Rusting as a Redox Reaction Rust / hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3xH2O formed ____________ at the surface of ______________ when it exposed

ed to the ________________ air. Rusting a redox reaction that take places between ____________ and ________________ to form hydrated ______________________ and this is a _________________________ reaction. __________________________________________________ Corrosion a redox reaction that take places between a _____________ and the _____________ in air. Metal is oxidised to form an ______________________ on the surface. Metal atoms ____________ electrons to form ______________ ions. 1. Group _______________ metals are very reactive. 2. Metals are exposed to air will _______________ rapidly and become _________________. 3. ________________________________________ corrode rapidly in the air and forms an _________ layer. The oxide layer is ________________, ____________________, ______________________ and difficult to ________________________. This protects the aluminium, lead and zinc _________________ it from _______________________ corrosion. Example: Corrosion of metal. Zn(s) > ___________________________________ Cu(s) > _________________________________ K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au <Tendency of metal to corrode increases. Process of Rusting of Iron 1. Anode (negative terminal) concentration of oxygen is lower and iron rust (oxidation process) to form iron(II) ions: ___________________________________________________ 2. Cathode (positive terminal) concentration of oxygen is higher and oxygen gains electrons that reduced to hydroxide ions: _______________________________________________ 3. Fe2+ ions and OH- ions combine to form iron(II) hydroxide, ___________________________ 4. Oxygen further oxidises iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 to hydrated iron(III) oxide, ______________________ 2Fe(OH)2(s) > Fe2O3xH2O(s)

The Effect of Other Metals on the Rusting of Iron Potassium ________________________________(III), K3Fe(NO)6 is used to detect Fe2+ ions (produces __________________ colour in the presence of Fe2+). _________________________ is used to detect OH- ions (produces _______________ colour in the presence of OH-). Test tube Fe only Control Observation Intensity of blue colour is _______. Pink colour is ________ present. Inference Reduction:_____________________________________ OH- ions react with Fe2+ ions to form Fe(OH)2. Fe nail rusts a ____________________ Reaction Oxidation: _____________________

Test tube Fe & Mg

Observation Intensity of pink colour is ________ high. Inference

Reaction Reduction:_______________________________ Mg is __________________ and Fe nail ______________ rust.

Blue colour is ______ present. Oxidation:____________________________________

i)Fe act as the (+) terminal _______________ ii) Mg act as the (-) terminal ____________ Test tube Fe & Zn Observation Blue colour is ______ present. Inference i) Reaction Oxidation:_____________________________ ___________ is corroded and Fe nail __________ rust.

Intensity of pink colour is _____. Reduction:_____________________________

I) Fe act as the (+) terminal (cathode) ii) Zn act as the (-) terminal (anode)

Test tube Fe & Sn

Observation Intensity of blue colour is ____.

Reaction Oxidation:________________________________ OH- ions react with Fe2+ ions to form Fe(OH)2.

Pink colour is _______ present. Reduction:O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + e > 4OH-(aq) Inference Fe nail rusts _____________ (high rate).

i) Sn act as the (+) terminal (cathode) ii) Fe act as the (-) terminal (anode) Test tube Fe & Cu Observation Reaction Intensity of blue colour is _____ high. Oxidation:_____________________

Pink colour is _______ present. Inference i)

Reduction:O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + e > 4OH-(aq) OH- ions react with Fe2+ ions to form Fe(OH)2. Fe nail rusts _______________ (the highest rate).

i)Cu act as the (+) terminal (cathode) ii) Fe act as the (-) terminal (anode)

Iron nail ________________ rust if it has contacted with ___________ electropositive metals (Mg and Zn). Iron nail rusts _____________ if it has contacted with ____________ electropositive metals (___ and __).

Prevention of Rusting of Iron The rate of rusting of iron ____________ if the iron (Fe) in contact with any of these metals: K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al and Zn. The rate of rusting of iron _____________ if the iron (Fe) in contact

with any of these metals: ____________________________ a strong electrolyte (___________ and ________________) is present.

Ways Used for Prevention of Rusting 1. _____________________ Protect iron surface (prevent from contacting with air and water)

2. Coat with __________________ Used in metal netting 3. Apply ________________ and grease Protective coating for machine part 4. _________________ the iron Alloying the iron with 18% _____________ and 8% ____________ that provide a protective oxide coating. 5. a) ______________ plating (less electropositive metal) Cans of food (iron) is covered with a thin layer of tin to provide a protective oxide coating to the cans. b) ________________ plating 6. Cathodic protection / Electrical protection (more electropositive metal) a) _______________ (coat with zinc metal) Zinc layer provides a ____________ oxide coating and zinc is oxidized instead of iron. Iron cannot form ions, so it will not rust. b) ___________________ protection Blocks of ____________________ are attached at the intervals of the water _______________ system & zinc bars are attached to the part of the ship ___________________ in sea water.

