................................................3-21
Slant type well; R < total target displacement. .......................................3-26
Slant type well; R > total target displacement. .......................................3-27
"S" type well; (R1 + R2) <total target displacement. ..............................3-28
"S", type well; (R1 + R2)>total target displacement. ...............................3-29
Worksheet, Slant well, R < total displacement of target ........................3-30
Worksheet, Slant well, R >total displacement of target .........................3-31
Worksheet, S type well, R1+R2 < total displacement of target..............3-32
Worksheet, S type well, R1+R2 > total displacement of target..............3-33
Spider plot, small scale ...........................................................................3-34
Spider plot, large scale............................................................................3-34
Traveling Cylinder analysis and display.................................................3-35
Ellipsoid of certainty...............................................................................3-36
Determining lead angle...........................................................................3-37
Example of a basic well plan map ..........................................................3-37

December 1996

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Directional Drilling

List of Figures

4
Figure 4-1
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Figure 4-5
Figure 4-6
Figure 4-7
Figure 4-8
Figure 4-9
Figure 4-10
Figure 4-11
Figure 4-12
Figure 4-13
Figure 4-14
Figure 4-15
Figure 4-16
Figure 4-17
Figure 4-18
Figure 4-19
Figure 4-20
Figure 4-21
Figure 4-22
Figure 4-23
Figure 4-24
Figure 4-25
Figure 4-26
Figure 4-27
Figure 4-28
Figure 4-29
Figure 4-30
Figure 4-31
Figure 4-32

Surveying

Earths magnetic field - rotation of liquid core...........................................4-2

Earth's magnetic field - dynamo theory ......................................................4-2
Earths magnetic field.................................................................................4-3
Fluctuation's in the earth's magnetic field...................................................4-3
Magnetic field strength. ..............................................................................4-4
Magnetic dip angle......................................................................................4-5
Magnetic dip angles at poles and equator...................................................4-6
Magnetic declination angle.........................................................................4-7
Drill string magnetism ................................................................................4-8
Effect of hole angle on drillstring magnetic interference ..........................4-8
Effect of azimuth on drillstring magnetic interference.............................4-9
Drillstring magnetic interference at different latitudes...........................4-10
Magnetic lines of force in the drillstring ................................................4-11
Effect of magnetic hot spot in MWD collar............................................4-12
NMDC requirements...............................................................................4-13
Deviation of Universal Gravitation Constant .........................................4-14
Simplified diagram of a typical gyroscope .............................................4-20
Realistic view of the configuration of a typical gyroscope.....................4-21
Gyro rotation around outer gimbal axis..................................................4-22
Gyro rotation around inner gimbal axis..................................................4-22
Single degree of freedom gyro................................................................4-24
Two degree of freedom gyro....................................................................4-24
Representation of nutation ......................................................................4-26
Relationship of celestial and ecliptic poles.............................................4-27
Origin of precession................................................................................4-27
Free gyro .................................................................................................4-28
Two degree gyro .....................................................................................4-29
Rate gyro.................................................................................................4-31
Rate gyro accelerometer operation .........................................................4-32
Rate gyro accelerometer principle of operation......................................4-32
Three step process to calculate survey from rate gyro............................4-33
Rate gyro survey axes .............................................................................4-34

5
Figure 5-1
Figure 5-2
Figure 5-3
Figure 5-4
Figure 5-5
Figure 5-6
Figure 5-7

Page

Drilling Tools & Deflection Methods

Page

Flush and spiral drill collars........................................................................5-2

Junk sub ......................................................................................................5-3
Dimensional data range of heavy weight drill pipe ....................................5-4
Various types of hardfacings. .....................................................................5-5
Welded blade stabilizers .............................................................................5-6
Integral blade stabilizers ............................................................................5-6
Sleeve-type stabilizers ................................................................................5-7

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List of Figures
Figure 5-8 Clamp-on stabilizers ...................................................................................5-8
Figure 5-9 Rubber sleeve stabilizer ..............................................................................5-8
Figure 5-10 RWP stabilizer ..........................................................................................5-9
Figure 5-11 ANDERGAUGE stabilizer .......................................................................5-9
Figure 5-12 Roller reamers.........................................................................................5-10
Figure 5-13 Under-reamer ..........................................................................................5-11
Figure 5-14 String reamer...........................................................................................5-11
Figure 5-15 Key seat wiper ........................................................................................5-12
Figure 5-16 Bent sub ..................................................................................................5-13
Figure 5-17 UBHO .....................................................................................................5-14
Figure 5-18 Hole opener.............................................................................................5-14
Figure 5-19 Bullnose ..................................................................................................5-15
Figure 5-20 Section mill .............................................................................................5-15
Figure 5-21 Shock sub................................................................................................5-16
Figure 5-22 Rebel tool................................................................................................5-17
Figure 5-23 Whipstock deflection method .................................................................5-18
Figure 5-24 Jetting deflection method........................................................................5-19
Figure 5-25 Typical PDM BHA .................................................................................5-21
Figure 5-26 Steerable motor .......................................................................................5-22
Figure 5-27 Steerable motor bit offset........................................................................5-23

