ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB MINI-PROJECT CLASS-D AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER USING 555 TIMER

AIM:
To obtain audio amplification using NE555 and transistor BC 547.

COMPONENTS USED: S.No 1) 2) 3) 4) Name of the component Electret MIC Transistor IC Resistors Specifications BC547 NE 555 100k, 10k, 47k, 680k, 1k 0.1uF, 1uF,0.01uf 8 9v Qty 1 1 1 One No. each

5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

Capacitors Speaker Battery Breadboard Connecting wires

1 1 1 As required for connections

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

In its most simplistic form an amplifier can be built with a single 555 timer. In this project, a 200mA of current capability is enough to drive a small speaker, which makes it a good replacement for a low power amplifier. But when more power is needed to allow listening music in a small room then a high power stage needs to be added with it. The Condenser MIC converts the sound to appropriate electrical signals. The output of the microphone is amplified by the transistor T1. Capacitor C1 blocks the DC component from the microphone. Resistor R1 is used to bias the condenser microphone. R2 & R3 provides the required biasing for the transistor T1. The Vcc to collector of T1 is supplied from Pin no. 5 of 555 which is at 2/3Vcc. 555 timer IC is used as a square wave oscillator with 50% duty cycle.

The amplified microphone signal is applied to pin no 5 of 555 which is a reference voltage point of Threshold comparator of 555. So the audio signal produces Pulse width modulation (PWM) of Square wave at Pin no.3. The value of the component used in the circuit causes 555 to oscillate at approximately 72 KHz. The speaker cannot respond to this high frequency. Instead it responds to Pulse Width Modulated Audio signal. C4 blocks the DC component at the output of Pin No.3 and C5 bypasses the high frequency 72 KHz carrier signal to ground. This project explains how 555 timer IC can be used as power width modulator to modulate the audio signal. The same principle is used in Class-D power amplifier where the efficiency is more than 80%. Class D amplifiers work by generating a variable duty cycle square wave of which the low-frequency portion of the spectrum is essentially the wanted output signal, and of which the high-frequency portion serves no purpose other than to make the wave-form binary so it can be amplified by switching the power devices.

ADVANTAGES:
The circuit is simple and easy to construct. It is easy to operate.

DISADVANTAGES:
The IC gets heated up easily when used for longer time. Care should be taken with speaker and MIC

APPLICATIONS:
Can be used as an audio amplifier Can be used in demonstrating the pulse width modulation

PROBLEMS FACED:
The ic gets heated up easily and needed to careful while working All the frequencies may not be amplified by using this circuit.

RESULT: Audio amplification is obtained by using BC 547 transistor and IC NE555.