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HUMANITIES CHAPTER 1 o WORLD HISTORY (Heglez) represents the development of spirit consciousness of its own freedom on consequent realization

n of the freedom. o Record of the spirits effort to attain knowledge of what it is in itself o Through stars of thoughts, ideas, culture, language, wars , and economic system throughout all of mankinds history o Definition: B.C before Christ A.D anno domini (in the year of our god) B.C.E before common era O.E common era 1st century BC 1st century before Christ o History divide into section Ancient history (creation AD500) Middle Age (AD500 1500) Pre Modern Era (AD1500-1900) Modern Era (1900-present) o Reasons to story origin of life Shows how unique and special the human race Learn valuable lessons from the past to help solve present problems HISTORIANS scholars who study/examine records of the past and write stories about ARCHEOLOGIST scholar who dig for relics (artifacts) of ancient like pick & shovel historians) o 2 Stories of creation Religious story of creation Scientific evolution of man (theory of evolution) o 3 special gift given by man Intelligence Body Free will soul Spirit o Charles Darwin (british) Man is a product of evolution o 4 stages of life HOMONID more advanced primate RAMAPITHICUS 14M yrs ago, stand upright, does no jot out, could pick up stones and stick to frighten enemies LUCY skeleton of a teenage girl discovered by Donald Johanson (American archeologist 1974 in ethopia) AUSTRALOPITICUS lived in south Africa 5M yrs ago, brain is as small as modern apes head, walks straight, and used simple tools HOMO HABILIS handy man invented stone tools 2M yrs ago ZINZANTHROPUS east African man 1.75M yrs, 4ft walk upwrigth, smaller brain than 1470 man 1470 MAN Lake turkana Man Kenya east Africa (Richard Leakey) shattered skull

HOMO ERECTUS upright man first man-like creatures, walk straight, used fire, made weapons, hunted large animals, found in asia/Africa/Europe JAVA MAN - :Pithecanthrupos erectus 5ft, walk erect, had a heavy chin-less jaw, hairy body, brain almost as big as the modern man PEKING MAN Sinanthrupos Pekineses 52 walk upright, brain =modern man, fire, hand-tools HOMO SAPIEN Wise Man muscular and erect, large protruding face and low forehead o NEANTHERTHAL heaily build with powerful muscle powerful jaw, chin less, brain little larger than modern man o CRO MAGNIUM MAN develop brain, 511, mighty hunter 4 Major Races of Mankind MONGOLOID Chinese, india, Japanese, malay, viets Almond eyes, mid height, yellow skin CAUCASIANS Europe, America, Australia, new Zealand Pakistan, High noses, light skin, thin lips, tall, blonde NEGROID/NEGRO RACE Americas Thick lips, dark, kinky hair, broad nose AUSTRAOID aborigenes, anus of japan, veddoids of south india Dark brown/black, wide noses, thick lips, black kinky hair 3 Stages of mans development from savagery to civilization OLD STON AGE (3.7M-3.8M) (Paliolithic period) Stone tools NEW STON AGE (8000-4000BC) (Neolithic period) animal husbandry dev AGE OF METALS (4000-1500BC) Asia minor/Middle east, use metal for ornaments LANGUAGES OF MAN TEUTONIC/GERMANIC german, Danish, sweed, English ROMANS/LATIN Italian, French, Spanish, portugese SLAVIC Russians, Czech, polish, eukrane SEMETIC Arabic, jewish, egpt, morrocan, Syrian INDU IRAMAN hindu, Pakistani, Iranian, Persian MALAYO-POLYNESIA Filipino, malagasi, Indonesia, Polynesia WRITING ANCIENT SUMMERIANS OF MESOPOTAMIA Invented CUNEIFORM (word for form) EGYPTIANS hieroglyphics PHOENICIANS 1000BC invented the first alphabet, 22 consonants Alphabet came from first 2 greek letters alpha beta CRADLE OF CIVILATION (PLAVCE OF ORIGIN AND CULTURE) MESOPOTAMIA EGUPT CRET SUBCONTINENT OF INDIA CHINA ASIA MINOR PALISTINE PERSIAN

GUATEMALA AFRICA 2 WAYS OF SPREDING CIVILIZATION Conquest and trade, people of war Indirect copying/borrowing through another civilization from another