6
Figure 6-1
Figure 6-2
Figure 6-3
Figure 6-4
Figure 6-5
Figure 6-6
Figure 6-7

Drilling Jars

Basic jar schematic .....................................................................................6-2

Anadrill HYDRAQUAKER hydraulic drilling jar .....................................6-4
EQ jar components......................................................................................6-5
EQ jar tripping mechanism .........................................................................6-6
EQ jar "positions" .......................................................................................6-7
EQ jar - jarring up schematic .................................................................6-7
Typical fishing BHA incorporating jars ...................................................6-18

7
Figure 7-1
Figure 7-2
Figure 7-3
Figure 7-4
Figure 7-5
Figure 7-6
Figure 7-7
Figure 7-8
Figure 7-9
Figure 7-10
Figure 7-11
Figure 7-12
Figure 7-13
Figure 7-14
Figure 7-15

Page

Downhole Motors

Page

Principles of operation of turbine and PDM...............................................7-2

Typical Dump Valve Assembly..................................................................7-3
Positive displacement motor.......................................................................7-3
PDM lobe configurations............................................................................7-4
lllustrations of various motor profiles.........................................................7-5
Typical PDM connecting rod assembly......................................................7-5
Typical PDM bearing loading.....................................................................7-6
Typical 1:2 lobe PDM.................................................................................7-7
Typical PDM power output curve. .............................................................7-8
PDM bearing play ..............................................................................7-13
Typical adjustable bend housing steerable motor...................................7-15
Nortrak DTU...........................................................................................7-16
Distance L used to calculate angle-build characteristics. .......................7-17
Estimated build rates with PowerPak motor...........................................7-18
Typical steerable mud motor assembly ..................................................7-19

December 1996

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Directional Drilling

List of Figures

8
Figure 8-1
Figure 8-2
Figure 8-3
Figure 8-4
Figure 8-5
Figure 8-6
Figure 8-7
Figure 8-8
Figure 8-9
Figure 8-10
Figure 8-11
Figure 8-12
Figure 8-13
Figure 8-14
Figure 8-15
Figure 8-16
Figure 8-17
Figure 8-18
Figure 8-19
Figure 8-20
Figure 8-21
Figure 8-22
Figure 8-23
Figure 8-24
Figure 8-25
Figure 8-26
Figure 8-27
Figure 8-28
Figure 8-29
Figure 8-30
Figure 8-31

Drilling Bits

Fixed cutter bit components (PDC, TSP, & natural diamonds)..................8-1

Roller Cone Bit Components......................................................................8-2
Roller cone (a) and PDC (b) bits ................................................................8-3
TSP diamond (a) and natural diamond (b) bits...........................................8-3
IADC dull bit grading system.....................................................................8-6
Two thirds rule and how to measure gauge ................................................8-7
Broken cone ................................................................................................8-8
Bond failure ................................................................................................8-9
Broken teeth................................................................................................8-9
Balled up bit............................................................................................8-10
Cracked cone............................................................................................8-10
Cone dragged ...........................................................................................8-11
Cone interference.....................................................................................8-11
Cored bit .................................................................................................8-12
Chipped teeth/cutters ..............................................................................8-12
Erosion ....................................................................................................8-13
Flat crested wear .....................................................................................8-13
Heat checking .........................................................................................8-14
Junk damage ...........................................................................................8-14
Lost cone.................................................................................................8-15
Lost nozzle..............................................................................................8-15
Lost teeth/cutters.....................................................................................8-16
Off center wear .......................................................................................8-16
Pinched bit ..............................................................................................8-17
Plugged nozzle........................................................................................8-17
Rounded gauge .......................................................................................8-18
Shirttail damage ......................................................................................8-19
Self sharpening wear...............................................................................8-19
Tracking ..................................................................................................8-19
Washed out bit ........................................................................................8-20
Worn teeth or cutters...............................................................................8-20

9
Figure 9-1
Figure 9-2
Figure 9-3
Figure 9-4
Figure 9-5

Page

Drilling Fluids and Hydraulics

Page

Components of viscosity.............................................................................9-6
Laminar flow.............................................................................................9-14
Turbulent flow ..........................................................................................9-14
Slip velocity and mud velocity .................................................................9-15
Hydraulics worksheet ...............................................................................9-17

December 1996

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Directional Drilling

List of Figures

10
Figure 10-1
Figure 10-2
Figure 10-3
Figure 10-4
Figure 10-5
Figure 10-6
Figure 10-7
Figure 10-8
Figure 10-9
Figure 10-10
Figure 10-11
Figure 10-12
Figure 10-13
Figure 10-14
Figure 10-15
Figure 10-16
Figure 10-17
Figure 10-18
Figure 10-19
Figure 10-20
Figure 10-21
Figure 10-22