Rusting as a Redox Reaction Rust / hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3xH2O formed slowly at the surface of iron when it exposed to the damp air. Rusting a redox reaction that take places between iron and oxygen to form hydrated iron(III) oxide and this is a slow reaction. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2xH2O(l) > Fe2O3xH2O(s) Corrosion a redox reaction that take places between a metal and the gases in air. Metal is oxidised to form an oxide layer on the surface. Metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions. 4. Group 1 metals are very reactive. 5. Metals are exposed to air will corrode rapidly and become tarnished. 6. Aluminium, lead and zinc corrode rapidly in the air and forms an oxide layer. The oxide layer is hard, non-porous, impermeable and difficult to crack. This protects the aluminium, lead and zinc below it from further corrosion. Example: Corrosion of metal. Zn(s) > Zn2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s) > Cu2+(aq) + 2e K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au <Tendency of metal to corrode increases. Process of Rusting of Iron 5. Anode (negative terminal) concentration of oxygen is lower and iron rust (oxidation process) to form iron(II) ions: Fe(s) > Fe2+(aq) + 2e 6. Cathode (positive terminal) concentration of oxygen is higher and oxygen gains electrons that reduced to hydroxide ions: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e > 4OH-(aq) 7. Fe2+ ions and OH- ions combine to form iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 8. Oxygen further oxidises iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 to hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3xH2O. 2Fe(OH)2(s) > Fe2O3xH2O(s) The Effect of Other Metals on the Rusting of Iron Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), K3Fe(NO)6 is used to detect Fe2+ ions (produces dark blue colour in the presence of Fe2+). Phenolphthalein is used to detect OH- ions (produces pink colour in the presence of OH-). Test Observation Reaction tube Fe only Intensity of Oxidation:Fe(s) > blue colour Fe2+(aq) + 2e is low. Control Pink colour Reduction:O2(g) + 2H2O(l) is not + e > 4OH-(aq)OH- ions present. react with Fe2+ ions to form

Blue colour Oxidation:Mg(s) > is not Mg2+(aq) + 2e present. Intensity of Reduction:O2(g) + 2H2O(l) pink colour + e > 4OH-(aq) is very high. Inference Mg is corroded and Fe nail does not rust. i) Fe act as the (+) terminal (cathode) ii) Mg act as the (-) terminal (anode) Test Observation Reaction tube Fe & Blue colour Oxidation:Zn(s) > Zn is not Zn2+(aq) + 2e present. Intensity of Reduction:O2(g) + 2H2O(l) pink colour + e > 4OH-(aq) is high. Inference Zn is corroded and Fe nail does not rust. i) Fe act as the (+) terminal (cathode) ii) Zn act as the (-) terminal (anode) Test Observation Reaction tube Fe & Intensity of Oxidation:Fe (s) > Sn blue colour Fe2+(aq) + 2e is high. Pink colour Reduction:O2(g) + 2H2O(l) is not + e > 4OH-(aq)OH- ions present. react with Fe2+ ions to form Fe(OH)2. Inference Fe nail rusts quickly (high rate). i) Sn act as the (+) terminal (cathode) ii) Fe act as the (-) terminal (anode) Test Observation Reaction tube Fe & Intensity of Oxidation:Fe (s) >

Test tube Fe & Mg

Fe(OH)2. Inference Fe nail rusts a little. Observation Reaction

blue colour Fe2+(aq) + 2e is very high. Pink colour Reduction:O2(g) + 2H2O(l) is not + e > 4OH-(aq)OH- ions present. react with Fe2+ ions to form Fe(OH)2. Inference Fe nail rusts very quickly (the highest rate). i) Cu act as the (+) terminal (cathode) ii) Fe act as the (-) terminal (anode) Iron nail does not rust if it has contacted with more electropositive metals (Mg and Zn). Iron nail rusts quickly if it has contacted with less electropositive metals (Sn and Cu). Prevention of Rusting of Iron The rate of rusting of iron decreases if the iron (Fe) in contact with any of these metals: K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al and Zn. The rate of rusting of iron increases if the iron (Fe) in contact with any of these metals: Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Ag and Au. a strong electrolyte (salt and acid) is present. Ways Used for Prevention of Rusting 7. Painting Protect iron surface (prevent from contacting with air and water) 8. Coat with plastic Used in metal netting 9. Apply oil and grease Protective coating for machine part 10. Alloying the iron Alloying the iron with 18% chromium and 8% nickel that provide a protective oxide coating. 11. a) Tin plating (less electropositive metal) Cans of food (iron) is covered with a thin layer of tin to provide a protective oxide coating to the cans. b) Chrome plating 12. Cathodic protection / Electrical protection (more electropositive metal) a) Galvanising (coat with zinc metal) Zinc layer provides a protective oxide coating and zinc is oxidized instead of iron. Iron cannot form ions, so it will not rust. b) Sacrificial protection Blocks of magnesium are attached at the intervals of the water piping system & zinc bars are attached to the part of the ship submerged in sea water.

Cu