CHAPTER 2 CONTRIBUTION OF MESOPOTAMIA o MESOPOTAMIA THE CRADLE OF HISTORY (IRAQ) Land between rivers Tigres river and Euphrines River Coneiforms o EMPIRES ARKADIANS (3000Bc) BABYLONIAN EMPIRE (HAMURABI) code inscribe on black stone 285 laws 3 SOCIAL CLASSES o NOBLES king , aristocrats, priests, rich, landlords, o FREEMEN farmer, merchants, artisans, soldier, o SLAVES Farming chief industry of Babylon (wheat, oats, etc) Gold, silver, copper as currency 65 GODS SHAMASH god of sun MARDUK god of war (Jupiter) ISHTAR goddess of love (venus) BEL god of earth EA god of water TAIMAT goddess of chaos NERGEL god of death (Mars) NABU (mercury) Dont believe in heaven/hell but life after death Magic to drive away spirits or for luck and love Writings in CUNEIFORM Arts ZIGGURAT was the greatest architectural achievement of Babylon Excel in mathematics, invented SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM, calculate of 60x Divided the cirsle into 360, divided hr into 60 mins, mins into 60 secs Every planet was a god o Invented writings as early as 3500BC called CUNEIFORM o Invented the Flow which improved mining, farming, and they gave birth to the wheel o First written literature epic, poem, stories o Earliest written law codes HAMURABI o SEXIGESIMAL math system by 60s o Astrology with 12 zodiac signs, planets and stars affect destiny

CHAPTER 3 CONTRIBUTION OF EGYPT o Pyramids, oldes-man made monument

o o o o o o o

Erected palaces, obelisks, and temples of gravel and stone First 365 calendar, divided year into 12 months with 30 day montsh First ships made of papyrus reeds. These ships sailed to Phoenicia, Mesopotamia and Iran Developed geometry because they needed to rebuild land boundaries erased by annual floods by the nile river Increase knowledge of medicine, surgery and embalming Invented: inclined plane, pulley which enable builders to contruct colossal structures like pyramids and the sundial and water clock, which are used to measure time.. GODS AMON greatest god of Egypt (AKA Ra) sun god OSIRIS god of the nile river ISIS wife of Osiris THOT god of wisdom MAAT god of justice NUT god of sky PTAM god of labor

CHAPTER 4 o Hittites Contribution USE OF IRON, enabled man to progress from bronze age to iron age. First people to mine, smelt, and use iron making tools and weapons USE OF HORSE DRAWN CHARIOTS in warfare. Later Hyksos, Egyptians, Greeks, and romans used them o Phoenician Contribution Established colonies in parts of Mediterranean world, Cathage (North Africa) Cadiz (Spain) Cagliari (Sardinia) Palermo (Sicily) Monaco (French Reviera) Introduced not only asian goods to the countries of Mediterranean world but also the cultural influence of Mesopotamia, Egypt, person, Palestine, and india Invention of the ALPHABET 24 letters all consonants. ALPHA +BETA=Alphabet o JEWISH CONTRIBUTION Believed in only one god without idols (MONOTHEISM believed in one god) Jews cradled two religions Judaism and Christianity o HINDU GODS Brahma the creator Vishnu preserver Sice destroyer Agni fire Indra storm Ganesha elephant Laksmi luck Vasanti merriment CASTE SYSTEM Brahmas priest and scholars Kethatriyas nobles and warriors Vaishyas farmers Sundras laborers, servants o BUDDHISM (Gautama Buddha)

4 noble thoughts Mans life is filled with suffering Mans suffering is caused by his selfish disires Man can end his suffering by conquering his desires After conquering his desires he reaches the state of nirvana o Nirvana perfect happiness 8 fold path Right belief Right aspiration Right speech Right conduct Right livelihood Right effort Right remembrance Right meditation

CHINA Zhon Hsin invented chop sticks Philosophers Zhou Dynasty Confucious Zao tzu Mencius Confucious (551-479 BC) kung fu tsu Chinas beloved teacher worlds greatest philosopher kung scholar Teachings: o Benevolence o Righteousness o Propriety o Wisdom o Loyalty Do unto other what you want others to do unto you 73 yrs Lao Tzu the old scholar Taoism To the good I am good, to the bad I am good for virtue is virtue goodness keep behind and you shall be inevitably in front he who overcomes others is strong, but he who overcomes himself Is stronger Mencius Greatest student of confucious All men are good by nature

CHAPTER 5 o GREEK DEmocrazy guiding political ideology of many governments today

Literary classics Homers epic poems (Iliad and Odyssey) poetry, fables , dramatic, works and comedies Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and other greek thinkers Historical works by Herodotus and Thucydides Ionian, Dorce and Corinthian architechture Ruins of Pantheon and other greek relics Olympic games Plebiscites and referendums, which consult the opinion of the people on a public issue RELIGION gods and goddesses Zues chief god, lightning and thunder Hera- wife of zues and goddess of heaven Phoebus sun god and god of light, music and prophecy Poseidon god of sea Hermes god of commerce and messenger of gods Hephaestus god of fire and blacksmith of the gods Ares god of war Athena god of wisdom Aphrodite goddess of beauty and love Artemis goddess of the moon and the hunt Demeter goddess of agriculture and fertility Hestia goddess of the heart and home SCULPTURE Phidias the greatest o Statue of Athena in the Parthenon o Statue of Zues in Olympia Others o Myron famous for his Descobulus (Discus thrower) o Chares who made the colossus of Rhodes o Praxiteles carved the famous hermes (messenger of the gods) o Scopas celebrated for the tomb of king mausolus of Halicarnassus POETRY Illiad and the Odyssey the earliest specimen of Greek poetry and it was written by the bland poet Homer Pindar the greates lyric of ancient Greece Bacchylides of Ceos famous poet and contemporary of Pindar Sappho greatest poetess ever produced by Greece. Plato called her Tenth Muse Philosophy Thales of Miletus o The founder of the first greek school of philo o He was the father of greek philosophy Pythagoras of Samos popularized the doctrine of numbers Parmenides taught that the iniverse is eternal and unchanging Heraclitus believed that the universe is always changing