Bottom Hole Assemblies

Slick and packed hole BHAs ..................................................................10-3

BHA side forces......................................................................................10-4
BHA as a hollow cylinder.......................................................................10-4
Pendulum force and weight on bit ..........................................................10-6
Single stabilizer BHA .............................................................................10-7
Two stabilizer BHA ................................................................................10-8
Negative side force .................................................................................10-8
Comparison of sideforces on single and two stabilizer BHAs ...............10-9
Buildup BHA using two stabilizers. .......................................................10-9
Effect of WOB increase on sideforce. ................................................10-10
Inclination v sideforce for 3 BHAs.....................................................10-10
Increase of side force with addition of one stabilizer .........................10-11
Undergauge near bit stabilizer ............................................................10-12
Undergauge second stabilizer .............................................................10-12
Effect of hole washout on side force...................................................10-13
BHAs for building inclination ............................................................10-14
BHAs for maintaining inclination.......................................................10-15
Typical locked up BHA for 12-1/4 in. hole ........................................10-15
BHAs for dropping inclination ...........................................................10-16
Semidrop BHA ...................................................................................10-17
Typical jetting BHA............................................................................10-18
Example of a Gilligan BHA................................................................10-19

11
Figure 11-1
Figure 11-2
Figure 11-3
Figure 11-4
Figure 11-5
Figure 11-6
Figure 11-7
Figure 11-8
Figure 11-9
Figure 11-10
Figure 11-11

Drilling Operations

Page

Neutral point in the DCs........................................................................11-3

Concept of available WOB .....................................................................11-3
Muleshoe orientation method .................................................................11-8
Gravity tool face. ..................................................................................11-10
Relationships between GTF and hole direction....................................11-10
Relative of reactive torque and gravity.................................................11-11
Vector diagram showing dogleg required to change hole direction .....11-19
The OUIJA board..................................................................................11-20
Ragland diagram ...................................................................................11-23
Calculating total turn to bit target .......................................................11-24
Rate of drop/build to target.................................................................11-27

13
Figure 13-1
Figure 13-2
Figure 13-3
Figure 13-4
Figure 13-5
Figure 13-6
Figure 13-7
Figure 13-8

Page

Drilling Problems

Page

Differential sticking ................................................................................13-3

Development of filter cake......................................................................13-3
Effect of drill solids on filter cake ..........................................................13-4
Filter cake bridging.................................................................................13-4
Erosion of filter cake...............................................................................13-5
Effect of hole deviation & mud weight on borehole stability.................13-7
Development of key seats .....................................................................13-10
Key seat wiper and string reamer..........................................................13-11

December 1996

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Directional Drilling

List of Tables

2
Table 2-1
Table 2-2

Fundamentals

Geologic time scale ......................................................................................2-3

Common evaporites .....................................................................................2-8

3
Table 3-1
Table 3-2

Directional Well Planning

Surveying

Drilling Jars

Downhole Motors

Drilling Fluids and Hydraulics

Bottom Hole Assemblies

Page

Modulus of elasticity................................................................................10-5

11
Table 11-1
Table 11-2
Table 11-3

Page

Description of surface equipment types.....................................................9-16

10
Table 10-1

Page

Comparison of 1:2 vs multilobe PDMs......................................................7-10

Specifications for two typical 7 3/4 in. motors ..........................................7-10
Oil categories based on aniline point .........................................................7-20

9
Table 9-1

Page

Seal areas, EQ Jars .......................................................................................6-9

EQ Jar maximum settings ..........................................................................6-16

7
Table 7-1
Table 7-2
Table 7-3

Page

Common relative values of total magnetic field strength ............................4-5

Common relative values for dip angle. ........................................................4-5

6
Table 6-1
Table 6-2

Page

Rectangular coordinates of a target position..............................................3-14

Relative accuracy of the different methods................................................3-22

4
Table 4-1
Table 4-2

Page

Drilling Operations

Page

1:2 Lobe PDM Reactive Torque Estimates.............................................11-12

Deflection angle (Dog Leg Severity) in /100 ft. ...................................11-18
Sidetracking suggested BHAs to match downhole conditions ............11-31

December 1996

Confidential

Directional Drilling

Directional Drilling
Training Manual
December 1996

ATC-003

Version 1.1

Confidential
This information is confidential and is trade secret property of Anadrill. It must not be
copied in whole or in part, and should be filed accordingly by the holder. It must not
be shown to or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization and must
be returned to Anadrill upon request or when the holder leaves the employ of Anadrill.

1996 Anadrill - unpublished work

All rights reserved under copyright law.

Schlumberger
Anadrill