Democritus anticipated the atomic theory that the universe is made of minute atoms Socrates was the most famous of the Greek philosophers. KNOW THYSELF Plato surpassed Socrates. Masterpiece was The Republic which portrays an ideal state Aristotle best pupil of Plato and later surpasses him, versatile genius, political scientist, ethical teacher, mathematician. Tutor of Alexander THE GREAT

CHAPTER 6 o Alezander the Great and Hellenization Reasons why Alexander invaded Greece To retaliate the Persian invasion of Greece Establish an empire the first Eurasian empire Spread western Greek (Hellenic) culture to the east 3 Parts of his empire The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt The Seleucid Empire of Asia The Antigomic Empire of Macedonia Results First Asian and European empire. Empire covered many territories from Yugoslavia and Greece in Europe in Africa and Northern india in Asia Asia culture and West were brought closer together. Thousands of Greeks migrated to asia and built new vities, industries, and trade. Alexander and his generals married asian women, the daughters of the nobles whom they defeated. He appointed Asians to high positions in the government and army European culture enriched Asa, while the Asian culture enriched Western culture. This was called HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION o HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION From 323 BC when Alexander died to 30 BC when Egypt conquered Rome, ssaw the flowering of Hellenistic Civilization. Is was a Graeco Oriented civilization. 3 centers o Alexandria in Egypt o Antioch in Syria o Pergamim in Asia minor During this civilization, it produced a tremendous output of peoms, drama, histories, and philosophies. The Hellenistic age gave the world two school fo philosophy: the STOICISM and EPICUREANISM. STOICISM emphasizes the need of religion as a guide to human happiness, EPICUREANISM, disregarding religion and teaches, eat, drink and be happy, tomorrow we die Hellenistic works in architecture and paintings were not remarkable because they only copy Greek models, Hellenistic sculptures revealed certain improvements, for it portrayed actual emotions such as sorrow, joy passion, and suffering SCULPTURES

Venus de Milo which was carved by an unknown Hellenistic sculptor about the third century BC, it is preserved today at the Louvre in museum in Paris Lastly, the world used a universal language for the first time, the Greek language, Many classic works, including the Bible were translated into Greek. Educated people studied and used this language for commerce and education

CHAPTER 7 o Persias Contribution (IRAN) Religion Zoroastrianism based on the belief that life is a constrant struggle between good and evil. The founder of this religion Zoroaster Prophet of Iran Bible of Zoroastrianism Zend_Avesta Priest of Zoroastrianism wise men called MAGI System of provincial administration, which covered provincial executives, the local system of taxation and the first postal service Persia gave the world the elaborate system of court etiquette. The ceremonial practices in the royal courts of KING LOUIS XIC of France, Queen Elizabeth I of England and other great monarchies of Engliand were reminiscent of the throne-roon etiquette of Darius I of Persia o INDIAS Contribution India gave the world 4 religions HINDUISM, BUDDHISM, SIKHISM, JAINISM HINDUISM worlds oldest organized religion and has 462M followers BUDDHISM 247M SIKHISM 16M hindus JAINISM 2M in India. India developed philosophy ahead of the West Enriched world literature b giving mankind the first fable (Panchatanira) first dramatic epics (The Clay Cart by Sudakra and Sakuntala by Kalidasa), the great epic poems (Mahabharata and Romayana) and worlds greatest philosophical poem (the Bhagawad Gita) Taj Mahal in Agram Mogul Palaces in New Delhi, Kailasia Temple in Hyderalaad Indai invented the zero and the numeral in mathematics. First books on arithmetics and algebra were written by indain mathematicians o CHINAS Contribution First paper, brush pen and ink, the first compass (magnetic needle) the first printing press using movable blocks, gunpowder for warfare and festivals and the first water mill Sericulture (silk industry) and the use of silk clothes gave mankind the Confusian philosophy, which still exerts a profound influence over minds of modern people painted first paper money, which they called flying money the first playing cards for gambling and recreation, the oldest known book, Diamond sutra printed in 868 AD by Wang Chich, the oldest newspaper in the world, Peking Gazette which was printed during the reign of Emperor Hsuan Tsung Chin introduced the civil service examination which modern nation have adopted. Today, a person must pass the civil service examination to qualify for appointment ot a permanent position in the government

China gave the world the chopsticks for eating, calligraphy, the art of fine writing, the kite for outdoor sports, pagoda architecture, which is original in design and construction and the indestructible GREAT WALL, a massive masterpiece of engeneering

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